膀胱移行细胞癌患者RASSF1A蛋白表达和启动子区甲基化的研究

目的:探讨RASSFlA(RAS association domain family1A)蛋白表达水平与启动子甲基化的关系.方法:应用免疫印迹技术(western-blot)检测10例正常膀胱组织和23例膀胱移行细胞癌(Badder transitional cell carcinoma,BTCC)组织中RASSFlA蛋白表达水平;用甲基化特异性PCR(Methylation-Specific PCR,MSP)方法检测正常膀胱组织,BTCC组织中RASSF1A基因启动子CPG岛甲基化状态.结果:RASSF1A蛋白在正常膀胱组织中全部表达,在BTCC组织中表达率为30.4%(7/23),二组间表达差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但各肿瘤分期、病理分级间的表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在正常膀胱组织中,RASSF1A基因启动子未发生甲基化;在BTCC组织中,RASSF1A基因启动子甲基化频率为60.9%(14/23),二组间表达差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在14份启动子异常甲基化的BTCC标本中,13份同时伴有RASSFIA蛋白表达缺失或下调,两者存在明显相关性(P＜0.05).结论:RASSFlA基因启动子在BTCC组织中发生异常甲基化,使RASSF1A蛋白表达缺失,推测RASSFIA基因启动子CPG岛异常甲基化导致RASSF1A基因失活从而引起肿瘤的发生,而与肿瘤的进展可能无关.     

缺氧诱导因子-1α和葡萄糖转运蛋白-1在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的:探讨缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)和葡萄糖转运蛋白-1(GLUT-1)在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及与膀胱移行细胞癌生物学行为的关系.方法:应用免疫组化方法对50例膀胱移行细胞癌及正常膀胱组织中HIF-1α和GIUT-1的表达进行检测,并用计算机图象分析系统对其表达水平进行定量分析.结果:正常膀胱组织中HIF-1α和GLUT-1均不表达,50例膀胱移行细胞癌中,HIF-1α和GLUT-1的阳性表达率分别为52%和76%.HIF-1α的表达水平与膀胱移行细胞癌的分级和复发密切相关(P＜0.05),但与分期无关;GLUT-1的表达水平与膀胱移行细胞癌的分级、分期和复发均密切相关(P＜0.05).HI-1α和GIUT-1在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达水平亦呈正相关(r=0.381,P=0.029).结论:膀胱移行细胞癌中HIF-1α和GLUT-1的表达与肿瘤的恶性进展密切相关.联合检测HIF-1α和GLUT-1可作为了解膀胱移行细胞癌生物学行为的参考指标,并有可能为膀胱移行细胞癌的基因治疗提供新的靶点和新的思路.     

Galectin-3蛋白在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的:研究Galectin-3蛋白与膀胱移行细胞癌之间的关系。方法:采用免疫组织化学二步法检测Galectin-3蛋白在膀胱移行细胞癌以及正常膀胱黏膜上的表达,并对膀胱癌组织进行系统的病理学检查和分析。结果:①膀胱移行细胞癌上的Galectin-3蛋白表达强度明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。②膀胱低分化移行细胞癌中Galectin-3蛋白表达高于高分化移行细胞癌。③复发的膀胱移行细胞癌中Galectin-3蛋白表达强度高于无复发的膀胱移行细胞癌。结论:①Galectin-3蛋白的表达量与膀胱移行细胞癌的恶性程度呈正相关。②Galectin-3蛋白表达量高的膀胱移行细胞癌容易复发。     

血小板源性生长因子-D在膀胱癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的 观察血小板源性生长因子-D(PDGF-D)在膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)中的表达,探讨PDGF-D与膀胱移行细胞癌的发生发展之间的关系及其临床意义.方法 分别采用实时定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(real-time RT-PCR)法和蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)法检测62例膀胱移行细胞癌组织、10例癌旁正常膀胱组织中PDGF-D mRNA和蛋白的表达,并分析其与临床病理之间的关系.结果 PDGF-D mRNA在BTCC中的表达量是正常对照组的1.89倍,PDGF-D蛋白在癌组织中的表达明显高于正常膀胱组织(相对吸光度比值:正常组0.231±0.041,癌症组0.689±0.083,P＜0.05).而且随着肿瘤病理分级的升高及淋巴结转移的出现,PDGF-D mRNA和蛋白的表达水平均逐渐升高,各组问差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).但不同分期的癌组织中PDGF.D mRNA和蛋白的表达水平的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 PDGF-D表达增强与膀胱癌的发生及分化、转移密切相关,可能在膀胱癌的发生发展中发挥重要作用.     

RASSF1A在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨押癌基因RASSF1A在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其与胰腺癌发生、发展的关系.方法 采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测48例胰腺癌组织及癌旁正常组织RASSFA mRNA的表达水平.结果 癌旁正常组织RASSF1A mRNA的表达量高于高分化腺癌组织RASSF1A的表达量,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).高分化腺癌组织RASSF1A mRNA的表达量高于中低分化腺癌组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).TNM分期Ⅲ期RASSF1A mRNA的表达量低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).RASSF1A mRNA表达与性别、年龄,肿瘤发生部位无明显关系(P>0.05).结论 RASSF1A表达缺失或低下在胰腺癌的发生、发展中起重要的作用.     

膀胱移行细胞癌Mta-1基因与蛋白表达及其临床意义

目的:检测膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)中Mta-1mRNA与蛋白表达,分析其与BTCC临床分期、病理分级、转移及复发的关系。方法:原位杂交、免疫组化方法检测42例BTCC组织Mta-1mRNA与蛋白的表达;CD34标记血管内皮细胞,计数肿瘤组织微血管密度(MVD);结合临床病理资料,分析Mta-1与BTCC的侵袭转移、血管生成及复发间的关系。结果:①Mta-1mRNA与蛋白在BTCC中高度表达,其表达阳性率分别为78.6%、73.8%,与正常组织比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且随BTCC临床分期及病理分级的升高而增加,肿瘤复发组高于无复发组,肿瘤转移组高于无转移组(P<0.05)。②经非参数相关分析发现,Mta-1蛋白与Mta-1mR-NA表达呈高度正相关,Rs为0.945,P=0.000;CD34标染的微血管密度(MVD)与Mta-1mRNA与蛋白表达亦呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.712、0.683,P=0.000。结论:①Mta-1在膀胱移行细胞癌中高度表达,并随着肿瘤临床分期和病理分级的升高而增加,与肿瘤的转移及复发密切相关。②Mta-1参与膀胱移行细胞癌的侵袭、转移,可能与促进血管生成有关。     

膀胱移行细胞癌环氧合酶-2表达与肿瘤微血管生成的关系

目的 探讨环氧合酶-2(COX-2)及微血管密度(MVD)与膀胱移行细胞癌生物学行为的关系及其临床意义.方法 采用免疫组织化学SP法对103例膀胱移行细胞癌、21例慢性膀胱炎、13例正常膀胱组织标本中COX-2进行检测,同时对上述标本中微血管进行计数.结果 膀胱移行细胞癌组织COX-2阳性表达率70.9%(73/103),慢性膀胱炎及正常膀胱组织COX-2表达均为阴性.低分化、浸润性、有淋巴转移以及复发癌组织中COX-2阳性表达率显著高于对应组(P<0.05).103例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中MVD为36.57±10.12,并与COX-2表达正相关(P<0.05),但COX-2表达及MVD与肿瘤的数量、大小无明显相关(P>0.05).结论 COX-2表达在膀胱移行细胞癌的发生、发展、转移及复发过程中起重要作用.膀胱移行细胞癌COX-2表达与肿瘤间质微血管的形成密切相关.     

NORE1B、RASSF1A mRNA在肝细胞癌中的表达及其相关性

目的 探讨肝细胞癌(HCC)组织中NORE1B、RASSF1A的转录表达及其临床意义.方法 应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)分析41例HCC及对应癌旁组织中NORE1B、RASSF1AmRNA的表达情况,以及与临床病理特征的关系,并探讨两者表达的相关性.结果 NORE1B mR-NA在HCC中的缺失率为63.4%,癌旁组织中为34.1%(P<0.01).RASSF1A mRNA在HCC中的缺失率为75.6%,癌旁组织中为39.0%(P<0.05).两者的差异表达与乙肝、肝硬化以及Edmondson分级均存在相关性(P<0.05),而与年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、术前肝功能Child-Push分级和血清AFP检测值均无显著相关.NORE1B与RASSF1A mRNA在HCC中的表达呈正相关性(P<0.05).结论 NOBE1B与RASSF1A在HCC的发生发展中可能存在协同作用.     

膀胱癌错配修复基因hMSH2表达的研究

目的 探讨错配修复基因hMSH2在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达情况及其与肿瘤细胞增殖、凋亡的关系.方法 采用免疫组化法检测101例膀胱移行细胞癌错配修复基因hMSH2以及细胞增殖抗原Ki-67的表达情况,原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测肿瘤细胞凋亡情况.结果 hMSH2表达于非膀胱肿瘤尿路上皮及部分膀胱移行细胞癌的细胞核,膀胱移行细胞癌组低表达率较非膀胱肿瘤膀胱组织组高(P=0.004,＜0.05);膀胱移行细胞癌pT2-pT4组中hMSH2的低表达率比pTis-pT1组的低表达率高(P=0.016,＜0.05);G1、G2、G3三组间低表达率的总体差别有统计学意义(P=0.033,＜0.05),G1+G2组与G3组之间差别有统计学意义(P=0.036＜0.05);有无淋巴结转移组差别无统计学意义(P=0.317).hMSH2弱表达组与强表达组间凋亡指数(AI)均值差异非常显著(P＜0.01),Ki-67标记指数(Ki-67 LI)均值差异不显著(P＞0.05),AI/KI值差异经统计学分析具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 hMSH2基因突变或功能缺失与膀胱移行细胞癌的发生有关,可能系肿瘤发生过程中的重要事件,并可能与肿瘤细胞凋亡有关,而与增殖活性无关.     

错配修复基因hMLH1在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的 观察错配修复基因hMLH1在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达,探讨hMLH1与膀胱移行细胞癌的关系.方法 通过免疫组织化学方法 测定hMLH1在80例膀胱移行细胞癌中及20例正常膀胱组织中的表达.结果 hMLH1在膀胱移行细胞癌中的低表达率(32.5%)明显高于在正常膀胱组织中的低表达率(0%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且hMLH1在膀胱移行细胞癌中的低表达与肿瘤的分期分级有关(P＜0.05).结论 hMLH1的低表达与膀胱移行细胞癌的发生有关,与肿瘤的高分期和高分级有关,hMLH1的低表达在浸润性及分化差的膀胱移行细胞癌多见.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.