肺微瘤型类癌5例报道并文献复习

目的探讨肺微瘤型类癌(carcinoid tumourlet)的临床病理学特征、免疫表型及病因学。方法对5例肺微瘤型类癌(其中4例伴肺支气管扩张症1,例伴肺腺癌)进行临床病理观察,应用免疫组化Super Vision两步法检测其特异性标记物。结果肺微瘤型类癌常伴发可导致肺部严重纤维化的疾病,亦可见于无基础炎性疾病的肺组织。肿瘤多位于小气道附近,细胞大小较一致,核呈卵圆形及短梭形,未见核分裂及坏死。免疫标记:肿瘤组织CK、EMA、TTF-1呈弱阳性,CgA、Syn、NSE、CD56及VEGF呈强阳性。结论肺微瘤型类癌具有典型类癌的病理特征和免疫表型,可能是典型类癌发生的早期阶段。气道炎症及肺纤维化导致的缺氧并非微瘤型类癌发生的必要条件,可能有其他分子机制参与微瘤型类癌的发生。     

Pulmonary adenocarcinoma: review of 106 cases and proposed new classification.

The gross and microscopic appearances of 106 resected pulmonary adenocarcinomas were reviewed and correlated with postoperative survival. Instead of using an established classification based on histological pattern, the tumours were categorised by cellular morphology and site as either parenchymal adenocarcinoma (67%), bronchial adenocarcinoma (13%), or adenocarcinoma of uncertain origin (20%). Despite their pleomorphic appearance parenchymal adenocarcinomas should be regarded as a single entity, derived from multipotential cells of the distal airway; bronchial adenocarcinomas were generally, but not invariably, associated with short postoperative survival; those tumours that could not be reclassified on histological grounds were large adenocarcinomas consisting mainly of mucus cells. Tumours of this type carry a poor prognosis.     

Pulmonary atypical carcinoid tumor with marked alphafetoprotein production and features of an adenocarcinoma differentiation

A 67-year-old man presented with a pulmonary atypical carcinoid tumor with marked elevation of the serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level to 181,000 ng/ml and no hepatic metastases. Immunohistochemistry revealed AFP-positive fine granules, sparsely distributed in some cells. The proportion of the concanavalin A nonbinding subfraction was 33.7%. Light microscopy revealed hyaline globules within or outside the clear and reticular cytoplasm of a few cells. These were ultrastructurally electron-dense materials similar to the hyaline bodies observed in yolk sac tumors. The Grimelius silver method stained only a few cells and very few cells showed a positive Masson-Fontana reaction. Electron microscopy revealed secretory granules measuring 220 nm on the average in scattered cells. Immunohistochemical studies showed 5-hydroxytryptophan in many cells and 5-hydroxytriptamine or serotonin in only a few cells. As for polypeptide hormones, gastrin was detected and in autopsy specimens carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) immunoreactive cells were observed. Past case reports on the coexistence of carcinoid tumors and adenocarcinomas in the digestive tract suggest that the tumor cells in our case are also derived from primitive or stem cells of endodermal origin and expressed unusual differentiation in the course of treatment.     

10例肺不典型类癌的光镜,电镜及免疫组织化学观察

Twenty-two cases of neuroendocrine tumor comprising neurosecretory granules were identified ultrastructurally in 124 cases of resected pulmonary carcinoma. Among these, 10 cases of atypical carcinoid of the lung were examined by LM, EM and immunohistochemical staining for NSE. The diagnosis of atypical carcinoid is difficult by LM alone. Therefore light microscopic observation is required in combination with electron microscopic findings for obtaining an accurate diagnosis of atypical carcinoid of the lung. Based on the data observed in these 10 cases, the diagnostic criteria of atypical carcinoid of lung are as follows: Microscopically: Increased cellularity with organoid architecture and rosette formation. Patchy necrosis at the center of cancer nests. Pleomorphism and irregularity of nuclei with hyperchromatism. Presence of abundant mitotic figures. NSE is positive immunohistochemically. Ultrastructurally: Various amount of neurosecretory granules found in cancer cells. Rich organelles, such as mitochondria, RER and ribosomes found in cytoplasm. Presence of basal lamina and desmosomes.     

Pulmonary carcinoid tumours: a comparative regional study.

Twenty-two pulmonary carcinoid tumours (18 central, 4 peripheral) were seen in this department over an 11-year period. The majority of the tumours displayed a mixed pattern on microscopic examination, and cell-nest formation was a prominent feature in sixteen. The findings are at variance with the results of a similar series reported from Japan and suggest that there is regional variation in the tumour pattern of pulmonary carcinoids. Various aspects of the histopathology are discussed, and a causal relationship between ossification of bronchial cartilage in these tumours and locally produced calcitonin is postulated.     

Limited role of Ki-67 proliferative index in predicting overall short-term survival in patients with typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoid tumors

Pulmonary carcinoid tumors are currently classified as typical or atypical based on the mitotic index (2 per 10?hpf) and/or the presence of necrosis. Following incorporation of the Ki-67 index into the classification of GI carcinoid tumors, our oncologists have also been requesting this test as part of the work-up of pulmonary carcinoid tumors although there are currently no established criteria for interpreting Ki-67 index in these neoplasms. We utilized the Ariol(?) SL50 Image Analyzer system to measure the Ki-67 index in 101 pulmonary carcinoid tumors (78 typical and 23 atypical) and then correlated the Ki-67 index and the histological diagnoses in univariate and multivariable analysis with overall survival. The mean Ki-67 indices for the typical carcinoids (3.7 s.d.±4.0) and the atypical carcinoids (18.8 s.d.±17.1) were significantly different (P<0.001) although the frequency distributions of Ki-67 indices in the two groups overlapped considerably. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that a Ki-67 index cutoff value of 5% provided the best fit for specificity and sensitivity in predicting overall survival. Histological diagnosis and the Ki-67 index cutoff of 5% were each independently strong predictors of survival (P<0.001 and P=0.003, respectively). When considered together in multivariable analysis, histological diagnosis was the stronger predictor of overall survival and a Ki-67 index cutoff of 5% did not provide additional significant predictive survival information within either the typical carcinoid or the atypical carcinoid patient group. A few typical carcinoid patients with Ki-67 indices of 5% appeared to have worse survival after 5 years than those with Ki-67 indices <5%, but the data set was insufficiently powered to further analyze this. These findings do not provide best evidence for the routine use of Ki-67 index to prognosticate overall short-term survival in patients with pulmonary carcinoid tumors.     

直肠类癌20例临床病理分析

目的探讨直肠类癌的临床病理、免疫组化特点及其与预后的关系。方法对20例直肠类癌临床及病理资料进行复习,应用SP法免疫组织化学染色,并随访。结果20例均为典型类癌,组织构型上可分为实性小巢状或岛状、梁状、腺管状、混合性等四种。免疫表型20例Syn均阳性,14例CgA阳性,20例CEA均阴性。本组病变均位于距肛门10 cm以内,20例共22个病灶,直径≤1 cm者13个,均位于黏膜固有层;1.1-2 cm者7个,其中4个侵犯黏膜下层,3个侵犯浅肌层;2个〉2 cm者均侵犯深肌层;肿瘤≤2 cm者的K i-67阳性表达率均〈5%或阴性。17例获随访者均存活。结论直肠类癌生物学行为低度恶性,一般不侵犯肌层,也很少转移,大多数病例可以在内镜下行黏膜切除术获得治愈。免疫组化Syn染色可作为直肠类癌的首选内分泌标记物。     

阑尾杯状细胞类癌二例

例1男,65岁。因转移性右下腹疼痛,于2005年4月20日入院。腹部检查:右下腹麦氏点压痛,肌紧张伴反跳痛。血常规:白细胞17.75×109/L,中性粒细胞0.765,淋巴细胞0.124。临床诊断:坏疽性阑尾炎。行急诊手术,术中见阑尾为盲肠后位,与周围组织广泛粘连。阑尾长约9.0cm,增粗不明显,中段及尖端呈黑色,行阑尾单纯切除术。术后病理诊断阑尾杯状细胞类癌。半月后行部分右半结肠及回肠切除术。例2女,71岁。因排便困难3个月,于2005年3月16日入院。外科检查:腹部稍膨隆,可触及肠型,右中下腹压痛,未触及肿块。结肠镜检查示盲肠占位。取活检,病理诊断为印戒…     

Atypical carcinoid of the arytenoid: report of six cases

In order to illustrate the clinical and histological presentations of laryngeal atypical carcinoids and their potential course, we report six cases. We evaluated the factors predictive of local recurrence and metastatic diffusion. For each case, we noted the mitotic index, the quality of the resection, the limits of the tumor and the presence of necrosis. An immunohistochemical study was carried out with a series of antibodies (cytokeratins; D(2)40; CD31; MIB1; P53; P16; TTF1...). The clinical presentation we observed was quite similar to that reported in the literature. These tumors are CK7+, CK8+, CK19+, CK5-6-, CK14- and CK20-. P16 is constantly positive. Only the mitotic index and the lymphatic presence of embolus were correlated with the time course. The tumor is more aggressive when the mitotic index is high and an unfavorable course is observed when there are lymphatic emboli or when the Ki67 index is higher than 5%.     

Multiple carcinoid tumors of the rectum: Report of two cases suggesting the origin of carcinoid tumors

Two cases of multiple carcinoid tumors of the rectum with numerous micronests of carcinoid tumors are reported. The patients were 51‐ and 58‐year‐old males. Many carcinoid tumors and numerous carcinoid micronests were found in the resected rectum; the total number of carcinoid tumors, groups of micronests, and solitary micronests was 69 in the first case and 62 in the second case. The micronests, consisting of a few to many endocrine cells, were observed in the lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, and/or submucosa. Micronests increased in number, gathered and formed carcinoid tumors, which were up to 8 mm in diameter. It was found that a nest of the carcinoid tumors in the lamina propria showed continuity with the endocrine cells of a crypt in the different carcinoid tumors in both cases. The carcinoid tumor and micronest infiltrated the nerves and ganglions in the muscularis mucosa and submucosa. Nests of the carcinoid tumors and micronests were surrounded by S‐100‐positive cells. Lymph node metastases of the carcinoid tumor were found in both cases. Rectal carcinoid tumors may originate from endocrine cells of the crypts, and multiple carcinoid tumors may occur heterogeneously.     

Small atypical leiomyomas: report of two cases

We describe two small atypical leiomyomas. The first was a 6-mm de novo lesion in a 53-year-old woman. The second was a 3-mm focus in a 12-mm leiomyoma in a 45-year-old woman. Both lesions showed moderate atypia and a mitotic rate of six per 10 high-power fields. Coagulative necrosis was not seen. Neither patient had received exogenous oestrogen or progestogen. There was no evidence of recurrence or metastasis in either patient after 60 months of follow-up. Our report provides evidence that atypical uterine leiomyomas may arise either de novo or within a leiomyoma.     

Cytological features of atypical carcinoid combined with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix

Neuroendocrine tumors of the uterine cervix (UC) are rare, and atypical carcinoid (AC) combined with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix (ACAUC) is particularly rare. Only the histopathology has been investigated in the English literature. A 49-year-old female with a polypoid lesion of the UC visited Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital. Scraping cytology, biopsy, and hysterectomy was performed. EC smears showed solid, rosette, honeycomb,true tubular, and trabecular clusters. Solid clusters were oval, thin-edge, delicate, small-large nuclei, pale, granular, scant, nothing,and well-preserved (though ill-defined border) cytoplasm. Rosette clusters were eccentric, oval nuclei, mixture of coarsely granular chromatin and euchromatin, and cyanophilic luminal content. Solid and rosette clusters impress AC. Honeycomb clusters involved a clearly defined border and translucent mucin. True tubular clusters were oval nuclei of fine chromatin or euchromatin, thick cytoplasm,and orange luminal content. Honeycomb and true tubular clusters suspected adenocarcinoma. Trabecular clusters were fusiform, columnar, cuboidal, and polygonal cell shapes of small,monotonous nuclei, and contained coarsely granular chromatin with occasionally intracytoplasmic translucent mucin and were difficult to differentiate typical carcinoid and adenocarcinoma.Histology was AC combined with adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytological characteristics of ACAUC.     

A case of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome associated with atypical bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumor

The Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is typically recognized as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with a small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), whereas LEMS with other neuroendocrine lung tumors, including carcinoids or large cell lung carcinoma, are highly unusual. Here, we report a rare case of LEMS with atypical bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumor: a 65-yr-old man presented with progressive leg weakness and a diagnosis of LEMS was made by serial repetitive nerve stimulation test. Chest CT revealed a lung nodule with enlargement of paratracheal lymph nodes, and surgically resected lesion showed pathological features of atypical carcinoid tumor. We concluded that LEMS could be associated with rare pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor other than SCLC, which necessitates pathologic confirmation followed by aggressive treatment for optimal management in these rare cases.