术前雾化吸入预防开胸术后老年患者肺部并发症

目的探讨术前雾化吸入对开胸术后老年患者肺部并发症的预防作用。方法将106例接受开胸手术的老年患者随机分为观察组与对照组各53例。观察组患者入院后给予雾化吸入至手术前1 d,时间为7~10 d;术后按常规雾化吸入3 d。对照组术后常规雾化吸入3 d。结果观察组术前1 d肺功能显著改善(均P<0.05),术后肺部并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论术前雾化吸入可明显减少开胸术后患者肺部并发症发生率。     

开胸术后患者氧气射流雾化吸入方法的改进

目的探讨改进开胸术后患者氧气射流雾化吸入的方法,以增进排痰的有效性。方法将176例开胸术后患者按住院时间分为观察组和对照组各63例。对照组按常规方法行雾化吸入,观察组改进雾化吸入方法，即于吸气的第1秒患者以中、示指并拢堵住雾化气出气口,第2～3秒中、示指松开1条缝隙，待吸气毕手指并拢仍堵住出气口并移吸嘴于口外，缩唇呼气后似前吸气。均每次15～25min。结果观察组雾化吸入462例次，对照组448例次。观察组呼吸频率、吸入障碍程度、有效咳痰率、SpO2≥0．98例次及肺部感染率均显著优于对照组（P〈0．01．P〈0．05）。结论改进后的雾化吸入方法可显著提高排痰效果，有利于降低肺部感染率。     

持续氧气驱动雾化吸入预防肺切除术后肺部并发症

目的探讨持续氧气驱动雾化吸入对减少肺切除术后肺部并发症的效果。方法将60例肺切除手术患者随机分成两组。观察组（30例）采用持续氧气驱动雾化吸入3 d。对照组（30例）采用常规雾化吸入,每日2次。两组均于干预3 d后评价效果。结果观察组排痰效果显著优于对照组,并发症发生率显著低于对照组（均P〈0.01）。结论肺切除术后持续氧气驱动雾化吸入较常规雾化吸入能更有效帮助排痰,减少肺部并发症的发生。     

术前应用普米克令舒雾化吸入对老年肿瘤患者肺部感染并发症的影响

目的探讨术前应用普米克令舒雾化吸入对老年肿瘤患者肺部并发症的影响。方法将50例老年胃肠道肿瘤患者随机分为观察组(22例)与对照组(28例)。2组均行普米克令舒雾化吸入,对照组术后连续使用7 d,观察组从术前3 d至术后7 d持续性给予。观察2组患者肺部并发症情况。结果观察组术后肺部并发症发生率36.3%,对照组为39.3%,2组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对老年肿瘤患者术前应用普米克令舒雾化吸入对其肺部感染等并发症无明显影响,不能降低并发症发生率。     

应用呼吸训练器降低开胸术后肺部并发症探讨

目的探讨开胸术后应用呼吸训练器行深呼吸训练减少术后肺部并发症的效果。方法将63例行开胸术患者按住院时间分为两组，对照组（22例）行常规护理，观察组（41例）在常规护理的基础上于术后6h采用呼吸训练器行深吸气训练，至术后第7天。结果观察组术后肺部并发症发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论开胸手术患者在常规护理基础上应用呼吸训练器行深呼吸功能锻炼能有效减少术后肺部并发症的发生。     

阶段性健康教育对老年食管癌患者术后配合行为的影响

目的探讨阶段性健康教育对老年食管癌患者术后配合行为的影响。方法将51例患者按入院先后分为观察组（26例）和对照组（25例）。观察组实施阶段性健康教育，即住院当日、术前1～3d、术后回病房、术后第1天、拔除胃管当日、出院前1d，由管床护士实施不同内容的健康教育；对照组实施传统健康教育。术后1周评价两组患者术后的配合行为及术后并发症的发生率。结果观察组术后配合行为显著优于对照组（均P〈0．01）；并发症发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论对老年食管癌手术患者实施阶段性健康教育，可提高患者的术后配合行为，降低并发症的发生。     

老年患者开胸术后心肺并发症发生原因分析

目的 探讨老年重症患者开胸手术后心肺并发症的发生原因和预防措施。方法 对2001年7月至2003年12月收治的58例年龄〉65岁、术前有重要器官合并症和行大手术的开胸手术患者（实验组）进行围术期呼吸、循环监测，观察术后并发症发生情况，并与同期收治的56例（65岁开胸手术患者（对照组）进行比较。结果 实验组患者术前合并心血管和呼吸系统疾病的比率显著高于对照组，肺功能指标均较对照组差（P〈0．05）。实验组死亡4例，术后并发症、功能性并发症发生率显著高于对照组[58．6％（34／58）vs．17．9％（10／56），P=0.000；51．7％（30／58）vs．12．5％（7／56），P=0.000]，呼吸系统并发症发生率明显较对照组高。logistic回归分析显示，术前呼吸系统合并症（OR=5．4）和肥胖（OR=4．9）是术后呼吸系统并发症发生的独立预测因素。结论 术前合并呼吸系统、心血管疾病是老年患者术后易发生呼吸、心血管系统功能性并发症的主要原因。呼吸系统并发症是老年重症患者开胸手术后主要的死亡原因。术前呼吸系统合并症、肥胖是术后发生呼吸系统并发症的主要危险因素。心血管并发症主要表现为阵发性室上性心动过速，术前有心血管合并症是术后发生心血管并发症的危险因素。密切监护老年患者的呼吸循环指标及液体出入平衡变化有助于及早发现呼吸循环异常，提高老年患者开胸手术的疗效。     

持续氧气驱动雾化吸入预防肺切除术后肺部并发症

目的探讨持续氧气驱动雾化吸入对减少肺切除术后肺部并发症的效果。方法将60例肺切除手术患者随机分成两组。观察组(30例)采用持续氧气驱动雾化吸入3 d。对照组(30例)采用常规雾化吸入,每日2次。两组均于干预3 d后评价效果。结果观察组排痰效果显著优于对照组,并发症发生率显著低于对照组(均P0.01)。结论肺切除术后持续氧气驱动雾化吸入较常规雾化吸入能更有效帮助排痰,减少肺部并发症的发生。     

APACHEⅢ在老年急性腹膜炎手术患者护理中的应用

目的探讨APACHEⅢ对老年急性腹膜炎手术患者护理干预的指导意义。方法将110例老年急性腹膜炎患者随机分为观察组（66例）和对照组（44例），于入院时及手术后每天行APACHEⅢ评分；对照组行常规护理，观察组根据入院评分分层实施护理干预，并根据术后评分及时调整护理措施。结果观察组并发症发生率、病死率及住院时间显著低于或少于对照组（均P〈0．05），其中评分41～100分患者效果最为显著（P〈0．05）；护士满意度及患者满意度观察组显著高于对照组（均P〈0．05）。结论APAcHEⅢ用于老年患者急性腹膜炎手术危险性评估，对采取合理有效的护理干预措施有指导意义。     

双黄连雾化吸入防治头颈部肿瘤急性黏膜放射反应

目的评价双黄连雾化吸入在头颈部肿瘤放疗中防治急性黏膜放射反应的临床效果。方法将162例接受放射治疗的头颈部肿瘤患者随机均分为观察组与时照组。观察组采用双黄连300mg、地塞米松5mg加生理盐水20ml雾化吸入治疗；对照组采用庆大霉素8万U、地塞米松5mg加生理盐水20ml雾化吸入治疗。结果放射剂量（DT）为30Gy时．两组黏膜反应发生率比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；DT为50、70Gy时，观察组急性黏膜放射反应发生率显著低于时照组（均P〈0．05）；观察组放疗疗程显著短于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论双黄连雾化吸入可降低头颈部肿瘤患者急性黏膜放射反应发生率，缩短放疗疗程。     

Glycemic targets in critically ill adults: A mini-review

Illness-induced hyperglycemia impairs neutrophil function, increases pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibits fibrinolysis, and promotes cellular damage. In turn, these mechanisms lead to pneumonia and surgical site infections, prolonged mechanical ventilation, prolonged hospitalization, and increased mortality. For optimal glucose control, blood glucose measurements need to be done accurately, frequently, and promptly. When choosing glycemic targets, one should keep the glycemic variability < 4 mmol/L and avoid targeting a lower limit of blood glucose < 4.4 mmol/L. The upper limit of blood glucose should be set according to casemix and the quality of glucose control. A lower glycemic target range (i.e., blood glucose 4.5-7.8 mmol/L) would be favored for patients without diabetes mellitus, with traumatic brain injury, or who are at risk of surgical site infection. To avoid harm from hypoglycemia, strict adherence to glycemic control protocols and timely glucose measurements are required. In contrast, a higher glycemic target range (i.e., blood glucose 7.8-10 mmol/L) would be favored as a default choice for medical-surgical patients and patients with diabetes mellitus. These targets may be modified if technical advances for blood glucose measurement and control can be achieved.     

Abnormal glucose handling by the kidney in response to hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes

The frequent occurrence of hypoglycemia in people with type 1 diabetes is attributed to abnormalities in the blood glucose counterregulatory response. In view of recent findings indicating that the kidney contributes to prevent and correct hypoglycemia in healthy subjects, we decided to investigate the role of renal glucose handling in hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Twelve type 1 diabetic patients and 14 age-matched normal individuals were randomized to hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (n = 6 diabetic subjects and n = 8 control subjects) or hypoglycemic (n = 6 each) clamps with blood glucose maintained either stable near 100 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/l) or reduced to 54 mg/dl (3.0 mmol/l). All study subjects had their renal vein catheterized under fluoroscopy, and net renal glucose balance and renal glucose production and utilization rates were measured using a combination of arteriovenous concentration difference with stable isotope dilution technique. Blood glucose and insulin were comparable in both groups in all studies. In patients with diabetes, elevations in plasma glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were blunted, and both the compensatory rise in endogenous glucose production and in the net glucose output by the kidney seen in normal subjects with equivalent hypoglycemia were absent. Renal glucose balance switched from a mean +/- SE baseline net uptake of 0.6 +/- 0.4 to a net output of 4.5 +/- 1.3 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) in normal subjects, but in patients with diabetes there was no net renal contribution to blood glucose during similar hypoglycemia (mean +/- SE net glucose uptake [baseline 0.7 +/- 0.4] remained at 0.4 +/- 0.3 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) in the final 40 min of hypoglycemia; P < 0.01 between groups). We conclude that adrenergic stimulation of glucose output by the kidney, which represents an additional defense mechanism against hypoglycemia in normal subjects, is impaired in patients with type 1 diabetes and contributes to defective glucose counterregulation.     

Exenatide once weekly combined with metformin reduced glycemic variability in type 2 diabetes by using flash glucose monitoring system

BACKGROUNDMultiple studies demonstrate that fluctuating blood glucose level produces greater damage compared with sustained hyperglycemia. Flash glucose monitoring system is an effective method in documenting blood glucose variability, contributing to better glucose management and reduced hypoglycemic event occurrence.AIMTo investigate the improvement in glycemic variability (GV), blood glucose level, and metabolic indexes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after combined treatment of exenatide once weekly (EXQW) and metformin.METHODSTwenty-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus suffering from poor blood glucose control under metformin treatment were recruited. The recruited patients were prescribed with oral metformin only (maintaining a dosage of metformin at ≥ 1500 mg/day) for 2 wk (screening period), and then given EXQW (2 mg, subcutaneous injection) for 12 wk (experimental period). The flash glucose monitoring system was used to document blood glucose values during the screening period and the last 2 wk of the experimental period. RESULTSFour patients were excluded for various reasons, yielding a total of 21 patients, including 17 males and 4 females, with an average age of 48.8 years, who completed this study. The estimated glycated hemoglobin, mean blood glucose, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, and percentage of blood glucose above 7.8 mmol/L decreased compared to those at baseline (P = 0.003, 0.003, 0.008, 0.010, 0.014, 0.017, and 0.005, respectively), while the percentage of blood glucose between 3.9 and 7.8 mmol/L significantly increased (P = 0.005). Parameters of GV including standard deviation of blood glucose, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, mean of daily difference, area under the curve difference between percentiles 25 and 75, and area under the curve difference between percentiles 10 and 90 were significantly lower compared to that of baseline (P = 0.017, 0.006, 0.000, 0.024, 0.036, respectively). The durations of blood glucose below 3.9 mmol/L during the day and nocturnal periods significantly increased after treatment (P = 0.041 and 0.028, respectively), but there was no significant increase in severe hypoglycemia (< 3.0 mmol/L) compared with that at baseline (P = 0.207). In addition, some metabolic indicators improved after EXQW treatment.CONCLUSIONEXQW combined with metformin can effectively improve blood glucose levels, reduce GV, and improve metabolic indicators. However, there is still a risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia, and careful attention should be paid to patients with EXQW treatment.     

血糖波动在慢性肾脏病患者的发生意义及相关因素研究

目的：研究血糖波动在慢性肾脏病患者的发生意义及与肾脏病临床指标的相关性。方法：选择近1年在我院住院患者88例,使用MDRD公式计算eGFR,将患者分为3组：A（eGFR≥60 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2）、B（eGFR为30-60 ml· min-1·1.73 m-2）、C（eGFR≤30 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2）组,所有患者均采用动态血糖检测系统连续监测48 h血糖,计算血糖波动系数、高血糖（〉7.8 mmol/L）时间比、高血糖（〉11.1 mmol/L）、低血糖（〈3.9 mmol/L）时间比、空腹血糖平均值及餐后2 h葡萄糖,并记录一般临床资料：身高、体重、血压；检测血生化、胰岛素抵抗（ insulin resistance,IR）相关指标、糖化血红蛋白、24 h尿蛋白定量、甲状旁腺激素,计算身高体重指数、估算肾小球滤过率（ estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR）及胰岛素抵抗（ HOMR-IR）指数。采用pearson相关分析、sperman相关分析及多元逐步回归分析变量间关系。排除近6个月使用激素患者、有糖尿病患者及糖尿病家族史患者。结果：B组及C组血糖波动系数及血糖〉11.1 mmol/L时间比明显大于A组（P〈0.05）,B、C组间差异无统计学意义。 B组午餐后2 h血糖平均值大于A组,而在低血糖时间比上各组之间差异无统计学意义。结论：慢性肾衰竭中晚期患者易出现血糖的异常波动,主要表现为波动性高血糖,尤其餐后明显,临床上需关注,动态血糖监测技术有助于对CKD患者血糖波动细节的监测。     

糖尿病患者腹部手术围手术期的处理

糖尿病已成为全球威胁人类健康的三大慢性非传染性疾病之一。需要外科手术的患者占所有糖尿病患者的25%,其围手术期病死率、并发症以及住院时间较正常人明显增加,因此对于糖尿病患者围手术期的处理方案显得尤为重要。但目前对于围手术期血糖控制范围仍众说纷纭,综合各研究结论,笔者认为将血糖控制在7.8~10 mmol/L是一个较为理想的范围。在患者术前、术中及术后应联合多学科制定各项相应的治疗方案,围手术期尤为注意避免患者发生低血糖和电解质紊乱的发生。也亟待后续大规模的随机对照试验进一步确定有效的血糖控制目标。     

Occult hypoglycemia caused by hemodialysis

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have ignored hypoglycemia in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The fall in plasma glucose may not have been considered to be clinically relevant because the patients were asymptomatic. The present study was designed to assess the effect of hemodialysis on plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol and catecholamines in non diabetic patients. METHODS: 21 non diabetic patients with chronic renal failure were hemodialyzed using a glucose-free dialysis fluid. They did not take any medication prior to dialysis and were asked not to eat during the first hour on hemodialysis. Blood and dialysate fluid was sampled at regular intervals during the first hour of dialysis for analysis. RESULTS: Plasma glucose fell below 4.0 mmol/l (72 mg/dl) in 9 of the 21 patients, below 3.5 mmol/l (63 mg/dl) in 6 and below 3.0 mmol/l (54 mg/dl) in 3. The lowest recorded value was 2.1 mmol/l (38 mg/dl). The mode glucose loss in the waste dialysate fluid was 6 g/h. In the group of 9 patients whose plasma glucose fell below 4.0 mmol/l (72 mg/dl), no symptoms of hypoglycemia were shown but 4 of the 7 patients who felt very hungry and ate were in this group. When 7 patients from this group were subsequently dialysed with a dialysis fluid containing 5.5 mmol/l (100 mg/dl) glucose, their plasma glucose became stabilized within the fasting reference range. There were no significant hormonal changes during the dialysis or between euglycemic and hypoglycemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing hemodialysis may become hypoglycemic and not be aware of it. There is no hormonal imbalance causing the hypoglycemia and the hormonal response to the hypoglycemia is blunted. Patients with an initial plasma glucose of 4.5 mmol/l (81 mg/dl) or less who are hemodialyzed and who do not eat during dialysis may be particularly at risk. They should be dialysed with a dialysis fluid containing at least 5.5 mmol/l (100 mg/dl) glucose.     

糖尿病患者初次全膝置换围手术期安全性及效果评价

 目的 探讨糖尿病患者初次行全膝关节置换（total knee arthroplasty, TKA）时围手术期应注意的问题及其临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2012年12月接受TKA的148例（168膝）糖尿病患者资料,男32例（36膝）,女116例（132膝）;年龄49～80岁,平均（67.2±8.1）岁;骨关节炎136例,类风湿关节炎12例。患者均存在跛行和膝关节疼痛。116膝术前存在不同程度的畸形。患者入院时空腹血糖平均（10.1±4.9） mmol/L,尿糖 (-) ～ ( +++ )。经口服降糖药或注射胰岛素,待患者空腹血糖＜7.8 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖＜10 mmol/L时行TKA。结果 患者术前空腹血糖平均（7.2±1.2） mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖平均（11.0±1.8） mmo/L。手术时间平均（72±19） min,术后引流量平均（213.1±101.0） ml,总失血量平均（771.4±97.2） ml。12例患者输血,输血率8.1%（12/148）。术后下肢血管彩超示5例患者小腿肌间静脉形成血栓,但无一例形成深静脉血栓。随访时间6.1～14.4个月,平均（9.4±2.9）个月。末次随访时,无一例发生假体松动、移位或翻修。美国纽约特种外科医院膝关节评分由术前的平均（38.8±14.3）分提高到术后（92.1±6.1）分,其中优120例,良48例;优良率为100%。膝关节活动范围由术前的平均77.2°±19.3°增加到术后109.9°±11.1°。无一例发生深部感染。结论 糖尿病患者初次行TKA时,如围手术期全面评估心肺情况,积极预防深静脉血栓形成和感染,则早期临床疗效满意,并无更高的感染和深静脉血栓形成风险。     

合并糖尿病的腹部手术病人89例治疗分析

目的　探讨合并糖尿病的腹部手术病人的外科治疗措施。方法　对我院普外科 1 991年～ 2 0 0 2年治疗的 89例合并糖尿病的腹部手术病人作回顾性分析。结果　 89例中 ,择期手术 6 8例 ,限期手术 1 3例 ,术前空腹血糖控制在 6 .7～ 1 0 .0mmol/L ;急诊手术 8例 ,术前空腹血糖 8.3～ 1 3.9mmol/L。术中血糖控制在 8.3～ 1 3.9mmol/L ,术后血糖控制在 7.8mmol/L以下。术后并发症发生率 :切口感染 3例 ,肺部感染 2例 ,泌尿系感染 1例 ,左下肢深静脉血栓形成 2例。无酮症酸中毒 ,无死亡病例。结论　合并糖尿病病人的腹部手术只要围手术期严格控制血糖、作好必要的肠道准备、选择合理的手术时间及麻醉方式完全可以达到理想的外科治疗效果     

Defining clinically important hypoglycemia in patients with postbariatric hypoglycemia

BackgroundPostbariatric hypoglycemia (PBH) is a rare but growing complication of bariatric surgery. Many aspects have yet to be established, including the blood glucose threshold which represents clinically important hypoglycemia in affected patients.ObjectiveTo confirm the glucose threshold below which neuroglycopenic (NG) symptoms arise in patients with PBH during provoked and real-world hypoglycemia as an indicator of clinically important hypoglycemia.SettingStanford University School of Medicine.MethodsForty patients with PBH were enrolled. Thirty-two patients underwent hypoglycemia provocation in the clinical research unit (CRU) during which symptoms and blood glucose concentrations were assessed. A sensitivity analysis and stepwise linear regression were conducted evaluating relationships between symptoms and glucose levels. To validate CRU findings in the real-world setting, 8 sex-, age-, body mass index (BMI)–, and disease severity–matched patients underwent 20 days of at-home continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and symptom assessment by electronic diary (eDiary).ResultsIn response to hypoglycemia provocation 19%, 59%, and 22% of patients developed a postprandial glucose nadir <70–54 mg/dL , <54–40 mg/dL, and <40 mg/dL, respectively. Number of NG symptoms was highest when glucose was in the <54–40 mg/dL range, although 23% of those with NG symptoms in this range, and 37% with NG symptoms below this range lacked autonomic symptoms, indicating substantial hypoglycemia unawareness. Sensitivity of symptoms to detect hypoglycemia was poor other than for drowsiness, while specificity was high for all NG symptoms. Confusion, sweating, drowsiness, and incoordination were significant independent predictors of hypoglycemia. Events captured during real-world monitoring mirrored CRU data, showing a spike in NG symptoms in the <54–40 mg/dL range. CGM captured up to 10-fold more events than were patient-perceived and captured by SMBG/eDiary.ConclusionDue to the peak in NG symptoms at glucose <54–40 mg/dL during provoked and real-world hypoglycemia, the low sensitivity/high specificity of NG symptoms to detect hypoglycemia, and high prevalence of hypoglycemia unawareness at glucose values <54 mg/dL, we propose that blood glucose <54 mg/dL should be taken to signify clinically important hypoglycemia in patients with established PBH.     

食管癌合并糖尿病的围手术期营养支持

目的 比较围手术期肠内与肠外营养支持对于合并糖尿病的食管癌患者的治疗效果.方法 前瞻性入组2012年9-11月间福建省肿瘤医院胸外科收治的30例合并糖尿病的食管癌患者,按随机数字表法将其随机分为肠内营养组（15例）和肠外营养组（15例）.两组于术前3d至术后8d期间分别给予肠内营养素（安素）和肠外营养支持.每日动态监测血糖;术前1d和术后8d检测患者的营养指标（白蛋白和前白蛋白）;观察术后胃肠道功能恢复时间和营养支持相关并发症发生率;统计营养支持总费用.结果 两组患者围手术期血糖控制情况均较为满意：3餐前手指末梢血糖为5.0～9.0 mmol/L,3餐后2h手指末梢血糖为7.0～10.0 mmol/L,晚10时和凌晨3时的血糖波动于4.0～8.0 mmol/L;所有患者均未出现低血糖（末梢血糖小于3.5 mmol/L）.肠内营养组术后首次排气时间为（62.4±15.7）h,明显快于肠外营养组的（90.8±22.4） h（P＜0.01）.两组患者术后营养指标及营养支持相关并发症方面的差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）.肠内营养组营养支持费用为 （650.8±45.8）元,明显低于肠外营养组的（3016.5±152.6）元（P＜0.01）.结论 在合并糖尿病的食管癌患者中,围手术期营养支持能在有效调控血糖的同时明显改善其营养状况.与肠外营养相比,使用安素进行肠内营养能加快胃肠功能恢复,并降低营养支持的费用.