液-液萃取气相色谱法测定饮用水中消毒副产物检测方法的研究

[目的]建立液-液萃取气相色谱法测定饮用水中12种消毒副产物的检测方法。[方法]通过各种条件实验确立气相色谱的适宜条件;并对方法学中的线性、精密度和准确度等参数进行实验。[结果]样品经MTBE萃取后可以同时测定饮用水中THMs、HANs、HKs、CH和CP五个组分中的12种化合物并且获得了较好的分离效果,25min内同时完成全部物质的测定;0.5μg/L～200μg/L浓度范围,12种物质校准曲线具有较好的直线线性,相关系数(r)在0.99-0.999之间;精密度测定结果RSD为2.1%～13.0%;准确度回收率测定结果为71%～123%。[结论]该方法简便、快速,技术参数符合方法检测的要求。     

直接进样毛细管气相色谱测定空气中甲醛的研究

目的：建立直接进样毛细管气相色谱测定空气中甲醛的方法。方法：以吸收液采集空气中甲醛，直接进样FFAP毛细管柱分离，气相色谱(皿)测定。结果：甲醛的浓度在0—1．0μg/ml时，线性关系良好，回归方程，y=48290．0x 37．5，(r=0．9993，n=6)，检测限为0．043μg/ml；样品分析的精密度试验，相对标准偏差为2．6％-4．7％；样品分析的准确度试验，回收率为95．2％～104．3％。结论：本方法灵敏度高，适用于工作场所、公共场所及家庭居室空气中甲醛的浓度测定。     

液-液萃取稳定同位素内标法测定酒中氨基甲酸乙酯

目的建立液-液萃取稳定同位素稀释测定酒中氨基甲酸乙酯含量的方法。方法以氘代同位素D5-氨基甲酸乙酯为内标,用液-液萃取法稳定同位素稀释,气相色谱-质谱选择离子法测定。结果氨基甲酸乙酯的检出限为1.1μg/kg,回收率为90.7%-106.3%,RSD为2.6%。测定市售10种葡萄酒、15种白酒和20种黄酒,氨基甲酸乙酯含量分别为：葡萄酒5.57-20.7μg/kg、白酒5.8-297μg/kg、黄酒79.8-498μg/kg。结论液-液萃取法精密度和准确度高,简便快速,适用于酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的测定。     

直接进样毛细管气相色谱测定空气中甲醛

目的：建立直接进样毛细管气相色谱测定空气中甲醛的方法。方法：以吸收液采集空气中甲醛，直接进样FFAP毛细管柱分离，气相色谱（FID）测定。结果：甲醛的浓度在0-1．0μg／ml时，线性关系良好，回归方程y=48290．0x＋37．5，（r=0．9993，n=6），检测限为0．043μg／ml；样品分析的精密度试验，相对标准偏差为2．6％-4．7％；样品分析的准确度试验，回收率为95．2％-104．3％。结论：本方法灵敏度高，适用于工作场所、公共场所及家庭居室空气中甲醛的浓度测定。     

消毒物品中环氧乙烷的顶空-毛细管气相色谱测定法

目的建立用顶空-毛细管气相色谱测定消毒物品中环氧乙烷残留量的方法。方法取适量样品于大注射器中用氮气稀释，加热解离出残留环氧乙烷，取气体进毛细管气相色谱仪测定。结果方法线性范围为0～20μg／ml，相关系数为0．9998，最低检出浓度为0．18μg／g，相对标准偏差为2．2％～5．5％。结论顶空-毛细管气相色谱法适用于消毒样品中低环氧乙烷残留的测定，灵敏度高，精密度和准确度好。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定6种常见食品添加剂

目的：建立固相萃取-高效液相色谱测定6种常见食品添加剂的方法。方法：各类食品样经OASIS母HLB固相萃取小柱萃取净化，然后以醋酸铵和甲醇双组分作流动相（不使用毒性大的乙腈），用高效液相色谱测定。结果：测苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠，在1．0～100μg／ml范围内，测对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯在1-0～40μg／ml范围内。相关系数r值均大于0．999；最低检出浓度：苯甲酸0．10μg／ml，山梨酸0．17μg／ml，糖精钠0．38μg／ml．对羟基苯甲酸甲酯0．13μg/ml，对羟基苯甲酸乙酯0．17μg/ml，对羟基苯甲酸丙酯0．25μg／ml；回收率〉90％，RSD〈5％。结论：该方法简单快速，易于操作，能同时预处理净化各类食品样，稳定性好，精密度和准确度高，可作为检测6种食品添加剂的有效定量方法。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定木酢液中24种金属元素含量的方法研究

目的：建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定木酢液中24种金属元素含量的方法。方法：微波消解样品，采用混钊内标校正，应用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术测定木酢液中24种金属元素含量。结果：铍（Be）、钒（V）、铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）J钴（Co）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、硒（Se）、钼（Mo）、银（Ag）、镉（Cd）、锑（Sb）、钡（Ba）、铊（Tl）、铅（Pb）、钏（U）、钍（Th）浓度0．5～200．0μg／L；铁（Fe）、钾（K）、钠（Na）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）浓度0．05～2．0mg／L，相关系数达到0．9999。方法的检出限为0．009～2．57μg／L；测定下限为0．013～8．56μg／L；回收率为81．3％～116．0％；样品精密度纠0．4％～8．8％，达到方法学要求。结论：电感耦合等离子体质谱法，操作简便，灵敏度高，准确度高，线性范围宽，适用州酢液等新型消毒杀菌产品中金属元素含量的测定。     

液液萃取-气相色谱法测定油墨中苯系物

目的:探讨建立一种气相色谱法测定油墨样品中苯系物的测定方法。方法:采用乙腈(1+1)—正己烷液液萃取,将苯系物从碱化后的样品中提取出,气相色谱定性定量苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯。结果:6种苯系物(上机液)的线性范围为10μg/ml～3000μg/ml,最低检出限为0.1 g/kg(实际样品),精密度RSD为4.3%～7.6%,加标回收率为89.2%～104.4%。结论:方法已成功应用于油墨样品的苯系物测定,结果较令人满意。     

同位素内标稀释高效液相色谱-质谱法测定鱼体中的孔雀石绿及其代谢物

目的：以同位素内标稀释建立了测定鱼体中孔雀石绿及其代谢物的高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法：试样中加入氘代同位素内标，用柠檬酸缓冲液／乙腈提取，液液分配后SCX净化，MRM定量。结果：方法的线性范围为0.5～10μg／L，线性系数为0．9992，检出限为0．1／μg／kg。在1．0、1．5、2．0μ/kg3个浓度水平加标回收率为94％～104％,rsd为4．7％～5．9％。结论：该方法灵敏度高，准确度、精密度好，满足了样品测定的定性、定量要求。     

尿液中萘酚的分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱紫外检测法

目的建立尿液中1-萘酚和2-萘酚的分散液液微萃取(DLLME)-高效液相色谱紫外(HPLC-UV)检测法。方法以常见的塑料滴管为萃取容器,调节尿液pH为7,加入100μl正辛醇作为萃取剂,600μl乙醇作为分散剂,经涡旋、离心后,萃取剂进入HPLC-UV检测,经过C18(1.8μm,4.6 mm×50 mm)色谱柱分离,在280 nm下进行测定。结果 1-萘酚与2-萘酚在1.0～50.0μg/L的浓度范围内所得回归方程均呈较好的线性关系,r0.999,检出限分别为0.065μg/L和0.079μg/L,定量下限分别为0.215μg/L和0.261μg/L,加标回收率分别为91.5%～99.0%和91.1%～99.2%,RSD8.3%。结论该方法操作简便,使用有机溶剂少,富集倍数高,处理时间短,精密度与准确度较好,适用于普通人群和萘职业接触人群尿样中萘酚的测定。     

有性才会有健康

性是基本的人权。根据我国著名的性学家史成礼教授的研究,性有“三大功能”:生育功能、享乐功能和健康功能。     

Communicating with people with dementia

It can be very difficult to communicate with people with dementia. Each case requires its own unique handling. Not every scenario is covered, as many times your own judgment is what will work, best according to the circumstances. These can change from dawn to evening and from day to day. Never assume things will be the way they were the last time you communicated. Be on your guard. Be adaptable. The article will help get you started to think of your own ways to communicate.     

Coping with Children with ADHD: Coping Styles of Mothers with Children with ADHD or Challenging Behaviours

Parents of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can experience significant levels of stress in their parenting roles, however, little is known about the specific coping strategies used by these parents. This pilot study Investigated the coping strategies used by mothers of children with ADHD. A 34 item questionnaire was developed to identify maternal coping strategies. A cohort of 38 mothers of children with ADHD and a control group of 30 mothers of children without ADHD or any other disability/illness completed the questionnaire. Factor analysis of responses produced three factors: Aggressive/Confrontive Coping, Rational Coping, and Indirect Coping. These factors are similar to coping dimensions proposed by Folkman and Lazarus. Comparisons between the two groups of mothers revealed that mothers of children with ADHD used significantly more Indirect Coping.     

经方汗证治验

临床上汗证病情复杂,分自汗、盗汗、黄汗和但头汗出,治疗汗证方药诸多,有益气固表、养阴清热和清热除湿等方法,疗效不一。受恩师刘健主任教导和《伤寒论》《金匮要略》病脉证并治启发,以脉证并治、方证对应思想,浅谈桂枝加附子汤、黄芪芍药苦酒汤、柴胡桂枝干姜汤和三物黄芩汤治疗汗证的经验,为经方治疗汗证提供新思路。     

Working with patients with physical disabilities

Medical practices need to make a number of adaptations to ensure that their facilities and staff are accessible to patients and other office visitors with physical disabilities. This article describes 10 specific strategies for preparing your medical practice for patients with disabilities, both inside and outside your office. It describes minimum standards for office doorways, sidewalk inclines, ramps, reception areas, and other adaptations medical offices need to make. The article also describes specific do and don't advice for communicating with patients with physical disabilities. It suggests strategies for preparing written materials for disabled patients, for communicating verbally, and for providing healthcare education. Finally, it suggests an appropriate role for medical practice staff in the delivery of healthcare services to patients with physical disabilities.     

Problems with measuring satisfaction with social care

The measurement of customer satisfaction has become widespread in both healthcare and social care services, and is informative for performance monitoring and service development. Satisfaction with social care services is routinely measured with a single question on overall satisfaction with care, comprising part of the Adult Social Care Survey. The measurement of satisfaction has been problematised, and existing satisfaction measures are known to be under‐theorised. In this article, the process of making an evaluation of satisfaction with social care services is first informed by a literature review of the theoretical background, and second examined through qualitative interviews conducted in 2012–2013 with 82 service users and family carers in Hampshire, Portsmouth and Southampton. Participants in this study were from white British and South Asian backgrounds, and the influence of ethnicity in the process of satisfaction evaluation is discussed. The findings show that the majority of participants selected a positive satisfaction rating even though both positive and negative experiences with services were described in their narratives. It is recommended that surveys provide opportunity for service users and family carers to elaborate on their satisfaction ratings. This addition will provide more scope for services to review their strengths and weaknesses.     

Qualitative research with people with intellectual disability

Qualitative research methods are gaining popularity in disability research, in particular as a way to explore the personal experience of disability. However, using these methods can be problematic with people traditionally regarded as vulnerable in the research relationship. People with intellectual disability are often so regarded. This paper discusses ethical concerns and issues of research credibility in qualitative research with this group of disabled people. An ethnographic study about the parenting experience of parents with intellectual disability is used to illustrate strategies to achieve credibility in qualitative studies in intellectual disability research.