Enzyme changes and morphometric analysis of bile ducts in experimental bile duct obstruction.

Chronic bile duct obstruction causes a marked proliferation of bile ductules within the rat liver plus an increase in the activities of hepatic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase. To determine if the increase in the activities of these enzymes within the liver simply reflects the increase in bile duct mass, we subjected rats to bile duct ligation for periods up to one week and compared the activities of these enzymes within liver tissue with bile duct volume, determined by morphometric analysis. The activities of two enzymes not useful in the diagnosis of chronic cholestasis, aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (GPT), were also measured. There was no correlation between the proliferation of bile ductules and the activity of any of these enzymes. Bile duct volume increased 4.9-fold within 24 h after ligation and rose steadily, reaching a value of 13 times control in one week. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased 3.6-fold within 24 h after bile duct ligation and then was relatively constant. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and 5'-nucleotidase activity both fell 24 h after ligation but were slightly increased after 48 h. Enzyme activities of each were almost twice control at 120 and 168 h. Alanine aminotransferase activity fell steadily during the period of bile duct ligation, while aspartate aminotransferase was unchanged. The change in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and 5'-nucleotidase activity within the liver cannot be due simply to hypertrophy of bile duct epithelium.     

Serum alkaline phosphodiesterase I in experimental biliary obstruction in the rat

Alkaline phosphodiesterase I was present in rat liver at approx. 100-fold greater activity than alkaline phosphatase, and in rat bile at approx. 25-fold greater activity. Rat serum alkaline phosphodiesterase I was increased 6-fold whilst serum alkaline phosphatase was increased only 2-fold 96 h after bile duct ligation. In contrast to alkaline phosphatase, hepatic alkaline phosphodiesterase I was not affected by bile duct ligation, suggesting its raised serum activity was due to bile regurgitation rather than overspill of the enzyme from liver into blood. Gel filtration showed that 8 and 96 h after bile duct ligation the serum contained a high molecular weight form of alkaline phosphodiesterase I. It is suggested that alkaline phosphodiesterase I offers a potentially useful indicator of biliary obstruction in the rat.     

MR cholangiopancreatography in malignant biliary obstruction.

Malignant lesions of the biliary tract are a frequent occurrence, typically presenting with clinical findings of obstructive jaundice. The authors discuss the role of MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) as a second level diagnostic technique, which can provide information regarding not only the location, but also the cause of the obstruction. This can be obtained if MRCP is considered as part of a complete study of the upper abdomen, with acquisition of T1- and T2-weighted images. The "all-in-one" approach may provide the identification, characterization, and staging of the lesion, giving the clinician all the information necessary for the planning of adequate treatment. Typical MR features of cholangiocarcinoma are provided, as well as conventional MR and MRCP findings in pancreatic carcinoma, periampullary carcinoma, and biliary obstruction secondary to hilar lymphadenopathy and metastatic lesions.     

内镜超声引导下胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的应用*

摘要：目的??评价内镜超声引导下胆道穿刺引流（EUS-BD）治疗恶性胆道梗阻（MBO）的临床疗效及安全性。方法?回顾性分析2016年1月－2019年1月该院行EUS-BD术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的21例患者的临床资料,探讨EUS-BD的疗效以及不良事件的发生情况。结果?所有患者均接受了EUS-BD手术,16例获得技术成功（76.19%）,其中15例（71.43%）获得临床治疗黄疸的效果,共发生3例不良事件（14.29%）,该3例均在后续治疗中康复。结论?EUS-BD是安全、有效的胆道引流方式,是ERCP失败后治疗MBO的可靠方式。     

经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融联合胆道支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的初步研究

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融技术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的安全性及可行性。方法前瞻性纳入20例恶性梗阻性黄疸且不能外科手术切除患者,行透视下经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融术,并常规留置金属胆道支架及胆道外引流管,观察手术并发症及黄疸缓解情况并密切随访。结果所有患者均顺利完成胆道腔内射频消融治疗并留置金属胆道支架及胆道外引流管。术后未出现胆道出血、穿孔等并发症,2例患者出现胆管炎,内科保守治疗后好转;7 d黄疸缓解率为65％（13/20）;5例患者在术后因晚期肿瘤严重消耗死亡,余患者均存活;3例患者在术后5～6个月黄疸复发,再次行腔内射频治疗后好转;总体1个月支架通。率100％（20/20）,3个月支架通。率100％（20/20）,6个月支架通。率85％（17/20）;1个月存活率100％（20/20）,3个月存活率95％（19/20）,6个月存活率75％（15/20）。结论作为一种新式的姑息治疗手段,经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融对恶性胆道梗阻的治疗是安全和可行的,初步疗效令人满意,但尚需大量样本的随机性及前瞻性研究,远期疗效有待进一步探讨。     

Parasitic and mycotic causes of biliary obstruction

Five cases of parasitic and mycotic infection affecting the biliary tract are reported. Special attention is paid to the radiological presentation of chlonorchiasis, ascariasis, echinococcosis, and candidiasis of the biliary tract. Each entity is briefly described, and the differential diagnosis and specific radiological patterns are discussed. Biliary tract manipulation with a balloon catheter and endoprosthesis is presented as an option for management of the biliary obstruction in some cases.     

超声介导胆道金属支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻

目的探讨超声介导的胆道金属支架植入技术在恶性胆道梗阻中的治疗意义。方法13例恶性胆道梗阻患者，先在B超引导下行PTCD外引流，减黄5—7天后经PTC造影并胆道金属支架植入。结果胆道支架植入成功率100％，术后1—4周黄疸消除率92．3％；最短存活时间2个月，最长17个月，中位生存时间6．8个月；5例随访期间出现胆道再梗阻，其中2例经B超引导PTCD外引流＋胆道冲洗再通，另3例因肿瘤长人，长期PTCD外引流。结论（1）胆道金属支架能恢复胆道生理通道的连续性，减黄效果确切；（2）超声介导技术可为胆道金属支架植入提供最大程度的安全保障，减少相关并发症，同时也为胆道再梗阻提供了解决途径。     

恶性胆道梗阻ERCP引流术后并发胆管炎原因分析

目的探讨恶性胆道梗阻性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)并发胆道感染的影响因素。方法回顾性分析本院2003年3月～2010年10月间43例恶性胆道梗阻患者行内镜下胆道引流术,分析引流术后胆管炎发生时间特点、不同病变梗阻部位、以及引流方式选择、肝功能恢复等对胆管炎发生情况的影响。结果观察6个月共计有24例(55.8%)先后出现胆管炎症状,根据ERCP术后不同时间段可能发生胆管炎特点,早期4例(9.3%),中期10例(23.3%),后期10例(25.6%)。肝门部恶性梗阻发生胆管炎的比例较高,8/9(88.9%)例;而胆管中段9/19(47.4%)例,胆管下段7/15例(46.7%)出现胆管炎;肝门部梗阻引流术后发生胆管炎明显高于胆管中下段梗阻患者(P<0.01),且主要出现在支架引流术后早、中期(7/9例77.8%);放置金属支架有14/26(53.8%)例发生胆管炎,放置塑料支架有10/17(58.9%)例发生胆管炎,2者无显著性差异,但早、中期塑料支架引流的患者发生胆管炎8/17例(47.1%)的比例明显高于放置金属支架的患者6/26例(23.1%),差异显著(P<0.05);在引流术后肝功能恢复良好的病例中发生胆管炎的比例13/29例(44.8%)明显低于肝功能持续异常患者11/14例(78.6%),有显著性差异(P<0.01),且肝功能异常患者胆管炎多发生在早、中期(10/14例71.4%)。结论恶性胆道梗阻ERCP引流术后,梗阻部位、引流方式、肝功能恢复状态是并发胆道感染的主要危险因素,有效的引流通畅是防治胆管炎的重要环节。     

Percutaneous insertion of Zilver stent in malignant biliary obstruction

Background We evaluated the clinical efficacy and technical feasibility of the percutaneously inserted self-expandable nitinol stent (Zilver stent) for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. Methods Seventeen patients with malignant tumors involving the intra- or extrahepatic bile duct who presented with obstructive jaundice underwent percutaneous insertion of a self-expandable nitinol stent. We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of patients and evaluated the technical feasibility on stent placement, complications, patient survival, and duration of stent patency. Results Percutaneous biliary stenting with 27 Zilver stents was performed in 17 patients with malignant biliary obstruction. Technical success was 95%. Malposition of the stent was encountered in one patient. Minor technical problems were encountered in two patients: the introducer tip was broken during stent insertion, so endoscopic removal was done. Mean follow-up period for the 17 patients was 182 days (range 29–485 days): nine patients died of progressive disease at a mean follow-up of 151 days (range 61–371days) after stent insertion and eight patients remained alive at the final follow-up of 216 days (range 29–485 days). The median survival period for all patients was 277 days. The stent occlusion rate was 26% and the mean patency period was 280 days. In five patients, seven stents were obstructed by tumor ingrowth and overgrowth. Stent patency rates were 100%, 100%, 75%, 61%, and 41% at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. A late complication, erosive bleeding of the hepatic artery by the stent, developed in one patient. Conclusion Percutaneous biliary stenting using the nitinol stent is technically feasible and safe and clinically efficacious treatment for malignant biliary obstruction, even with a minor technical problem during stent insertion.     

内镜金属支架姑息性治疗胆管远端恶性梗阻272例分析

目的 探讨内镜金属支架对胆管远端恶性梗阻的治疗效果和临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析该院2000年12月至～2009年12月内镜金属支架治疗272例无法手术根治性切除的胆管远端恶性梗阻患者的临床资料.结果 272例插管成功258例,失败14例,成功率为94.8%.术后2周胆红素降至正常189例(73.3%).术后并发急性...     

Biliary obstruction and susceptibility to biliary sepsis in rats

The effect of retrograde intrabiliary (RI) injection of E. coli was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats with biliary obstruction of different duration (3 days; 2, 4, and 6 weeks). By the injection of 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) immediately after occlusion of the common bile duct (CBD), 15 of 18 normal rats survived without clinical signs of infection. In contrast, six of 11 animals in 3-day obstruction (P = 0.04), seven of 12 in 2-week obstruction (P = 0.02), ten of 12 in both 4-week and 6-week obstruction (P = 0.0004) died of E. coli sepsis after injection of the same amount of bacteria. Animals with longstanding jaundice (4 and 6 weeks) were more susceptible than those with a shorter duration of jaundice (3 days and 2 weeks, P = 0.04). The results warrant the early decompression of the biliary tract in biliary obstruction.     

两种途径放置胆管支架引流治疗晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸的分析比较

目的:分析比较经十二指肠镜放置内支架引流(EKBD)和经皮肝穿刺引胆管引流并置入内支架(PTBS)治疗晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸的效果.方法:对该院近5年内经EKBD和PTBS治疗晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸患者78例进行回顾性分析,其中56例采用ERBD,26例采用PTBS治疗(其中包括经ERBD治疗失败的4例).结果:56例采用ERBD,52例成功,技术成功率92.8%,术后1例出现一过性高淀粉酶血症,1例并发胰腺炎,并发症发生率3.8%.26例采用PTBS患者中24例成功,技术成功率92.3%(P>0.05);术后1例出现穿刺口转移,1例术后感染,1例消化道出血,3例有不同程度的腹痛,并发症发生率25%(P<0.05);ERBD组患者术后3和7d胆红素下降率分别为38%和60.5%,PTBS组则分别为35%和63.1%(P>0.05);两组住院时间分别为(10.9±2.45)和(25.6±9.05)d(P<0.05).结论:ERBD和PTBS均是姑息性治疗晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法,两者技术成功率相似,但是经ERBD治疗的患者住院时间更短,并发症相对较少,而PTBS治疗并发症发生率相对较高,对于ERBD治疗失败的患者可考虑PTBS治疗.     

Ammonia metabolism in the rat liver in biliary obstruction.

Arginine synthetase activity and ammonia removal in liver slices were determined in rats with obstructive jaundice or acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver dysfunction and the following results were obtained: (1) Urea synthesis and ammonia removal in liver slices progressively decreased with prolonged biliary obstruction. The effects of ATP and/or ornithine addition were also markedly decreased, particularly in the group with 6 weeks of biliary obstruction. (2) Arginine synthetase activity also fell with prolongation of biliary obstruction and the fall was most pronounced in the 6-week group. (3) The CCl4-induced liver dysfunction group showed a significantly higher level of arginine synthetase activity than the group with 6 weeks of biliary obstruction, but ammonia removal was markedly decreased and the effects of ATP and ornithine addition were prominent. From the results, it is concluded that, due to a fall in the enzyme activity of the urea cycle in obstructive jaundice, liver dysfunction can easily occur with prolongation of the obstruction, while hepatic urea cycle dysfunction is brought about by severe metabolic disruption in the liver damaged by CCl4.     

Expandable metal stents for malignant hilar biliary obstruction

Most patients with malignant hilar stenoses are candidates for palliation. For this purpose, biliary drainage plays a major role in improving liver function and managing or avoiding cholangitis. Endoscopic interventions are less invasive than the percutaneous approach and should be considered as the first-line drainage procedures in most cases. Transhepatic interventions should be reserved for endoscopic failures or performed as a complementary approach in a combined procedure. After successful endoscopic access to biliary obstruction, implantation of self-expandable metal stents offers advantages over plastic endoprostheses in terms of stent patency and number of reinterventions.     

Malignant biliary obstruction: value of imaging findings

This review focuses on the clinical impact of different modalities to image primary and secondary malignant biliary obstruction. The detection and staging of cancers of the pancreatic and biliary tract are best accomplished with endoscopic ultrasound, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Three-dimensional ultrasound is a new noninvasive method that may be used increasingly as an initial test to select patients who require further diagnostic evaluation by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. All-in-one computed tomography including three-dimensional reconstructions of the biliary tree may be competitive against all-in-one magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and staging of pancreatic tumors. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is excellent for identifying the presence and the level of biliary obstruction. With newer diagnostic imaging technologies emerging, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is evolving into a predominantly therapeutic procedure.