汕头市居民两周患病率与卫生服务现况分析

目的：掌握居民的健康状况与卫生服务水平。方法：采用分层抽样的方法对汕头市疾病监测点居民两周患病情况、失能指标、居民医疗支出模式及卫生服务情况进行调查。结果3409名居民两周患病率为11．50％,患病率最高的年龄组是60岁以上的老年组（29．05％）,次之为0－4岁组（13．89％）。各系统疾病两周患病率居前三位是：呼吸系统疾病33．44‰、循环系统疾病24．05‰、消化系统疾病14．08‰。两周内每千人的患病天数1131天、休学或休工天数348天。患对医疗机构的总满意率为58．07％,不满意的首位原因为就诊费用高（占38．81％）。在地市级以上医院就诊占47．8％。平均每次门诊医疗支出为63．60元,药品等非技术性费用占医疗总支出的66．61％。结论：汕头市居民健康状况较好,今后应把降低就诊费用尤其是药品费用、加强社区卫生服务建设作为医疗体制改革重点。     

武汉市各级医院门诊医疗服务的调查与思考

本文根据1996年武汉市各级医院门诊医疗服务调查资料，分析了就诊病人在职业分布，文化程度，经济收入，医疗费用负担形式，就诊科别、交费形式及挂号类型，不同等级医院等方面分布构成及门诊人均费用情况。此次调查武汉市门诊人均费用为：81．64元。并就与医疗保险体制改革中有关政策性的问题进行了探讨。     

广州市公费医疗人群就医倾向及其医改后对医院的影响

目的：配合广州市医疗保障制度改革。分析公费医疗病人的就诊流向和医疗费用及其医改后对医院的影响。方法：发放调查表收集广州城区56家医院1995－1998年的公费病人就诊数量和医疗费用。结果：公费门诊“病人”快速增长，并有向高级别医院集中的趋势；公费住院病人增长较快，集体医院成倍增长；人均医疗费用得到一定程度的控制，门诊总费用增长快，住院总费用增长适度；门诊与住院人次的比率高于同期总体水平一倍有余。结论：公费医疗人群门诊消费过度，医改后公费门诊人次将大幅下降，导致医院6业务收入减少约4％－6％。     

利用综合指数法分析我院医疗收入的影响因素

目的：通过对影响我院医疗收入的因素进行分析,评价不同因素在医疗收入中的不同作用,为医院管理部门制定决策提供科学依据。方法将医疗收入分为门诊收入和住院收入,住院收入又分为内科收入和外科收入,利用综合指数法对各因素进行分析。结果2013年比2012年医疗收入增加。门诊收入增加3631．0万元,增长22．78％,住院收入增加5031．18万元,增长16．77％。门诊诊疗人次和门诊次均费用的增加使门诊收入增加。出院人数和出院者日均费用的增长使住院收入增加。外科出院人数、平均住院天数和出院者日均费用的影响幅度及额度均大于内科。结论根据门诊、外科及内科科室收入的不同影响因素采取不同的措施,增加门诊诊疗人次,降低次均费用,缩短内科平均住院日,加快新区建设,使医院稳步健康发展。     

四川省患者对就诊医院最不满意方面的评价

目的探讨提高病人对就诊医院满意率的途径。方法分析四川省城乡及汉族地区农村与少数民族地区农村就诊患者对就诊医院最不满意的若干问题。结果门诊服务不满意率比较：农村高于城市；汉族地区农村高于少数民族地区农村（P值均〈0．05）。各地区住院服务不满意率的比较，差别均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。此外，四川省城乡居民对住院服务的无不满意率均低于对门诊服务的无不满意率（P值均〈0．05）。门诊与住院病人对就诊医院最不满意的11个方面的评价，有较高的一致度（WR=0．8408），但统计学意义不显著（Χ^2=16．816，P〉0．05）。门诊和住院患者对就诊医院最不满意的方面，居第一位的均为医疗费用高（门诊33．33％，住院42．61％），居第二位的均为设备、环境差（门诊28．26％，住院16．48％）。城乡比较、汉族地区农村与少数民族地区农村比较，构成比差异均显著（P值均〈0．05）。结论卫生系统应努力降低患者医疗费用负担，改善就医条件和环境，优化卫生资源配置，提高现有医疗设备的利用率。此外，少数民族地区农村的医疗机构还应进一步改善服务态度，提高技术水平。     

广州市就医病人流向与费用分析

目的 配合广州市医疗保障制度改革,分析就诊病人流向和医疗费用。方法 收集广州城区63所医院1995-1998年的卫生统计年报和财务报表,对比各级医院门诊和住院病人及人均医疗费用增长情况。结果 级别高的部属和省属医院收治病人比例逐年上涨,级别低的区属和集体所有制医院收治比例逐年下降;人均医疗费用快速增长,不同级别医院间差距明显,最高者超过最低者一倍有余。结论 病人就诊流向存在较大的不合理性,卫生资源浪费严重,是社保基金安全运作的潜在危险因素。     

农村地区三级医疗服务费用分析

根据贵州省卫生厅世界银行贷款卫Ⅳ项目,对贵州清镇市、福泉县的农村三级医疗部门的医疗费用进行连续一年的调查。结果表明：县一级门诊次均费用为１７．９０元,住院次均费用为８１９．２３元;乡一级门诊次均费用为１５．８５元,住院次均费用为３２１．０２元;村一级次均门诊费用为４．７５元;门诊收入中药品比例乡一级为８０．８６％,高于县一级（６６．５４％）,住院收入中药品比例也是乡级（６４．５６％）高于县级（４１     

上海市嘉定区1999、2000、2001年60岁以上老年人1万元以上医疗费用的调查与分析

目的：通过对参加农村合作医疗区级大病风险基金60岁以上老年人1万元以上医疗费用的调查分析，初步了解60岁以上老年人1万元以上医疗费用的发生情况和趋势，提出完善保障老年人高额医疗服务的设想。方法：对嘉定区1999、2000、2001年三年中获得合作医疗区级大病风险基金补偿的60岁以上老年人1万元以上医疗费用、疾病发生情况、就诊流向，以及农村居民基本退休养老情况进行调查分析。结果；参加农村合作医疗区级大病风险基金60岁以上老年人1万元以上医疗费用发生人数、医疗费用、补偿金额均逐年上升。但是，他们的人均医疗费用和补偿低于整个人群，更低于60岁以下人群，老年人的高额医疗服务受到经济的制约，60岁以上老年人1万元以上医疗费用的疾病发病排列不同于本区出院疾病排列，相同疾病在不同级别的医院治疗费用不同。结论：60岁以上老年人是农村的弱势人群，他们的经济收入低微，对他们的高额医疗费用补偿要实行政策倾斜，对相同疾病的治疗要鼓励在能实施治疗的医院进行治疗，以保证老年人能看得起病，减轻家庭经济负担，防止因病致贫情况发生。要有针对性地开展对农村老年人进行健康筛选，对他们的慢性非传染性疾病进行干预和预防，使他们健康平安地度过晚年。     

社会因素对城镇医保患者住院医疗费用支付方式的影响

目的探讨影响城镇职工基本医疗费用支付方式的社会因素。方法选择某县2004年度所有在县、镇级12个医院住院治疗的城镇参保职工1145例，从社会因素的7个方面对医疗费用支付方式进行分析，组间比较采用t检验及单因素方差分析（one way ANOVA）。用多元逐步回归分析方法对住院费用不同支付方式的社会影响因素进行多因素分析。结果影响个人账户和统筹金支付费用的主要因素为医院级别、年龄、性别，影响现金支付费用的因素主要为医院级别、年龄两个因素。结沦医院级别、性别、年龄是影响医保患者3种支付方式医疗费用的主要社会因素。     

威海市农村居民门诊就诊流向及费用变化研究

根据威海市居民健康状况调查资料。研究不同社会经济特征农村居民的门诊就诊流向以及不同级别医院的次均就诊费用。发现农村居民就诊流向不尽合理．次均就诊费用随医院级别的升高而上涨。建议大力发展农村社区卫生服务，增强合作医疗的保障力度，引导居民就诊流向合理发展，从而降低门诊费用．减轻居民的疾病经济负担。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.