双八面体蒙脱石加西咪替丁治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻

目的　观察双八面体蒙脱石(思密达)加西咪替丁治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻的临床疗效。方法　4 6 8例2岁以下婴幼儿秋季腹泻患者随机分三组:A组16 0例,采用思密达(1/ 3～1包,每日3次口服)加西咪替丁(15mg·kg-1·d-1,分3次口服或静脉滴注)治疗;B组15 2例,单独予西咪替丁治疗;C组15 6例,单独予思密达治疗。结果　A组的止泻和住院时间分别为(1 5. 8±1 2 .4 )d和(2 .16±1 .18)d ,与B、C组比较明显缩短(P<0 .0 1) ;且A组的疗效明显优于B、C组(P <0 . 0 1) ,其显效率(5 8 .7% )及总有效率(96 . 2 % )均高于B、C两组(P <0 . 0 1)。结论　思密达加西咪替丁治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻效果佳且安全,两者有协同作用。     

炎琥宁静脉滴注联合思密达灌肠治疗小儿秋季腹泻疗效观察

目的 探讨炎琥宁静脉滴注联合思密达灌肠治疗小儿秋季腹泻的临床价值.方法 选择秋季腹泻患儿130例随机分观察组及对照组65例,给予调整饮食,维持水、电解质、酸碱平衡等综合治疗,对照组给予病毒唑10～ 15mg/(kg·d),静脉滴注,每日1次,连续5d;观察组在综合治疗的基础上加用炎琥宁10mg/( kg-d),静脉滴注每日1次;思密达散加入生理盐水30mL保留灌肠1日2次.结果 观察组治疗总有效95.34％高于对照组的73.85％,腹泻停止时间(2.04±0.67)d、体温正常时间(2.89±1.34)天低于对照组的(3.41±1.77)d、(4.32±1.67)d(P＜0.05),未出现明显的不良反应.结论 与病毒唑组比较炎琥宁联合思密达灌肠联合治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻,可缩短腹泻时间,提高治愈率,且无明显毒副作用,是治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻值得推广的方法.     

病毒唑雾化吸入治疗50例毛细支气管炎疗效观察

目的　观察病毒唑雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎的疗效。方法　采用病毒唑超雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎 5 0例 ,并与同期采用静脉应用病毒唑治疗的 45例毛细支气管炎患儿进行临床对照研究。结果　治疗组总有效率98% ,人均住院日为 (6 .6 5± 2 .3) d,对照组总有效率为 73% ,人均住院日为 (8.75± 2 .2 5 ) d,两组总有效率差异有非常显著性 (χ2 值 =12 .2 ,P<0 .0 1) ,治疗组人均住院日短于对照组 ,差异有非常显著性 (t值 =4,72 ,P<0 .0 1)。结论　病毒唑雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎可以取得比对照组更加满意疗效 ,且可缩短病程 ,减少不良反应。     

思密达治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻疗效观察

目的　通过随机对照试验检验思密达治疗秋季腹泻临床效果 ,从而找出治疗儿童秋季腹泻更安全 ,有效的治疗方法。方法　对本院 2 0 0 2年 7月～ 2 0 0 2年 10月 12 6例秋季腹泻患儿 ,按照随机编号分别给予治疗组 (口服思密达 +静脉点滴糖盐 ) ,疗程 4～ 7天 ,对照组 (病毒唑含片 +静脉点滴糖盐 ) ,疗程 3～ 7天。结果两组有效率分别为 94% ,92 .7% ( P >0 .0 5) ,疗效无显著差异且治疗组未发现不良反应 ,患儿易于服用 ;对照组出现不良反应如胃肠反应呕吐恶心加剧。结论　应用思密达治疗儿童秋季腹泻疗效肯定 ,值得推广。     

思密达加庆大霉素保留灌肠治疗小儿腹泻70例疗效观察

目的:了解思密达加庆大霉素保留灌肠对小儿腹泻病的治疗效果。方法:将110例大便>5次/日的小儿腹泻患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组给予思密达加庆大霉素保留灌肠;对照组给予痢特灵加庆大霉素保留灌肠;其余常规治疗相同。结果:治疗组总有效率98.5%,显效率92.8%,对照组总有效率90%,显效率为50%,两组显效率经统计学处理P<0.05,差异有显著性;治疗组止泻时间平均为(2.4 0±0.7 4)d,对照组止泻时间平均为(3.3 6±0.77)d,P<0.01;治疗组纠正脱水时间平均为(1.04±0.20)d,对照组纠正脱水时间平均为(1.57±0.57)d,P<0.01,治疗组退热时间平均为(1.87±0.94)d,对照组退热时间平均为(2.27±0.96)d,P>0.05。结论:思密达加庆大霉素保留灌肠可有效改善患儿的临床症状,缩短病程,且应用方便。     

思密达加整肠生保留灌肠治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻的疗效观察

目的：观察思密达加整肠生保留灌肠治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻的临床效果。方法对照组采用思密达口服治疗，而治疗组在口服思密达治疗的基础上，同时采用思密达加整肠生保留灌肠，比较两组的疗效。结果与对照组比较，治疗组的疗程明显缩短，总有效率提高，两组疗效有显著性差异（p〈0．05）。结论思密达加整肠生保留灌肠治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻具有疗效高、疗程短、费用低的特点，是一种值得基层推广的方法。     

妈咪爱联合思密达治疗婴幼儿腹泻的疗效观察

目的探讨妈咪爱(枯草杆菌二联合菌颗粒)治疗婴幼儿腹泻的临床疗效。方法收治106婴幼儿腹泻例,随机分为两组,两组均常规给予抗病毒治疗,其中观察组53例给予妈咪爱(2周岁以下:一次1袋,一日1～2次,2周岁以上一次1～2袋,一日1～2次)加思密达口服治疗;对照组53例给予病毒唑10～15mg(kg d)静滴,加思密达口服治疗。观察两组患儿疗效。两组在年龄、性别、病程、临床症状等一般资料上的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。结果治疗组6d后观察总有效率98.1%,对照组总有效率77.3%,观察组疗效显著优于对照组,两组比较差异有无统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组有面色潮红患儿3例(5.66%),便秘一例(1.88%),对照组有面色潮红患儿6(11.3%),消化道症状3例(5.66%),观察组不良反应显著小于对照组(P<0.05)。结论婴幼儿腹泻在短时间内突然发作,流行性高。在常规抗病毒治疗基础上,应用妈咪爱联合思密达治疗婴幼儿腹泻疗效显著,可明显缩短病程,安全、价廉。     

妈咪爱联合思密达治疗婴幼儿腹泻的疗效观察

目的探讨妈咪爱(枯草杆菌二联合菌颗粒)治疗婴幼儿腹泻的临床疗效。方法收治106婴幼儿腹泻例,随机分为两组,两组均常规给予抗病毒治疗,其中观察组53例给予妈咪爱(2周岁以下:一次1袋,一日1~2次,2周岁以上一次1~2袋,一日1~2次)加思密达口服治疗;对照组53例给予病毒唑10~15mg(kg d)静滴,加思密达口服治疗。观察两组患儿疗效。两组在年龄、性别、病程、临床症状等一般资料上的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。结果治疗组6d后观察总有效率98.1%,对照组总有效率77.3%,观察组疗效显著优于对照组,两组比较差异有无统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组有面色潮红患儿3例(5.66%),便秘1例(1.88%),对照组有面色潮红患儿6(11.3%),消化道症状3例(5.66%),观察组不良反应显著小于对照组(P<0.05)。结论婴幼儿腹泻在短时间内突然发作,流行性高。在常规抗病毒治疗基础上,应用妈咪爱联合思密达治疗婴幼儿腹泻疗效显著,可明显缩短病程,安全、价廉。     

口服锌制剂联合思密达治疗小儿秋季腹泻疗效观察

目的:探讨思密达与锌制剂联合治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻的疗效。方法:将60例秋季腹泻患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组30例,均给予口服思密达及对症治疗,治疗组加用锌制剂,比较两组疗效。结果:治疗组和对照组的总有效率分别为92.4%和73.3%,平均止泻时间分别为(48.92±3.02)d和(100.23±3.16)d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:思密达与锌制剂联合治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻疗效好,可以在临床中推广应用。     

思密达合并妈咪爱治疗小儿腹泻病52例疗效观察

目的　观察思密达合并妈咪爱治疗婴幼儿腹泻病的效果。方法　选择我院门诊及住院年龄在 3个月至 3岁的婴幼儿腹泻患者共 10 4例 ,随机分为两组各 5 2例 ,观察组给予思密达合并妈咪爱治疗 ,对照组给予黄连素治疗。结果　观察组显效率 84 .2 3 % ,对照组显效率 5 9.6 % ,两组比较χ2 =7.77,P<0 .0 1。结论　思密达和妈咪爱是治疗婴幼儿腹泻病的有效药物。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.