Nutrition-Related Outcomes for Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation Patients

IntroductionAutologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) patients are at risk for malnutrition before transplantation admission as well as malnutrition acquired during their transplantation admission.Patients and MethodsIn this retrospective, observational study we examined data related to consecutive adults (n = 330) admitted for ASCT between 2014 and 2016 at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Malnutrition risk on admission (identified by the Malnutrition Screening Tool) and transplantation-associated weight loss were analyzed for independent associations with hospital length of stay, nosocomial infection, intensive care unit transfer, deconditioning, time to platelet and neutrophil engraftment, 30-day readmission, and 1-year mortality.ResultsAdults with high malnutrition risk (n = 60) had a longer median hospital stay (P = .004), longer median time to platelet engraftment (P = .022), increased nosocomial infections (P = .047), and increased 1-year mortality (P = .036). Adults with high transplantation-associated weight loss (n = 100) experienced longer hospital stays (P < .001) and more intensive care unit transfers (P = .001). Outcomes for deconditioning, time to neutrophil engraftment, and 30-day readmission did not differ significantly on the basis of nutrition risk or weight loss.ConclusionFurther research is needed to determine whether early nutrition intervention would improve these outcomes.     

Carbapenem versus fosfomycin tromethanol in the treatment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli-related complicated lower urinary tract infection

The aim of this observational prospective study was to compare the effect of fosfomycin tromethanol (FT) and carbapenems (meropenem or imipenem cilastatin) in the treatment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli-related complicated lower urinary tract infection (CLUTI). Inclusion criteria were: patients who were aged >18 yr with dysuria or problems with frequency or urgency in passing urine; those with >20 leukocytes/mm3 in urine microscopy and culture-proven ESBL-producing carbapenem or FT-sensitive E. coli in the urine (>10? cfu/mm3); no leukocytosis or fever; and who were treated with ft (oral 3 g sachet x 1 every other night, three times) or carbapenems between march 2005 and January 2006 in our outpatient clinic and hospital. A total of 47 CLUTI attacks in 47 patients (27 FT group, 20 carbapenem group) were observed prospectively. Clinical and microbiological success in the carbapenem and ft groups was similar (19/20 vs 21/27 and 16/20 vs 16/27 p>0.05). Drug acquisition costs were significantly lower in the FT group (p<0.001). Although it is not a randomized controlled study, these data show that ft may be a suitable, effective and cheap alternative in the treatment of ESBL-producing E. coli-related CLUTI.     

The technical aspects and clinical significance of detecting extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae at a tertiary-care hospital in Kuwait

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production by Enterobacteriaceae is an emerging problem. This 3-year prospective study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of such enzymes among the clinically significant isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae family gathered from patients, and to evaluate the different techniques for their detection as well as their clinical significance. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae family isolated from blood, inhibited by the third-generation cephalosporins with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of < or =2 microg/ml and MIC < or =8 microg/ml and isolates from other sources inhibited by MIC < or =8 microg/ml were also investigated for ESBL production by VITEK2 and E test. Their clinical significance in septicemic patients was analyzed. Out of 3,215 isolates, 1018 (31.7%) were ESBL-producers by both VITEK2 and E test. Of these, 428 (42%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae and 376 (37.0%) were Escherichia coli with overall prevalence rates of 13.3% and 11.7%, respectively. There were a total of 184 septicemic patients infected by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae out of which 134 (73%) needed modification of therapy; most (58%) of these patients were initially on third-generation cephalosporin therapy. A total of 58 (31.5%) patients were infected by ESBL-producing blood isolates which were inhibited by cefotaxime/ceftriaxone at MICs =8 microg/ml (within the susceptibility range). Resistance to both aminoglycosides and quinolones were significantly higher among ESBLproducing isolates compared to non-producers (P <0.05). This study highlights a high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a major tertiary teaching hospital in our country and demonstrates that almost a third of the ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae blood isolates would have been released as susceptible by routine susceptibility testing; a finding inimical to optimal therapeutic success.     

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in an Italian intensive care unit: clinical and therapeutical remarks

In this study we evaluated the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae and the epidemiology of ESBL+ microorganisms in an ICU of our Institution over a 5-year period and analyzed the clinical features and outcomes of the infections caused by these microorganisms. The most frequent ESBL+ isolate was Proteus mirabilis (69 isolates, 58%); a high rate of positive results in the double-disk synergy test (DDS) was also recognized for Klebsiella pneumoniae (52 isolates, 51%), whereas this phenomenon was observed less frequently in other species. In 312 cases the isolated microorganism was considered to be the cause of infection; we documented 103 wound infections, 89 UTIs, 62 LRTIs, 30 primary bacteremias, 27 infections of indwelling catheters and 1 CNS infection. The overall mortality rate due to ESBL+ strains was 1%, compared with 10.6% rate caused by ESBL-negative Enterobacteriaceae. This could be explained because ESBL+ strains caused mostly localized infections (wound infections and UTIs), whereas systemic or severe infections were sustained by ESBL-negative strains, and therapy with carbapenems was started promptly after ESBL+ isolation (always within 24h after strain isolation).     

肺炎多重耐药菌医院感染危险因素调查与分析

目的：探讨引起肺部发生多重耐药菌（ multidrug-resistant organism ,MDROs）与非MDROs院内感染的危险因素,为做好医院感染管理工作提供依据。方法收集2013年4月至10月广西7所三甲医院发生的MDROs及非MDROs肺炎患者共518例,根据病原菌耐药性分为MDROs组268例,非MDROs组250例,比较两组患者MDROs感染发生的危险因素差异。结果 MDROs引起的肺炎占医院内肺炎的51．74％,ICU是MDROs院内肺炎感染的高发科室,占66．07％;logistic 分析结果显示,血红蛋白含量、1个月内2类以上抗感染药物使用史是患者发生MDROs肺炎的独立危险因素（ P＜0．05）。结论积极预防和干预医院感染危险因素、合理使用现代诊疗技术和抗感染药物,有助于降低发生肺部MDROs和非MDROs院内感染的风险。     

Modification of patients' endogenous bacterial flora during hospitalization in a large teaching hospital in Naples

The increasing attention addressed to methicillin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and Extended Spectrum beta-Lactamases (ESbetaL)-producing enterobacteria is due to their etiologic role especially in nosocomial infections. In March 2001 we started an 8-month microbiological prospective surveillance of patients in the General Surgery, Orthopedic and Obstetric & Gynecology wards of the Azienda Universitaria Policlinico, 2nd University of Naples, Italy, to monitor the possible changes in endogenous flora during patients' hospital stay and the possible emergence of bacterial resistance. Data concerning antibiotic surgical prophylaxis (antimicrobial agent and duration) and length of hospitalization (pre- and post-surgery) were also collected. All patients underwent a microbiological screening by culturing nasal, pharyngeal and rectal swabs performed at admission and during hospitalization. Overall, 526 nasal swabs, 506 pharyngeal swabs and 482 rectal swabs were performed. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci were isolated from nasal swabs at admission in 2.1% of patients and in 7.5% of patients during hospitalization (day-14). VRE and ESbetaL-producing strains were isolated from rectal swabs in 1.9 and 4.7% of patients, respectively, with no change during hospital stay. Nasal and pharyngeal flora significantly changed after 7-14 days of hospitalization, Gram-negative microorganisms being isolated more frequently following hospitalization. The authors conclude that excessive hospital stay duration, along with the inappropriate duration of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis could be important causes of bacterial flora modification.     

The increase in carbapenem use and emergence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as an important nosocomial pathogen

Carbapenems, being the broadest spectrum antibiotics, may allow those organisms intrinsically resistant to these drugs to be involved more frequently in nosocomial infections. Imipenem was introduced to the specialized hospital units in Kuwait in October, 1992 and meropenem in late 1996. The main objective of this study was to observe prospectively whether, under similar laboratory conditions for microbial isolation/identification while these drugs are in use in the hospital, there is any proportional increase over time in the recovery of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in relation to the number of yearly admissions and drug use. In addition, we also looked for categories of patients infected by S. maltophilia, type of infection and antibiotic susceptibility. There was an increase in the number of S. maltophilia isolates from 1993 to 1997 significantly correlated with the increase in year-wise consumption of carbapenems (p<0.004). No correlation was observed between yearly number of admissions and both the consumption of carbapenems (p>0.51) and isolation of the organism (p>0.59). Most isolates were from cancer, burns and cardiac patients. The commonest types of infection were wound and septicemia. The organisms were susceptible mostly to ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole. The study thus indicates that carbapenem use in a hospital environment may result in emergence of nosocomial infections due to multiresistant S. maltophilia in high risk patients with very limited choice of antibiotics for therapy.     

肿瘤专科医院恶性肿瘤院内感染123例临床分析

目的探讨肿瘤专科医院化疗科恶性肿瘤患者院内感染的发生率、相关因素及防治对策。方法对2009年1月-2009年12月本院化疗科住院的3 316例患者中123例发生院内感染的恶性肿瘤患者的资料进行回顾性分析,包括感染部位、感染致病菌、患者年龄、肿瘤期别、住院时间等,并初步探讨院内感染的防治。结果本组院内感染率、病死率为3.8%、17.1%。感染与年龄、肿瘤期别、抗肿瘤治疗和侵袭性操作密切相关。感染主要部位是下呼吸道、泌尿道,分别占53.7%、16.3%。病原体阳性患者112例,共检出致病菌株127例,有9例为合并几种菌感染。感染主要菌种为革兰氏阴性菌占67株(52.8%),其中前3位是肺炎鲍曼不动杆菌18株(14.2%),克雷伯菌16株(12.6%),铜绿色假单胞菌14株(11.0%)。真菌36株(28.3%);革兰氏阳性菌24株(18.9%),主要是表皮葡萄球菌。结论恶性肿瘤患者院内感染常由条件致病菌引起,住院时间长、放化疗结合、老年及晚期肿瘤患者是院内感染的主要危险因素。降低院内感染,应采取综合措施。     

老年人急性白血病患者医院感染危险因素的Logistic回归模型分析

目的 探讨老年人急性白血病(AL)医院感染的特点,分析引起医院感染的危险因素,为医院感染防治措施的制定提供客观依据.方法 对1999年1月至2008年1月9年间住院的116例老年AL患者医院感染发生率、感染部位、致病菌和易感因素等进行回顾性分析,并与同期非老年人组进行比较.结果 老年人组116例中发生医院感染73例(62.9%),感染死亡38例(52.1%),明显高于同期非老年人组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).感染部位以口腔和呼吸道感染为主;多部位感染、重症感染高于非老年人组.致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主.多因素分析显示外周血中性粒细胞(ANC)绝对值、化疗周期、近期感染、治疗阶段、住院时间及住院季节是老年人AL医院感染的独立危险因素.结论 老年人AL医院感染发生率高,感染死亡率高,外周血ANC绝对值、化疗周期、近期感染、治疗阶段、住院天数及住院季节是独立危险因素.     

老年人急性白血病患者医院感染危险因素的Logistic回归模型分析

目的 探讨老年人急性白血病(AL)医院感染的特点,分析引起医院感染的危险因素,为医院感染防治措施的制定提供客观依据.方法 对1999年1月至2008年1月9年间住院的116例老年AL患者医院感染发生率、感染部位、致病菌和易感因素等进行回顾性分析,并与同期非老年人组进行比较.结果 老年人组116例中发生医院感染73例(62.9%),感染死亡38例(52.1%),明显高于同期非老年人组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).感染部位以口腔和呼吸道感染为主;多部位感染、重症感染高于非老年人组.致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主.多因素分析显示外周血中性粒细胞(ANC)绝对值、化疗周期、近期感染、治疗阶段、住院时间及住院季节是老年人AL医院感染的独立危险因素.结论 老年人AL医院感染发生率高,感染死亡率高,外周血ANC绝对值、化疗周期、近期感染、治疗阶段、住院天数及住院季节是独立危险因素.     

妇科肿瘤患者医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:对妇科肿瘤患者医院感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药性进行分析,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至2017年7月住院治疗的妇科肿瘤患者851例,对其感染的病原菌分布及药敏进行分析统计。结果:发生医院感染72例,感染率为8.46%;共检出83株病原菌,革兰阴性菌（57株）占68.68%,革兰阳性菌（21株）占25.30%,真菌（5株）占6.02%;大肠埃希菌对头孢唑林及氨苄西林的耐药率较高,铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、复方新诺明的耐药率较高,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素的耐药率较高。结论:妇科肿瘤患者医院感染以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,革兰氏阳性菌次之,细菌耐药现象严重,临床上要根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物,有效提高疗效。     

Molecular epidemiology of Candida species isolated from clinical specimens of intensive care unit patients

Epidemiological analysis of nosocomial Candida infections has gained importance due to an increase in these infections during the recent years. This study investigated the prevalence of clinical infections of Candida in anesthesiology intensive care unit patients, and ascertains the level of genetic diversity in the Candida species. A total of 70 Candida isolates, consisting of 42 Candida albicans, 16 Candida glabrata and 12 Candida tropicalis strains isolated from various clinical sites of infection of anesthesiology intensive care unit patients, were analysed. The susceptibility of the isolates against amphotericin B and fluconazole was determined by microdilution method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A2 standards. The strains were typed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR using OPE-03, OPE-18, RP4-2 and AP50-1 primers. In the patients with Candida infections, most isolates exhibited different RAPD patterns. Only three C. albicans pairs isolated within a short time period had the same RAPD pattern. Most of the Candida infections in the anesthesiology intensive care unit of our hospital seem to be caused by endogenous strains. Exogenous spread of C. albicans infections occurred less frequently.     

Resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major problem as a multiresistant nosocomial pathogen, especially in burns and other immunocompromised patients in our hospital. The present prospective study, conducted between June 1996 and December 1997, was aimed at determining the extent of its resistance against highly active antipseudomonal drugs, such as carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) and ureidopenicillin with beta-lactamase inhibitor (piperacillin/tazobactam); existence of any cross resistance or difference in susceptibility between imipenem and meropenem; and to compare the activity of piperacillin/tazobactam with the two carbapenems against P. aeruginosa. Of the 357 P. aeruginosa isolates tested from 188 patients 37 (10.4%) were resistant to imipenem, 21 (5.9%) to meropenem and 50 (14%) to piperacillin/tazobactam. Cross resistance between the two carbapenems was observed in 5.9% of the isolates. Sixteen (43%) of the imipenem-resistant isolates were susceptible to meropenem but the reverse was observed in none. Amongst the 50 piperacillin/tazobactam-resistant isolates cross resistance with the two carbapenems was observed in 18 (36%) and in 9 (18%) only with imipenem; 23 (46%) were susceptible to both. Our results indicate that P. aeruginosa is least resistant to meropenem followed by imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam. Cross resistance between the carbapenems and between carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam was found. The study further suggests that burns, cardiac-neuro-pediatric surgical, cancer and transplant patients are more susceptible to acquiring infection due to multiresistant P. aeruginosa than other types of patients and common infection sites were wounds, respiratory tract, urine, blood and intravascular lines.     

Stem cell transplantation: risk factors for psychiatric morbidity

The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for psychiatric disorder in haematological cancer patients during hospitalization for stem cell transplantation. In this 3-year prospective study, 220 patients received stem cell transplantation at a single institution. Structured psychiatric interviews applying standardized diagnostic criteria were performed at hospital admission and weekly during hospitalization until discharge or death, yielding a total of 1,062 interviews. Psychiatric disorder (any depressive, anxiety, or adjustment disorder) prevalence at the time of hospital admission was 21% and psychiatric disorder incidence during post-admission follow-up was 22%. After adjusting for multiple confounders in multivariate logistic regression analyses, we found that younger age, women, a past psychiatric history, lower functional status, pain, smoking cessation, and higher regimen-related toxicity were significantly associated with psychiatric disorder risk. Our study findings may help to improve identification of the patients most at risk for psychiatric disturbances during hospitalization for stem cell transplantation.     

肺癌患者院内感染微生物学特点及预后因素分析

目的:探讨肺癌患者院内感染的临床特征、微生物学特点以及预后因素。方法:回顾性分析2013年08月至2019年06月在我院肿瘤中心治疗的171例肺癌合并院内感染患者的临床资料,分析院内感染的发生率、微生物学特点、院内死亡率及其影响因素。结果:1 008例肺癌患者中,171例（17.0%）患者发生院内感染,呼吸道感染所占比例最高,为76.0%。分离的病原体主要包括革兰阴性菌、真菌和革兰阳性菌。白色假丝酵母菌是最主要的致病菌,占14.6%,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌（12.9%）、铜绿假单胞菌（10.5%）、肺炎链球菌（9.9%）和流感嗜血杆菌（9.4%）。肺癌患者院内感染院内死亡率为21.1%（36/171）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:住院期间接受过机械通气、存在感染性休克以及低蛋白血症是影响肺癌患者院内感染预后的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论:肺癌患者院内感染发生率及死亡率较高,且受多种因素影响,临床应采取积极有效的措施,以改善患者预后。     

In Vitro Bactericidal Effect of a β-lactam + Aminoglycoside Combination Against Multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii

Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are frequently isolated in hospital outbreaks of nosocomial infections. In our hospital, among 1018 strains isolated one year in an intensive care unit, 84 strains (8.3%) of P. aeruginosa and 155 strains (15.2%) of A. baumannii were considered responsible for infections. The major problem related to these bacteria is their multiresistant characteristic which confers great difficulty in treating infections. We carried out a 24 h time-kill study to assess the bactericidal effect of three β-lactams [imipenem (IPM), ticarcillin + clavulanic acid (TCC), piperacillin + tazobactam (PTB)] in combination with each other and with sulbactam (SUL) and amikacin (AKN) against 8 P. aeruginosa strains and 8 A. baumannii strains. The initial inoculum was 10⁶ cfu/ml. Antibiotics were tested at clinically achievable concentrations: TCC (112 mg/l), PTB (100 mg/l), IPM (25 mg/l) and AKN (15 mg/l). The results showed: IMP+TCC+AKN = PTB+SUL+AKN = PTB+TCC+ AKN >> IMP+SUL+AKN against P. aeruginosa; and PTB+SUL+AKN = PTB+TCC+AKN > IMP+SUL+AKN or IMP+TCC+AKN against A. baumannii. When infection due to these multiresistant strains was suspected, PTB+AKN combined with either TCC or SUL was bactericidal against both strains. These combinations appeared to be an alternative therapy in the treatment of undocumented nosocomial infections in intensive care units. These In Vitro results are being evaluated in patients and seem to give good results for the moment.     

Nosocomial pneumonia in adult patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: a 9-year study.

Two hundred seventy-five consecutive patients treated with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) during a 9-year interval were analyzed for the incidence and etiology of nosocomial pneumonia. Cases included adults who acquired pneumonia during the first hospitalization period within 100 days of the transplant. Fifty-five (20%) of the 275 patients developed nosocomial pneumonia, and the crude mortality during the hospitalization period was 74.5%. An etiology was established in 67.3% (37 of 55) of episodes. Thirty-six percent (20 of 55) of the cases were caused by Aspergillus species, either as the sole agent (15 patients) or in association with others. The crude mortality for patients with Aspergillus pneumonia was 95%. Elimination of 90% of Aspergillus cases in our unit would have the effect of reducing the overall attack rate of nosocomial pneumonia to 13.4% and the associated crude mortality to 43.4%.     

849例次急性白血病患者院内感染情况分析

目的:探究急性白血病患者合并院内感染的临床特点、病原菌种类、病原菌分布和耐药情况。方法:以2015年1月至2016年9月盛京医院血液科急性白血病患者为研究对象,采用回顾性分析的方法对患者院内感染的临床特点进行收集分析,分离不重复的病原菌株,分析其耐药率。结果:849例次急性白血病患者院内感染的发生率为43.34%,主要感染部位为呼吸道。368例次发生院内感染的患者中,共检出病原菌43株,病原菌主要为大肠埃希菌(23.26%)、铜绿假单胞菌（20.93%）和肺炎克雷伯氏菌(13.95%)等。所检出的病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性高,对碳青霉烯类敏感性高。结论:急性白血病患者院内感染率高,细菌培养阳性率低,多依靠于经验性治疗。革兰氏阴性杆菌仍是目前此类患者院内感染最主要的致病菌,不排除多种耐药菌和真菌感染。合理应用抗生素、缩短患者粒缺状态持续时间、加强院感宣教及病房管理,可能减少院内感染的发生。     

Comparison of ß-lactam plus aminoglycoside versus ß-lactam plus fluoroquinolone empirical therapy in serious nosocomial infections due to Gram-negative bacilli

We sought to compare clinical cure on day 7 and a 28-day all-cause mortality in patients who received an anti-pseudomonal ß-lactam with a fluoroquinolone or an aminoglycoside for treatment of nosocomial bacteremia or pneumonia due to Gram-negative bacilli while in the ICU. This retrospective cohort study was conducted in critically ill patients at an academic medical centre from January 2005 to August 2011. A total of 129 patients (83 receiving aminoglycoside and 46 receiving fluoroquinolone combinations) were included. Seven-day clinical cure rates were 74% and 72% for fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside groups, respectively (p = 0.84). There was no significant difference in the odds of clinical cure with a fluoroquinolone as compared to an aminoglycoside combination (adjusted odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7–9.0). There was no significant difference in 28-day mortality in patients who received a fluoroquinolone or an aminoglycoside combination (22% vs. 18%, adjusted hazard ratio 0.82, 95% CI 0.29–2.28).     

Carbapenem Versus Fosfomycin Tromethanol in the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia Coli-Related Complicated Lower Urinary Tract Infection

Abstract

The aim of this observational prospective study was to compare the effect of fosfomycin tromethanol (FT) and carbapenems (meropenem or imipenem cilastatin) in the treatment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- producing Escherichia coli-related complicated lower urinary tract infection (CLUTI). Inclusion criteria were: patients who were aged >18 yr with dysuria or problems with frequency or urgency in passing urine; those with >20 leukocytes/mm³ in urine microscopy and culture-proven ESBL-producing carbapenem or FT-sensitive E. coli in the urine (>10⁵ cfu/mm³); no leukocytosis or fever; and who were treated with FT (oral 3 g sachet × 1 every other night, three times) or carbapenems between march 2005 and January 2006 in our outpatient clinic and hospital. A total of 47 CLUTI attacks in 47 patients (27 FT group, 20 carbapenem group) were observed prospectively. Clinical and microbiological success in the carbapenem and FT groups was similar (19/20 vs 21/27 and 16/20 vs 16/27 p>0.05). Drug acquisition costs were significantly lower in the FT group (p<0.001). Although it is not a randomized controlled study, these data show that FT may be a suitable, effective and cheap alternative in the treatment of ESBL-producing E. coli-related CLUTI.