左旋布比卡因罗哌卡因混合苏芬太尼用于腹部术后镇痛的效果

目的:研究0.15%左旋布比卡因与0.2%罗哌卡因用于腹部术后硬膜外镇痛的效果、对运动神经功能恢复的影响。方法:选择80例择期腹手术患者,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,采用随机双盲法分为两组:罗哌卡因组(组1,40例),左旋布比卡因组(组2,40例),两组术后分别采用0.2%罗哌卡因、0.15%左旋布比卡因复合苏芬太尼1μg/ml行硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA),观察两组术后镇痛效果、运动阻滞程度和不良反应的发生情况。结果:两组术后视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Bromage评分及不良反应发生率均差异无显著性,接受0.2%罗哌卡因PCEA的患者术后活动能力恢复较早(P<0.05)。结论:0.2%罗哌卡因和0.15%左旋布比卡因复合苏芬太尼用于腹部术后硬膜外自控镇痛效果相同,罗哌卡因组的患者术后活动更早。     

国产0.125%左旋布比卡因与0.2%罗哌卡因用于术后硬膜外镇痛效果比较

目的:研究0.125%左旋布比卡因行病人硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)临床效果,并于0.2%罗哌卡因比较。方法:选择40例择期下腹部手术患者,ASA～级,采用随机双盲法分为两组:左旋布比卡因组(L组,n=20)、罗哌卡因组(R组,n=20)。两组术后分别采用0.125%左旋布比卡因、0.2%罗哌卡因复合小剂量吗啡(0.005%)和地塞米松10mg行病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA),观察两组术后镇痛效果、运动阻滞程度和副作用的发生情况。结果:两组术后视觉模拟评分(VAS)、改良Bromage评分和病人自评镇痛效果满意度比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。两组不良反应发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:0.125%左旋布比卡因复合小剂量吗啡和地塞米松用于病人术后硬膜外自控镇痛可取得和罗派卡因同样的镇痛效果。     

硬膜外罗哌卡因复合芬太尼在小儿术后镇痛中的应用

目的通过比较硬膜外应用罗哌卡因复合芬太尼与硬膜外应用罗哌卡因用于小儿术后镇痛以探讨小儿安全有效的术后镇痛方式.方法择期行尿道成形术的小儿40例,随机分为两组,Ⅰ组(n=18)术后单纯采用0.1%～0.2%罗哌卡因进行术后硬膜外镇痛,Ⅱ组(n=22)采用0.1%～0.2%罗哌卡因 芬太尼1μg/ml行硬外镇痛,观察镇痛治疗后的24h、48h、72h脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2),疼痛评分、72h罗哌卡因总用量、镇痛评分及副作用.结果两组病人均无1例术后发生低氧血症,两组病人的镇痛效果均满意,但Ⅱ组罗哌卡因总用量显著低于Ⅰ组.结论硬膜外罗哌卡因复合芬太尼与硬膜外单纯使用罗哌卡因都可以达到满意的镇痛效果,辅以小剂量的阿片类药物既可以减少局部麻醉药的用量,降低局麻药中毒的危险,又可以改善患儿的睡眠,使患儿术后更加舒适.     

不同镇痛方法用于胸部术后镇痛效果比较

目的比较患者自控静脉镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)及患者自控硬膜外镇痛(pa-tient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)用于胸部术后镇痛的效果。方法将80例美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级胸部手术患者分为两组,每组40例。PCIA组为全凭静脉麻醉,术后经静脉予芬太尼20μg/kg行PCIA;PCEA组为静脉复合全麻联合胸部硬膜外阻滞,术后经硬膜外予芬太尼0.3mg+丁哌卡因100mg行PCEA。用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)判定术后镇痛效果。结果两种方法术后镇痛效果均较好,PCEA组术后不同时间点VAS评分均明显低于PCIA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);除皮肤瘙痒外,其余几种不良反应发生率PCEA组均低于PCIA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胸部术后应用PCEA镇痛效果佳、安全性高。     

两种不同镇痛方法用于前列腺摘除术后的效果比较

目的探讨两种不同镇痛方法用于前列腺摘除术后的镇痛效果。方法所有患者术前30min肌注东莨菪碱0.3mg和鲁未那钠0.1g,于L2~3间隙穿刺,实施硬膜外麻醉。均采用爱朋牌术后镇痛泵,最大容量200mL。硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)组镇痛液方用0.2%罗哌卡因 2μg·mL-1芬太尼,PCIA组20μg·mg-1芬太尼配至20mL。术毕常规给予恩丹司琼8mg静脉注射,在镇痛期间,常规监测SPO2、HR、RR、BP等。方法术后镇痛VAS评分硬膜外组优于静脉组(P<0.05),不稳定性膀胱发生率硬膜外组低于静脉组(P<0.05)。结论PCEA用于前列腺摘除术镇痛优于静脉自控镇痛(PCIA),且不稳定性膀胱发生率低。     

低浓度甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于前列腺汽化电切术术后镇痛的临床观察

目的比较甲磺酸罗哌卡因与布比卡因分别复合芬太尼用于前列腺汽化电切术术后硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的临床效果及不良反应。方法选择40例择期行前列腺汽化电切手术的患者,腰硬复合麻醉,术后随机分为2组,Ⅰ组（n=20）：0.125%甲磺酸罗哌卡因;Ⅱ组（n=20）：0.125%布比卡因。2组均复合芬太尼2μg/kg。观察2组患者术后48h内的生命体征、出血量、镇痛效果及不良反应发生率。结果 2组患者生命体征、出血量、WHO疼痛分级、PCEA总用药量及有效按压次数比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;恶心呕吐、头晕、皮肤瘙痒、低血压发生率组间差异也无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 0.125%甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于术后镇痛疗效可靠,无明显不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因腰麻-硬外联合阻滞用于产科术后镇痛的比较(附40例分析)

目的比较罗哌卡因腰麻-硬外联合阻滞(CSEA)与布比卡因腰麻-硬外联合阻滞行剖宫产术后镇痛的效果。方法40例剖宫产孕妇随机分为两组,每组20例。两组均先在蛛网膜下腔分别注入罗哌卡因(Rop)25 mg,或布比卡因(Bup)25 mg后均留置硬膜外导管行硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA),采用0.1%罗哌卡因或0.1%布比卡因,持续硬膜外输注5 ml/h,自控镇痛3 ml,锁定时间10 min。结果两组镇痛效果良好,镇痛起效时间差异无统计意义(P>0.05),但布比卡因组对运动神经的阻滞程度显著增高。结论低浓度罗哌卡因CSE PCEA用于术后镇痛,效果完善。比较低浓度布比卡因CSE PCEA运动阻滞更轻微。     

不同镇痛方法应用于糖尿病患者直肠癌根治术后160例疗效分析

目的对糖尿病患者直肠癌根治术后硬膜外皮下隧道镇痛与静脉镇痛的效果与不良反应进行对比观察。方法 160例糖尿病患者直肠癌根治术后要求术后镇痛,随机平均分为两组;硬膜外皮下隧道镇痛组(PCEA)和静脉镇痛组(PCIA)。配方:PCEA组采用每100mL含罗哌卡因360mg,芬太尼0.5mg,格拉司琼6mg。PCIA组:每100mL中含芬太尼0.8mg,格拉司琼6mg。结果两组术后镇痛效果均无显著差异。PCEA组肠蠕动恢复明显快于PCIA组,(P<0.01),两组患者恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制发生率均无显著差异,PCIA组有10%患者发生中度镇静,而PCEA组无一例发生。无穿刺点化脓感染等情况发生。结论两组均达到良好的镇痛,且穿刺点无明显感染迹象。PCEA组肠蠕动恢复要优于PCIA组,未发生中度以上镇静情况。     

腹部手术术后镇痛对胃肠功能的影响

目的　观察硬膜外芬太尼和吗啡术后镇痛 (PCEA)对腹部手术胃肠功能的影响。方法　 30例单纯胆囊切除患者 ,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,随机分为芬太尼组 (n =15 )和吗啡组 (n =15 )术毕全部患者均采用PCEA。镇痛液配方为 :芬太尼组 ,芬太尼 0 2mg +0 75 %罗哌卡因 10ml+地塞米松 10mg+格拉司琼 3mg +NS稀释至 10 0ml。吗啡组 ,吗啡 10mg +0 75 %罗哌卡因 10ml+地塞米松 10mg +格拉司琼 3mg +NS稀释至 10 0ml。观察镇痛效果、术后肛门排气时间和恶心、呕吐等不良反应。结果　两组镇痛效果相比差别无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,术后不良反应 ,芬太尼组少于吗啡组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,芬太尼组术后肛门排气时间早于吗啡组 (P<0 0 5 )。结论　芬太尼组对胃肠道功能的恢复有积极作用     

舒芬太尼用于术后硬膜外与静脉自控镇痛比较

目的对比观察舒芬太尼用于术后硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）与静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）的效果。方法选择40例患有子宫肌瘤的手术患者,根据术后选用镇痛方法的不同,随机分为PCEA和PCIA两组,每组20例。PCEA组硬膜外持续泵入舒芬太尼联合布比卡因联合氟哌利多混合液;PCIA组静脉持续泵入舒芬太尼联合氟哌利多混合液。观察其镇痛效果和不良反应情况。结果两组都具有良好的镇痛效果,组间相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但PCIA出现不良反应症状略多于PCEA。结论PCEA具有镇痛效果好,不良反应少,是一种比较理想的镇痛方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.