甲美消毒液杀菌效果的试验观察

目的：探讨甲美消毒液的杀菌效果。方法：用甲美消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌进行载体定量杀菌试验。结果：其33％稀释液作用5min对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率达99．94％，作用3min对大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌的杀灭率达99．92％和99．91％；其33％稀释液在25％小牛血清条件下，对金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭效果无影响，在50％的小牛血清条件下，对金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭效果有轻度影响；置54℃温箱14d后，对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭效果无影响；小白鼠急性经口LD50＞5000mg/(kg.bw)，对皮肤无刺激性。结论：甲美消毒液对细菌繁殖体与白色念珠菌有较好杀菌效果。     

保康灵皮肤消毒液部分性能试验观察

目的为了解保康灵皮肤消毒液对细菌、真菌的杀灭效果及实际应用效果。方法采用载体定量杀菌试验，现场消毒试验。结果保康灵皮肤消毒液原液分别对金黄色葡萄球菌（ATCC6538）、大肠杆菌（8099）作用1min、对白色念珠菌（ATCC10231）作用3min，杀灭率均达到99．9％以上；使用含醋酸氯己定1555mg／L的保康灵皮肤消毒液作用10min，25％有机物存在对保康灵皮肤消毒液杀菌效果无影响，50％有机物存在对该消毒液杀菌效果有轻度影响；使用原液对医务人员手消毒，作用1min对手表面上自然菌的平均杀灭率为94．34％。结论保康灵皮肤消毒液杀菌效果迅速，使用方便、安全。     

欧克皮肤消毒液杀菌效果的试验观察

目的　了解欧克皮肤消毒液对微生物的杀灭效果。　方法　通过悬液定量杀菌实验、有机物影响实验、对手现场消毒实验检测其对微生物的杀灭效果。　结果　该消毒剂含醋酸洗必泰 10 0あ mg/ L浓度溶液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌作用 3あ min,杀灭率均大于 99.90 %。 2 5 %小牛血清对该消毒剂杀菌效果无影响 ,5 0 %小牛血清有轻微影响。含醋酸洗必泰 10 0 0あ mg/ L的消毒剂溶液对手上自然菌作用 1あ min,杀灭率为 93 .4 6%。　结论　欧克皮肤消毒液杀菌效果好 ,可用于皮肤消毒     

一种含蜂胶成份的复方皮肤消毒液实验观察

康乐美消毒液是一种含30%乙醇与蜂胶等多种成份的复方皮肤消毒液,载体浸泡定量杀灭试验表明, 含50.0%原药的稀释液作用1 min或含37.5%原药的稀释液作用4 min对金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠杆菌杀灭率均为99.90%以上;含75.0%原药的稀释液作用1 min或含50.0%原药的稀释液作用4 min对白色念珠菌杀灭率为99.90%以上.存放54℃14 d前后,杀菌效果无明显变化.小牛血清对杀菌效果有轻度影响.毒性试验表明,该消毒液LD50＞5 000 mg/kg.bw,对小鼠蓄积系数K＞5,无致微核作用.原液对皮肤无刺激性,对粘膜有轻度刺激性.     

康仁牌手足皮肤消毒液杀菌效果评定

康仁牌手足皮肤消毒液是纯中药制剂 ,其成分有紫草、补骨脂、乙醇等 ,黑色液体。该剂原药液pH值为 2 95。经检测 ,在 2 0— 2 1℃条件下 ,40 %稀释液作用 5min对白色念珠菌杀灭率均达 10 0 0 0 % ;2 0 %和 40 %稀释液分别作用 10min和 5min ,对金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭率均达 10 0 0 0 % ;2 0 %和 3 0 %稀释液分别作用 10min和 5min ,对大肠杆菌杀灭率均达 10 0 0 0 %。菌悬液中含有小牛血清 ,3 0 %稀释液对杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌作用有一定影响。该剂在 5 4℃条件下存放 14d ,杀灭率无明显变化 ,比较稳定。1　材料与方法1 1　康仁牌子足皮肤消…     

杀菌牙膏的杀菌效果观察

目的：观察含有季胺盐阳离子表面活性杀菌剂的杀菌牙膏对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌的杀灭效果。方法：用载体试验法测定杀菌牙膏对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538、大肠杆菌8099和真菌代表株白色念珠菌ATCC10231株的杀灭作用，以及有机物对牙膏杀菌作用的影响。结果：试验结果发现杀菌牙膏在0.5min内对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌的杀灭率分别为99.98%、99．97％、99．98％，作用2min杀灭率可全部达到100％；有机物影响试验表明牙膏对含25％、50％小牛血清的金黄色葡萄球菌作用1分钟杀灭率分别为99．96％和99．90％，未加小牛血清的金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率为99．98％，显示有机物对牙膏的杀菌作用有轻度的影响。结论：杀菌牙膏对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及白色念珠菌有较好的杀菌效果。     

某种电话机消毒液杀菌效果及稳定性试验观察

[目的]了解某电话机消毒液的杀菌效果及其稳定性。[方法]按照卫生部《消毒技术规范》中方法进行载体浸泡定量杀菌试验、现场消毒试验和稳定性试验。[结果]该电话机消毒液在使用浓度下，作用3min，对布片上大肠杆菌杀灭率达99．96％，对白色念珠菌杀灭率达99．99％；作用5min，对金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭率达99．99％，对电话机听筒表面的自然菌杀灭率达99．99％。在54℃存放14d，有效浓度下降4．51％。[结论]该电话机消毒液杀菌效果及稳定性均良好。     

臭氧水消毒器对微生物杀灭效果的试验观察

目的：观察臭氧水消毒器产生臭氧水的杀菌效果。方法：采用悬液定量和载体定量杀菌试验进行检测。结果：该机产生含臭氧4．20mg／L的水溶液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌作用5min的杀灭率均为100％；当菌液中含有10％蛋白胨时，对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌作用5min的杀灭率分别为55．67％、59．48％和37．44％。用消毒液流动浸泡载体定量杀菌试验，含臭氧4．20mg／L的水溶液作用30min对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌的平均杀灭率分别为99．95％、99．99％和96．94％。结论：该臭氧水消毒器产生的臭氧水具有一定消毒效果。     

洁优日常护理洗液的杀菌效果实验研究

目的：研究洁优日常护理洗液的杀菌效果。方法：采用悬液定量杀菌试验法、定性抑菌试验法检测。结果：悬液定量杀菌试验结果表明该护理液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌作用3min，杀灭率均为100％；对白色念珠菌的杀灭率，作用3min可达84．5％、作用10min可达89．82％、作用15min可达95．31％、作用20min可达98．65％。定性抑菌试验结果表明该护理洗液能完全抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生长，作用大肠杆菌抑菌圈直径为54mm、作用白色念珠菌抑菌圈直径为35mm，抑菌效力按抑菌圈直径大小排列分别为金黄色葡萄球菌〉大肠杆菌〉白色念珠菌。结论：该样品对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌杀灭率达98％以上，杀菌效力较强。     

IOZ牌皮肤消毒液的杀菌效果与毒理学研究

[目的]为了解IOZ牌皮肤消毒液的杀菌效果及其毒性。[方法]用悬液定量杀菌试验和动物毒性试验进行了实验室研究。[结果]分别以含盐酸聚六亚甲基胍4.0g/L、乙醇含量为72.2%的消毒剂作用大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌1min,杀灭对数值﹥5.00,同样浓度的消毒剂作用白色念珠菌1min,杀灭对数值﹥4.00;该消毒剂用于皮肤和手消毒时,作用1min对自然菌的杀灭对数值﹥1.00;毒性试验结果表明,该消毒剂属实际无毒,对皮肤无刺激,对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果为阴性,亚急性毒性试验中,血液学及生化指标未见异常。[结论]IOZ牌皮肤消毒液具有良好的杀灭微生物性能,毒性低,无刺激,可广泛用于皮肤及手等的消毒。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.