吉非替尼治疗老年人晚期肺癌骨转移一例

患者男性,86岁,因右膝关节外侧皮肤结节破溃1年余,近期加重,于2009年3月31日入院.既往1999年因肺部结节行左肺上叶楔形切除,左下叶背段部分切除,病理诊断为气管及支气管播散型肺结核,伴多灶性肺泡细胞癌.术后予规律抗结核治疗1年.     

经气管镜导航联合径向超声引导下肺活检对肺结节诊断价值

目的探讨经气管镜增强现实导航技术联合径向超声引导下肺活检与气管镜下直接肺活检对肺结节诊断价值及并发症情况比较。方法遴选胸部CT检查发现肺结节(直径≤30mm)且行支气管镜检查的患者,共210例,随机分成两组。观察组患者选择增强现实导航联合径向超声引导下肺活检术(AR+rEBUS+TBLB组)108例,对照组患者行气管镜下直接肺活检术(TBLB组) 102例,比较两种检查方法的诊断率,操作时间及并发症迥异。结果 210例肺结节病灶直径≤30mm的患者顺利完成气管镜检查, AR+rEBUS+TBLB组:诊断率75.9%,操作时间(26±10)min,术中气胸、出血发生率分别为1%,4.6%;TBLB组:诊断率41.9%,操作时间(30±10)min,术中气胸、出血发生率分别为3.9%,11.8%;AR+rEBUS+TBLB组对肺结节诊断阳性率高于单纯TBLB组,且操作时间短,气胸、出血发生率明显低于TBLB组(P0.05)。结论增强现实导航技术联合径向超声引导下肺活检对肺结节诊断阳性率高于经气管镜直接肺活检术,且操作时间短,出血、气胸并发症发生率低。     

肺腺癌向小细胞肺癌转化1例

<正>病例资料患者,女性,73岁,无吸烟史。因"确诊肺癌3年余"于2018年6月25日入院。患者2014年10月中旬体检,胸片发现左肺上叶占位,当时无呼吸系统症状;同月25日行胸部CT检查提示:左肺上叶见结节灶(约3. 1 cm×2. 2 cm),肺癌机会大,左侧胸膜转移可能伴左侧胸腔积液,两肺多发小结节,合并转移灶可能(见图1)。当年11月4日行CT引导     

CT引导下分离式BARD活检枪对支气管镜阴性孤立性肺结节的诊断价值

目的 探讨CT引导下分离式BARD活检枪对气管镜阴性孤立性肺结节组织活检的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析南京军区南京总医院呼吸与危重症医学科2008年1月至2014年2月期间行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术并经手术病理、临床治疗或随访证实的105例孤立性肺结节患者的病例,所有患者行经皮肺穿刺术前均行纤维支气管镜检查,并且检查结果为阴性;采用分离式BARD活检枪,18G BARD穿刺针,根据螺旋CT扫描选择最佳穿刺层面及穿刺点。结果 本组105例孤立性肺结节患者均取材成功,诊断结果经手术病理、临床治疗或随访观察证实,恶性病变诊断敏感性95.83%,特异性100%。良性病变敏感性96.97%,特异性95.83%,假阴性4例(3.8%)。腺癌表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)检测合格标本58例(90.63%),阳性22例(37.93%)。并发气胸11例(10.47%),咯血11例(10.47%)。结论 CT引导下分离式BARD活检枪对气管镜阴性的孤立性肺结节具有很好的临床应用价值,能为肺癌分子病理诊断分析提供足够的标本。     

第26例--脓涕、发热、咳嗽、右肺空洞型结节

1 病历摘要 患者:女性,37岁.因发热伴咳嗽、咯痰近2个月,于2001年9月30日入院.患者于2001年8月11日无明显诱因发热(38.5 ℃),伴咳嗽、咯白粘痰,无畏寒、寒战、咯血、胸痛、憋气;于外院查血常规示:白细胞10.2×109/L,中性粒细胞0.883;胸片提示右下肺团块影;予青霉素、链霉素等抗感染治疗10 d后体温恢复正常,但仍有咳嗽、咯痰.进一步行胸部CT检查提示右下肺空洞型肿块、未见纵隔肿大淋巴结及胸腔积液,考虑边缘型肺癌伴右下肺门增大或炎性肉芽肿性病变;于2001年9月3日行右下肺叶切除术.术后病理检查示:肿物为4.0 cm×2.5 cm×3.0 cm,结节型,考虑肺韦格纳肉芽肿病(Wegner′s granulomatosis,WG),气管旁、下肺韧带、肺门及隆突下淋巴结反应性增生.     

上皮样血管内皮瘤1例

1 临床资料 患者女,63 岁,因"右侧间断胸痛 1 年余,加重 1 个月"于2020年6月1日入住苏州大学附属第一医院. 患者1年余前无明显诱因出现右侧胸痛,以胸背部为主,为阵发性疼痛,无咯血,无咳嗽咳痰,无发热畏寒等. 患者于2018年10月30日行胸部平扫 CT(图1A～B)示右肺上叶磨玻璃影,两肺多发结节影,未...     

第100例——双肺弥漫性阴影

患者 女,68岁,因"发现左下肺阴影2年,咳大量白色泡沫痰8个月,呼吸困难2周"于2006年4月13日而人院.患者2年前体检行胸部CT检查时发现左下肺靠近横膈处一个小结节伴有晕征(图1),外院考虑为"周围型肺癌",建议手术切除,但患者拒绝.1年半前CT复查显示左下肺病变较前略有增大.     

经支气管冷冻肺活检在肺外周结节诊断中的应用价值及安全性

目的 评价经支气管冷冻肺活检(transbronchial cryobiopsy,TBCB)在肺外周结节诊断中的应用价值及安全性.方法 选择2020年1月-2021年6月因胸部CT表现为肺外周结节,在河南省人民医院行TBCB的49例患者为研究对象,回顾性分析纳入患者的临床资料.结果 49例患者共获取TBCB组织标本14...     

CT引导下术前自体血定位在胸腔镜肺小结节切除术中的应用

目的探讨术前CT引导下注射自体血定位在孤立性肺小结节切除术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2018年1月~2019年6月,对25例肺部小结节术前行注射自体血定位。结节直径7~22(10.27±8.01)mm,距离脏层胸膜深度6~28(15.24±4.83)mm。所有患者在CT引导下行经皮自体血术前定位,次日行胸腔镜肺楔形切除手术。结果全组25例肺小结节均成功经皮行自体血定位,定位成功率100%。发生无症状气胸1例,未进一步处理。定位操作时间15~35(20.5±8.1)min,定位不理想3例,均为肺组织塌陷后定位处暗红色着色与周围肺组织界限不甚清楚。楔形切除时间10~25(18.6±4.7)min。所有患者无中转开胸。结论CT引导下注射自体血定位肺内小结节是一种简单、直观、有效、经济的方法,可提高肺楔形切除术的精准度。     

磁共振在不同性质孤立性肺结节诊断中的临床价值

目的:探讨磁共振技术(MRI)在诊断不同性质孤立性肺结节(SPN)中的价值,评估MRI在肺结节诊断中的临床价值及提高其在检查中的正确率。方法:收集我院2016年7月至2017年3月间,经病理及CT确诊肺结节的病变性质的47例患者。均行1.5T磁共振扫描,依据患者的临床表现及SPN的直径、磨玻璃影、分叶、空洞、胸膜凹陷征、毛刺等对结节性质进行判断。结果:47例患者中均行磁共振扫描,肺癌17例(误诊3例,正确率87.5%),肉芽肿15例(误诊1例,正确率82.4%),肺错构瘤3例(正确率100%)等;MRI诊断肺癌的敏感性93.8%,特异性为90.3%。结论:磁共振技术对组织有较高的分辨率可以极大提高孤立性肺结节性的诊断准确率。     

CT薄层影像特征制定的肺结节分级评估系统区分良恶性肺结节的应用价值

目的探究CT薄层影像特征制定的肺结节分级评估系统区分孤立性肺结节(SPN)良恶性的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2018年9月至2020年7月确诊的122例SPN患者的临床资料。采用CT薄层影像特征制定的肺结节分级评估系统进行分级评定,并以病理诊断结果为“金标准”,分析其准确性、敏感度及特异度,并通过Kappa检验分析其与病理诊断结果的一致性。结果病理诊断证实良性SPN 56例,占45.9%(56/122),多为不典型增生及错构瘤,占28.6%(16/56),恶性SPN 66例,占54.1%(66/122),多为腺癌及鳞癌;肺结节分级标准分类2级31例、3级29例、4A级9例、4B级53例;肺恶性结节中,空泡征、宝石征、肿瘤血管征、毛刺征的发生率明显高于肺良性结节(均P<0.05),而病灶周围有卫星病灶的发生率明显低于肺良性结节(P<0.05);将肺结节分级标准中3级及以下归为阴性结节,4级及以上归为阳性结节,诊断准确率为90.2%。肺结节分级标准诊断肺良性结节与病理结果表现出了较好的一致性(Kappa=0.803),以肺结节分级标准诊断肺良性结节的结果与“金标准”(病理诊断结果)比较,得到的敏感度87.9%(58/66)和特异度92.9%(52/56)。结论影像诊断时,合理利用基于CT薄层影像特征制定的肺结节分级评估系统能有效地分类CT筛查出的肺结节,较好区分SPN的良、恶性。     

CT薄层影像特征制定的肺结节分级评估系统区分良恶性肺结节的应用价值

目的探究CT薄层影像特征制定的肺结节分级评估系统区分孤立性肺结节(SPN)良恶性的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2018年9月至2020年7月确诊的122例SPN患者的临床资料。采用CT薄层影像特征制定的肺结节分级评估系统进行分级评定,并以病理诊断结果为“金标准”,分析其准确性、敏感度及特异度,并通过Kappa检验分析其与病理诊断结果的一致性。结果病理诊断证实良性SPN 56例,占45.9%(56/122),多为不典型增生及错构瘤,占28.6%(16/56),恶性SPN 66例,占54.1%(66/122),多为腺癌及鳞癌;肺结节分级标准分类2级31例、3级29例、4A级9例、4B级53例;肺恶性结节中,空泡征、宝石征、肿瘤血管征、毛刺征的发生率明显高于肺良性结节(均P<0.05),而病灶周围有卫星病灶的发生率明显低于肺良性结节(P<0.05);将肺结节分级标准中3级及以下归为阴性结节,4级及以上归为阳性结节,诊断准确率为90.2%。肺结节分级标准诊断肺良性结节与病理结果表现出了较好的一致性(Kappa=0.803),以肺结节分级标准诊断肺良性结节的结果与“金标准”(病理诊断结果)比较,得到的敏感度87.9%(58/66)和特异度92.9%(52/56)。结论影像诊断时,合理利用基于CT薄层影像特征制定的肺结节分级评估系统能有效地分类CT筛查出的肺结节,较好区分SPN的良、恶性。     

Diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer with three echoic features via endobronchial ultrasound

BACKGROUND: Endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) is useful in localizing peripheral lung lesions. Previous reports have revealed that several characteristic echoic patterns correlate well with the histopathologic findings of benign and malignant lesions. Therefore, EBUS may be also useful in the differential diagnosis of malignant lesions of the lung. OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of EBUS in the differential diagnosis between malignant and benign lesions by the following three characteristic echoic features indicating malignancy: continuous margin; absence of a linear-discrete air bronchogram; and heterogeneous echogenicity. METHOD: EBUS images from 224 patients who undergone bronchoscopy for a peripheral lung lesion were analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity for each echoic feature or in combination in diagnosing malignancy or benignity were determined. RESULT: Continuous margin, absence of linear-discrete air bronchogram, and heterogeneous echogenicity are three echoic features indicating malignancy. The absence of linear-discrete air bronchogram has the highest sensitivity in the diagnosis of malignancy (91.9%), but the lowest specificity (62.4%). By contrast, a well-defined margin has the highest specificity (93.1%), but the lowest sensitivity (27.6%). The sensitivity and specificity for heterogeneous echogenicity are intermediate (65.0% and 90.1%, respectively). The negative predictive value for the malignancy of a lesion with none of these three echoic features is 93.7%. The positive predictive value for malignancy of a lesion with any two of the three echoic features is 89.2%. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that EBUS is useful as an adjunct in lung cancer diagnosis, especially when peripheral lung lesions are not visible in traditional bronchoscopy.     

人工智能在肺结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值分析

目的评价人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI)风险评估对肺结节良恶性鉴别诊断的价值。 方法收集2018年8月至2019年12月唐都医院行胸部CT检查，发现肺结节患者310例，将患者CT影像数据DICOM文件拷贝输入到"FACT人工智能"软件系统对结节进行分析，获得结节的部位、数量、特征(磨玻璃、亚实性、实性)、大小、密度、以及恶性风险概率AI值和Lung-rads分级；其中39例肺结节经过多学科讨论，建议采用外科手术、经皮肺穿刺或者支气管镜下活检等，271例患者进行随访。 结果31例肺结节病理诊断良性14例，分别为结核8例，隐球菌2例，炎性结节4例；恶性25例，分别肺鳞癌2例，腺癌23例。进一步分析，恶性病变的AI风险概率明显高于良性病变(P<0.05)；结节AI风险概率与肺结节特点(磨玻璃、亚实性、实性)显著相关(P<0.05)，而与数量及边缘毛刺征无显著相关性(P>0.05)；肺结节特点(磨玻璃、亚实性、实性)在良恶性之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)，而密度和体积之间在在良恶性之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。肺结节Lung-rads分级与AI风险概率之间具有显著的相关性(P<0.05)。 结论依据人工智能自动分析良恶性概率AI值对肺结节良恶性鉴别诊断具有一定的价值，值得临床借鉴。     

孤立性肺结节危险因素及良恶性预测模型

目的分析孤立性肺结节的危险因素并探讨肺部结节良恶性预测模型。 方法收集雅安市人民医院2017年1月至2018年8月经胸外科手术切除且有明确病理诊断的112例孤立性肺结节患者的临床资料。回顾性分析其年龄、性别、吸烟史、肿瘤家族史、既往肿瘤史、血清癌胚抗原(CEA)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1),以及肺部结节密度、直径、位置、分叶、毛刺、胸膜凹陷征、血管集束征、空泡征、空气支气管征、钙化等影像学特征。根据病理诊断分为良性、恶性两组,进行单因素分析,将单因素分析中有显著性差异的临床信息纳入Logistic回归分析,筛选出恶性结节的独立危险因素并建立预测模型。 结果单因数分析中年龄、既往肿瘤史、CEA、CYFRA21-1、结节密度、分叶、毛刺、胸膜凹陷征、血管集束征、空泡征、钙化征有统计学差异(P<0.05)。Logjistic回归分析显示患者年龄、CEA、CYFRA21-1、磨玻璃密度、分叶为恶性结节的独立危险因素。恶性肺部结节的预测模型公式为：P＝e^x/(1+e^x),x＝-8.816+(3.018×密度)+(0.073×年龄)+(0.482×CEA)+(0.426×CRFRA21-1)+(1.421×分叶)。 结论患者年龄、血CEA、血CYFRA21-1、磨玻璃密度、分叶为恶性结节的独立危险因素,预测模型对恶性肺结节有较好的敏感性及特异性,诊断准确性较高。     

连续性肺部混合磨玻璃结节影19例临床分析

目的：研究肺部混合磨玻璃结节影（mixed ground-glass opacity,mGGO）的疾病构成、诊断技术及疾病与影像学特点关系。方法前瞻性研究经病理证实的19例连续性肺部mGGO病例的基本临床资料、影像学特征（包括病灶大小、边缘特征、GGO百分比、内部特征、邻近特征、结节外表现）。根据确诊结果分为良性病变组和恶性病变组,并比较上述观察指标。结果19例肺部mGGO结节中良性病变4例（良性病变组）,恶性15例（恶性病变组）。恶性病变组中CT表现分叶征（86.7％）、边界清楚（86.7％）和血管集束征（80.0％）明显高于良性病变组。恶性病变组GGO百分比≤50％为14例,良性病变组仅1例（P＝0.016）。基本临床资料、病灶大小、部位、内部特征、结节外表现及结节至壁层胸膜距离在良恶性病变组中均无差异（P均＞0.05）。11例CT引导经皮穿刺肺活检均获确诊。结论肺部mGGO结节的CT表现对病变性质鉴别诊断有一定意义。经皮穿刺肺活检术对肺部mGGO结节确诊率高。     

高分辨CT、胸部平片及病理学诊断肺磨玻璃结节临床分析

目的分析高分辨CT与胸部平片联合用于肺磨玻璃结节鉴别诊断的价值,以提高肺磨玻璃结节早期检出率,为临床合理治疗提供影像学依据。 方法选择2018年1月至2019年12月经手术病理结果或穿刺活检证实860例肺磨玻璃结节患者作为分析对象,全部患者在术前均接受胸部平片检查与高分辨CT检查,且均经高分辨率CT与胸部平片发现有肺部结节征象;记录手术病理及穿刺活检结果;观察患者胸部平片与高分辨CT检查主要征象,分析各检查方法单独及联合用于肺磨玻璃结节鉴别诊断的价值。 结果860例患者中经证实恶性385例,其中289例经手术病理确诊,96例经穿刺活检明确,包括原位腺癌135例,微浸润腺癌155例,浸润性腺癌72例,其他23例,恶性率为44.8%;860例肺磨玻璃结节患者经胸部平片检查结果显示,肺结节直径范围为1.0～3.0 cm;肺结节的分布：326例左肺,534例右肺;经高分辨CT检查结果显示,良恶性病变肺磨玻璃结节病灶大小比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),恶性结节表现出不规则形、毛刺征、分叶征、界面清楚光整、空泡征、支气管征等征象占比均高于良性组(P<0.05);胸部平片、高分辨CT单独及联合诊断肺磨玻璃结节的曲线下面积分别为0.847、0.876、0.940,均>0.8,诊断价值好,且联合诊断的曲线下面积最大。 结论胸部平片与高分辨CT联合检测,并结合病理学对提高肺磨玻璃结节早期良性病变及恶性肿瘤进行鉴别诊断的正确率有重要价值。     

Differentiating peripheral pulmonary lesions based on images of endobronchial ultrasonography

PURPOSE: To attempt to develop a simple method to discriminate between neoplasm and nonneoplasm peripheral pulmonary lesions based on images of endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS). METHODS: Between June 2004 and June 2005, 151 patients with bronchoscopic peripheral lesions that could not be detected via a conventional bronchoscope underwent EBUS for advanced localization with a 20-MHz miniature radial probe in a tertiary-referral teaching hospital. The image characteristics were applied subsequently to correlate definite histopathologic results in studied patients. RESULTS: Based on an initial 20 consecutive patients with a definite diagnosis, four image characteristics were issued: (1) continuous hyperechoic margin outside the lesion, (2) homogeneous, or heterogeneous internal echoes, (3) hyperechoic dots in the lesion, and (4) concentric circles along the echo probe. In the following 131 patients, excluding five cases due to inconsistent typing, 93 patients (73.8%) established a diagnosis later. Most cases involving the image characteristics of homogenous internal echoes and concentric circles had nonneoplasm lesions (18 of 19 cases, 94.7%, and 14 of 16 cases, 87.5%, respectively). The difference shown in these two respects with neoplasm lesions was significant by univariate analysis (p < 0.001), although only concentric circles had a significant p value after multivariate analysis. Another two image patterns (continuous hyperechoic margins and hyperechoic dots) did not yield a significant difference (p = 0.090 and p = 0.079, respectively). The average additional time for EBUS was 3.94 min (1.5 to 10 min). CONCLUSION: EBUS can provide characteristic information to differentiate the nature of a peripheral pulmonary lesion from the image characteristics of concentric circles.     

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial lung biopsy in fluoroscopically invisible solitary pulmonary nodules: a prospective trial

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Transbronchial biopsy (TBBX) for solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) is usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance, but the diagnostic yield depends on lesion size and varies widely. Nodules < 3 cm frequently cannot be visualized fluoroscopically. An alternative guidance technique, endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), also allows visualization of pulmonary nodules. This study assessed the diagnostic yield of EBUS-guided TBBX in fluoroscopically invisible SPNs. DESIGN: The study was a prospective trial using a crossover design. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients with SPNs and indications for bronchoscopy were included in the study. An EBUS-guided examination was performed in patients with fluoroscopically invisible nodules. The EBUS probe was introduced through a guide catheter into the presumed segment. If a typical ultrasonic picture of solid tissue could be seen, the probe was removed and the catheter left in place. The biopsy forceps were introduced and specimens taken. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-eight consecutive patients with SPNs were examined. Of those, 54 patients presented with SPNs that could not be visualized with fluoroscopy. The mean diameter of the nodules was 2.2 cm. In 48 patients (89%), the lesion was localized with EBUS, and in 38 patients (70%) the biopsy established the diagnosis. The 16 patients with undiagnosed SPNs were referred for surgical biopsy; 10 of those lesions were malignant and 6 were benign. The diagnosis in nine patients (17%) saved the patients from having to undergo a surgical procedure. The only complication was a pneumothorax in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: EBUS-guided TBBX is a safe and very effective method for SPNs that cannot be visualized by fluoroscopy. The procedure may increase the yield of endoscopic biopsy in patients with these nodules and avert the need for surgical procedures.     

Analysis of the internal structure of peripheral pulmonary lesions using endobronchial ultrasonography

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To correlate the internal structure of peripheral pulmonary lesions, as visualized by endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS), and the histology of the surgical specimen to develop a classification system for distinguishing benign from malignant lesions by EBUS. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: A national hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred twenty-four patients with peripheral pulmonary lesions who had undergone EBUS in whom a definitive histologic diagnosis was made. In 69 patients, EBUS findings were correlated with the histology of a surgical specimen. INTERVENTION: EBUS was performed by a miniature probe (20-MHz) introduced up to the lesion through a channel in a bronchoscope. RESULTS: Three classes and six subclasses of lesions were identified by EBUS based on the internal structure of the lesion, focusing on internal echoes, vascular and bronchial patency, and the morphology of the hyperechoic areas, reflecting air in the alveoli and bronchioles. The classes of lesions are as follows: type I, homogeneous pattern (type Ia, with patent vessels and patent bronchioles; type Ib, without vessels and bronchioles); type II, hyperechoic dots and linear arcs pattern (type IIa, without vessels; type IIb, with patent vessels); and type III, heterogeneous pattern (type IIIa, with hyperechoic dots and short lines; type IIIb, without hyperechoic dots and short lines). Twenty-three of 25 type I lesions (92.0%) were benign, while 98 of 99 type II and III lesions (99.0%) were malignant. Twenty-one of 24 type II lesions (87.5%) were well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, and all type IIIb lesions were malignant, including 18 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas (81.8%). CONCLUSIONS: EBUS permits the visualization of the internal structure of peripheral pulmonary lesions, and this information suggests the histology of the lesion.