升主动脉及主动脉弓部病变的腔内技术应用

目前血管腔内修复术（endo vascular repair，EVR）在胸主动脉疾病中的应用越来越广泛，经过十多年的临床经验可以确认EVR创伤小、恢复快、疗效确切，故腔内治疗目前已呈现出取代传统开放性手术成为主动脉疾病治疗首选的趋势，本篇综述回顾了从EVR开始应用于胸主动脉疾病到目前的主要文献，较详细地阐述了目前EVR泊疗升主动脉及弓部病变的各种方法。     

根最大动脉CT定位在胸降主动脉腔内修复中的应用

目的探讨根最大动脉CT定位在胸降主动脉腔内修复（EVR）中的应用价值。方法12例胸降主动脉EVR前行根最大动脉（AKA）CT定位，Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤（DAA）8例，Crawford Ⅰ型胸腹主动脉瘤2例，胸降主动脉假性动脉瘤和胸降主动脉瘤合并腹主动脉瘤各1例。入组标准：EVR需要部分覆盖T8-L1节段。结果除3例DAA外，9例（13根）AKA显影，其中8例主动脉．肋间动彬腰动脉-AKA-脊髓前动脉连续性完整，1例胸腹主动脉瘤连续性差，多处中断；单根AKA5例，双根4例。成功保留10根，覆盖3根（1根为多处中断，另2根为双根中的近端1根）。1例DAA（Marfan综合征）出院后2d突然死亡，拒绝尸检。本组11例获随访3-19个月，平均12个月，无截瘫发生，术后3个月CT证实DAA假腔胸腔段或动脉瘤瘤腔内完全血栓形成。结论胸降主动脉EVR术前AKACT定位可以使需要避免覆盖的节段精确到AKA起源肋间动脉在主动脉开口的平面，释放出T8-L1节段的其他部分用作人工血管内支架的锚定，扩大EVR的适应证。     

DeBakey Ⅲ型主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术后内瘘形成的形态特点与原因

目的探讨DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术后内瘘形成的特点与原因。方法收集98例DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术后患者,其中22例术后CT随访发现内瘘形成;在其余76例中随机抽取22例无内瘘患者进行回顾性对比分析。对所有病例均采用多种三维图像后处理方法,立体显示内瘘情况,观察内瘘位置、支架形态、随访中的变化等,并对其形成原因进行探讨。结果 22例患者共形成23个内瘘,其中Ⅰ型内瘘14例（Ⅰa、Ⅰb型各7例）,Ⅱ型2例,Ⅲ型6例（Ⅲa型1例、Ⅲb型5例）。内瘘处于1环之内者占54.54%（12/22）,2环之内者占27.27%（6/22）,近心端10例,占45.45%（10/22）。所有患者的支架直径均与主动脉适合;内瘘处支架局部成角2例、支架断裂1例、支架整体扩张成形不良9例。较小的内瘘可自然愈合或随访过程中无变化（5/7,71.43%）,1例假腔破裂形成假性动脉瘤。无内瘘患者支架整体扩张成形不良发生率（2/22,9.09%）低于内瘘患者（9/22,40.91%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.939,P=0.015）。结论 CT能清晰显示DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术后内瘘的形态特点,有利于改进技术,降低内瘘的发生率。     

涉及主动脉重建中弓上血管的扭曲角度与相关解剖参数分析

目的:通过多排螺旋CT血管成像对主动脉弓及弓上分支血管解剖基线数据的测量,为主动脉弓部疾病及分支重建的腔内治疗策略选择和器具研发提供数据参考。方法:回顾性分析复旦大学附属浦东医院及复旦大学附属华山医院2021年8月至2021年11月连续收集的500例非合并主动脉弓部疾病患者基线及完整的CTA影像学资料,通过Mimics...     

模块分叉支架型血管设计的CT研究

目的 利用CT研究中国人升主动脉及主动脉弓与腔内修复技术相关的血管解剖特点.方法 选择2006年9月至2007年9月在我院接受主动脉CT血管造影且符合入选条件的个体388例,使用美国GE公司AW 4.2工作站测量升主动脉、主动脉弓、弓上分支的直径和长度.结果 冠状动脉开口以上至左锁骨下动脉以远6个测量点的主动脉直径分别为(34±5)mm、(34±5)mm、(33±4)mm、(30±4)mm、(28±3)mm和(26±3)mm.头臂干两处测量点的直径分别为(13.1±1.9)mm和(12.8±2.3)mm.左颈总动脉两处测量点的直径分别为(8.7±1.5)mm和(7.9±1.0)mm.左锁骨下动脉两处测量点的直径分别为(10.7±1.7)mm和(9.3±1.3)mm.冠状动脉开口处至头臂干动脉开口近端的主动脉管腔长度为(5.3±1.2)cm,头臂干开口近端与左颈总动脉开口近端之间的主动脉管腔距离为(1.3±0.4)cm,头臂干起始处至右锁骨下动脉开口处长度为(4.1±0.8)cm,左锁骨下动脉起始处至椎动脉开口处管腔长度为(3.8±0.8)cm,头臂干与左颈总动脉管壁之间距离为(O.4±0.2)cm,左颈总与左锁骨下动脉之间管壁距离为(0.7±0.6)cm.结论 CT测量所得的升主动脉数据可以为支架血管的系列生产提供支持.     

腔内修复联合旁路手术治疗DeBakeyⅠ型升主动脉夹层

目的探讨腔内修复联合人造血管旁路手术治疗DeBakeyⅠ型升主动脉夹层的临床应用价值。方法分析2005年中山大学附属第一医院血管外科运用腔内修复联合人造血管旁路手术治愈的2例DeBakeyⅠ型升主动脉夹层临床资料。结果腔内修复前先行左锁骨下动脉-左颈总动脉-右颈总动脉人造血管旁路手术,然后从右股总动脉将带膜支架植入升主动脉封闭内膜撕裂口,并同时封闭无名动脉和左颈总动脉,1例术后即时造影和术后2个月随访造影均显示升主动脉夹层消失,无内漏,颈部人造血管旁路血流通畅,病人健康生存;另1例术后2个月随访,一般情况良好。结论对于内膜撕裂口靠近无名动脉和左颈总动脉的DeBakeyⅠ型升主动脉夹层,腔内修复联合人造血管旁路手术是一种安全而有效的治疗方法。     

腔内修复术治疗主动脉弓部动脉瘤的研究现状

累及重要脏器动脉开口的主动脉弓部动脉瘤一直是腔内修复术的难点.近年来国内外专家对治疗该疾病的治疗方式做出了初步的研究,并取得了一定的成果.本文就近年来关于此项技术的研究现状作一综述.     

主动脉弓部疾病腔内治疗的新进展

<正>胸主动脉腔内修复术(thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR)的出现彻底打破了降主动脉疾病以开放手术为主的治疗格局^[1],但受限于主动脉弓特殊的解剖形态、复杂的血流动力学环境及分支重建难度大等不利因素,弓部疾病一度被视为腔内治疗的“禁区”和“最后争夺的阵地”^[2]。尽管目前开放手术仍然是年轻、能耐受手术风险患者的治疗首选,但近年来随着腔内技术及器材不断改良及成熟,主动脉弓腔内修复术(endovascular aortic arch repair,EAAR)已被推向了全新的高度,逐渐成为外科手术风险较高患者的一种可行性选择。     

基于多层螺旋CT的供肝动脉解剖变异与新解剖分型研究

背景与目的:供肝动脉解剖变异较多,目前肝动脉解剖分型以Michels和Hiatt分型为主,但不断有新发现的解剖变异情况。既往分型不能满足临床需要。本研究通过影像学观察统计供肝动脉解剖变异情况,提出精准分型,为临床工作提供科学准确的依据。方法:回顾性分析2019年1月—2019年3月行腹部多层螺旋CT双期增强扫描患者的影像资料,观察供肝动脉状态,记录相关数据,并进行分类统计。结果:总共纳入1520例患者的CT影像资料,男967例,女553例。符合Michels分型者1504例(98.95%),16例(10.53‰)不符合Michels分型。符合Hiatt分型者1507例(99.14%),13例(8.55‰)不符合Hiatt分型。从肝总动脉(CHA)起源、副左肝动脉(ALHA)起源、供肝动脉类型3个方面对供肝动脉解剖进行分析,笔者提出了供肝动脉解剖分型的七分法(根据CHA起源)与五分法(根据左右供肝动脉的解剖变异及不同变异的组合情况)。七分法中Ⅰ型1471例(96.78%)、Ⅱ型25例(1.64%)、Ⅲ型7例(0.46%)、Ⅳ型5例(0.33%)、Ⅴ型4例(0.26%)、Ⅵ型4例(0.26%)、Ⅶ型4例(0.26%)。五分法中Ⅰ型1381例(90.86%)、Ⅱ型87例(5.72%)、Ⅲ型38例(2.50%)、ⅣⅥ型10例(0.66%);Ⅴ型4例(0.26%)。结论:本研究提出的供肝动脉解剖新分型方法囊括了各种可能的解剖变异,简化了既往研究将CHA和供肝动脉同时纳入分型的复杂情况,分型思路清晰,符合解剖实际与临床认知,可为临床工作提供理论依据与指导。     

主动脉弓部夹层的腔内治疗

主动脉弓的近端为无名动脉(头臂干)在主动脉上的起始部前端,远端为左锁骨下动脉起始部以远约2cm的主动脉峡部(在左锁骨下动脉与肺动脉韧带之间)[1].无论是DeBakey分型,还是Stanford分型,对于起源于主动脉弓部的夹层,或者由于逆撕影响到主动脉弓部的Stanford B型夹层,都没有给予明确的分型[2-3].但是,这一类夹层确实存在.     

主动脉弓降部病变的外科综合治疗

目的探讨开胸体外循环直视手术、解剖外旁路联合动脉腔内修复(endovascular aneurysm repair,EVAR)杂交手术以及完全EVAR手术治疗主动脉弓降部病变的方法及疗效。方法 2006年10月-2011年9月,收治48例主动脉弓降部病变患者。男31例,女17例;年龄28～81岁,平均52.4岁。病程1～90 d,平均10.2 d。累及弓部分支的B型主动脉夹层30例,主动脉弓降部真性动脉瘤11例,主动脉弓降部假性动脉瘤3例,主动脉弓穿透性溃疡伴壁间血肿3例,主动脉食管瘘1例。15例行开胸体外循环直视手术,12例行解剖外旁路联合EVAR杂交手术,21例行完全EVAR手术。结果开胸体外循环直视手术患者中术后发生出血1例,昏迷1例,短暂精神症状3例,肺炎4例,急性肾功能不全2例,多器官功能衰竭2例;最终3例死亡。解剖外旁路联合EVAR杂交手术患者术后1例出现右顶枕叶大面积梗死伴肺炎、肾功能衰竭。完全EVAR术后无并发症发生。术后41例获随访,随访时间2～60个月,平均28.6个月。3例患者出现左锁骨下动脉窃血综合征表现,因症状轻微,未予特殊处理,均自行缓解。其余患者均恢复正常生活。结论对于主动脉弓降部病变,采用开胸体外循环直视手术创伤大、风险高,将逐步被EVAR替代,解剖外旁路联合EVAR杂交手术是治疗此病变的重要方法,完全EVAR手术是其发展方向。     

升主动脉和弓部动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的：总结升主动脉和弓部动脉瘤手术治疗经验，以期进一步提高手术疗效。方法：自2000年7月至2002年5月应用深低温停循环（DHCA）和上腔静脉逆行脑灌注（RCP）技术手术治疗升主动脉和弓部动脉瘤20例，其中急症手术5例。施行全弓置换术2例，全弓置换和象鼻手术3例，半弓置换术15例。同期行Bentall手术8例，升主动脉置换术或同时行主动脉瓣置换术12例，冠状动脉旁路移植术1例。结果：术后早期死亡1例，短时间浅昏迷1例，呼吸功能不全2例，肾功能不全2例，无晚期死亡。结论：DHCA和RCP技术是手术治疗升主动脉和弓部瘤的安全、有效方法，急性A型夹层动脉瘤的手术方式取决于内膜破裂口的位置；正确掌握DHCA和RCP技术，手术方式和手术技术、围术期处理是提高手术疗效的关键因素。     

经颈动脉腔内技术重建主动脉弓治疗Stanford A型夹层动脉瘤(附1例报告)

目的探讨血管腔内技术重建主动脉弓治疗升主动脉、主动脉弓病变的可行性。方法2005年,对1例StanfordA型夹层动脉瘤,腔内修复主动脉病变之前做右颈总动脉-左颈总动脉-左锁骨下动脉的旁路术;经右颈总动脉将修改的分叉支架型血管主体放入升主动脉,长臂位于无名动脉。短臂应用延长支架型血管延伸至降主动脉。通过腔内技术重建主动脉弓实现累及升主动脉和主动脉弓主动脉病变的微创治疗。结果腔内修复术后移植物形态良好,血流通畅,病变被隔绝,脑、躯干、四肢循环稳定。无严重并发症。结论该手术方案设计合理、技术可行。可能成为复杂胸主动脉病变新的腔内治疗模式。     

Endovascular repair of the aortic arch in pigs by improved double-branched stent grafts

Introduction

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of total endovascular repair of the aortic arch in pigs using improved integrated double-branched stent grafts.

Methods

Improved self-expandable stent grafts with a main body and two integrated branches were prepared for the repair of the aortic arch in six pigs. The feasibility of using these stent grafts was evaluated with arteriography, computed tomography (CT), computed tomography angiography (CTA) and autopsy three months following the procedure.

Results

The double-branched stent grafts were placed successfully in the aortic arch in all six pigs. All pigs survived for at least three months and their biological behaviour was normal. Arteriography, CTA and animal necropsy revealed good fixation in all cases. Aortic valve function and coronary ostia remained intact, and CT of the head did not detect any lesion of cerebral infarction.

Conclusions

Endovascular repair of the aortic arch with an integrated double-branched stent graft is safe and feasible in animal studies.     

��Ĥ֧��ǻ��ֲ��������������ȫ�������в�

目的 开展带膜支架腔内植入升主动脉治疗DeBakey Ⅰ型主动脉夹层的临床研究。方法 报告采用带膜支架腔内植入治愈DeBakey Ⅰ型主动脉夹层1例。结果 从左颈总动脉送入导丝和带膜支架至升主动脉封闭撕裂口。此前先建立左锁骨下动脉至左颈总动脉的内转流通道。二枚带膜支架重叠放置成功封闭升主动脉撕裂口，术后复查彩超示胸腹主动脉夹层消失，假腔内血栓形成，病人痊愈出院。结论 带膜支架腔内植入是治疗DeBakey Ⅰ型主动脉夹层的有效方法。通过颈总动脉送入支架和预先建立颈总动脉内转流通道可保证手术的成功进行。     

Riolan动脉弓的MSCT血管成像表现

目的探讨MSCT血管成像（MSCTA）Riolan动脉弓的影像表现。方法收集6例Riolan动脉弓病变患者,3例男性患者为高血压动脉粥样硬化性疾病,3例女性患者均为多发性大动脉炎。采用16层（4例）、64层（2层）螺旋CT扫描行腹部CTA检查,对病变血管行VR、MIP和MPR重建。结果 6例Riolan动脉弓血管直径为3.5～10.0mm,平均（6.7±0.4）mm。3例腹主动脉粥样硬化性病变中,肠系膜上动脉（SMA）近端闭塞2例,远端与肠系膜下动脉（IMA）形成Riolan动脉弓,其中1例伴有腹主动脉瘤,同时SMA、IMA与腹腔动脉干形成动脉吻合弓;IMA近端闭塞1例,远端与SMA形成Riolan动脉弓。3例多发大动脉炎中,2例SMA狭窄,SMA与IMA间形成Riolan动脉弓,1例SMA、IMA同时与腹腔动脉干形成动脉吻合弓;1例IMA近端狭窄,IMA与SMA间形成Riolan动脉弓。结论 MSCTA可以显示SMA与IMA间Riolan动脉弓结构,其特征性影像表现是SMA与IMA间的纡曲扩张的血管弓。出现Riolan动脉弓提示SMA或IMA管腔闭塞或狭窄。     

腔内修复联合辅助技术治疗累及主动脉弓的Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤

目的 探讨主动脉腔内修复手术联合辅助技术治疗累及主动脉弓部的Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤.方法 分析腔内治疗累及主动脉弓部,破口邻近左锁骨下动脉或位于其近端的46例StanfordB型主动脉夹层动脉瘤的临床资料.腔内封堵左锁骨下动脉43例;PDA封堵器封堵左锁骨下动脉6例次;颈部动脉搭桥术9例次;“烟囱”技术重建左颈总动脉8例次;“开窗”技术封堵夹层破口,同时保留主动脉弓部所有分支动脉1例次.结果 患者术后均存活,随访时间(25±16)个月.未发生严重神经系统并发症.10例发生左锁骨下动脉Ⅱ型内漏,其中6例通过PDA封堵器隔绝,2例保守治疗后自愈;9例发生左上肢缺血症状,其中8例行保守治疗,另1例症状严重,行颈部动脉搭桥术重建左锁骨下动脉.随访中,所有人工血管和分支动脉支架均保持通畅,降主动脉真腔直径显著扩大,假腔直径逐渐缩小.结论 对累及主动脉弓部,破口邻近左锁骨下动脉或位于其近端的StanfordB型主动脉夹层,腔内治疗联合PDA封堵器、颈部动脉搭桥术、“烟囱”技术或“开窗”技术是安全有效的治疗方法.     

Fenestrated endovascular repair for diseases involving the aortic arch

ObjectiveExtension of aortic disease to the aortic arch is common, frequently requiring cervical debranching procedures to maintain patency of supra-aortic branches. Endovascular aortic arch repair is an attractive alternative in the treatment of aortic arch disease for high-risk patients with thoracoabdominal diseases encroaching on the arch. The aim of our study was to report our experience of fenestrated endovascular repair in the aortic arch.MethodsA retrospective review of prospectively collected data involving consecutive patients in a single tertiary center treated with custom-made fenestrated endografts for the aortic arch (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind) was undertaken. End points included technical success, perioperative mortality and morbidity, reintervention, and late survival.ResultsBetween 2011 and 2017, there were 44 patients with a mean age of 67 ± 9 years (27 male [61%]) who were treated with fenestrated endografts for arch aneurysm (n = 11 [25%]), arch penetrating aortic ulcer (n = 6 [14%]), thoracoabdominal aneurysm with arch involvement (n = 11 [25%]), postdissection false lumen aneurysm (n = 13 [29%]), or lusorian artery aneurysm (n = 3 [7%]). The proximal landing zone was at Ishimaru zone 0 in 12 cases (27%), zone 1 in 27 cases (62%), and zone 2 in 5 cases (11%). Nine patients (20%) underwent a unilateral carotid-subclavian bypass, two (5%) a bilateral carotid-subclavian bypass, and four (9%) a subclavian transposition. In total, of the 73 target supra-aortic vessels (average of 1.7 target vessels per patient), 37 were treated with fenestrations and 36 with scallops. The mean operation time, fluoroscopy time, and contrast material volume were 215 ± 152 minutes, 33 ± 23 minutes, and 114 ± 45 mL, respectively. Technical success was 95% (42/44). The median intensive care unit and hospital stays were 3 ± 1 days and 7 ± 6 days, respectively. The 30-day mortality was 9% (4/44; one graft displacement and stroke, one retrograde type A dissection, one access complication and stroke, and one death of unknown cause). Major stroke occurred in three (7%), minor stroke in one (2%), temporary spinal cord ischemia in three (7%), and renal injury in three (7%) patients, whereas three (7%) patients required early reintervention. With mean follow-up of 18 ± 17 months, 10 more patients required secondary interventions, most of which (90%) were planned distal intervention to complete the repair of thoracoabdominal diseases. Overall survival rates were 78% ± 7% and 72% ± 8% at postoperative years 1 and 2, respectively.ConclusionsFenestrated endograft repair of aortic arch disease is a feasible technique with a high technical success rate and acceptable rates of stroke and paraplegia. A high number of secondary interventions were needed to complete the treatment of underlying diseases.     

Endovascular treatment of the dissected proximal aortic arch: a systematic review

 Open in a separate windowOBJECTIVESSurgical repair of aortic dissection involving the proximal aortic arch is associated with higher morbidity and mortality, in particular when elderly high-risk patients are concerned. Endovascular treatments for this disease are under evaluation and some reports exist. We investigated the current use of catheter-based treatments for the dissected proximal aortic arch repair. METHODSWe searched in PubMed and MEDLINE databases up to the end of June 2020 for studies on endovascular treatment of the dissected proximal aortic arch. Data on demographic, procedure and stent graft (SG) details, access route, mortality with cause of death, complications and follow-up were extracted. A systematic review on the employed technology, procedure and outcome was performed.RESULTSA total number of 15 articles (13 retrospective reports and 2 case reports) were deemed eligible and were included in the study. In total, 140 patients (mean age: 56.7 years in 106 cases) received endovascular treatments for the dissected proximal aortic arch (unspecific aortic dissection: 14; acute and subacute type A aortic dissection: 88; chronic type A aortic dissection: 23; type B aortic dissection with retrograde type A dissection: 15). The procedure strategy included unspecific thoracic endovascular aorta repair (TEVAR) (n = 8), TEVAR + supra-aortic debranching (n = 2), TEVAR + cervical bypass (n = 8), TEVAR + periscope SG (n = 12), TEVAR + chimney graft (n = 8), TEVAR + branched SG (n = 21) and TEVAR + fenestration (n = 81). Procedural success rate was 95.6% for 116 reported cases. Complications included endoleaks (postoperative: 2; late: 5), stroke (n = 4), late SG-induced new entry (n = 3) and new false lumen formation (n = 1). Hospital mortality was 5% (6 cases) in 13 reports (120 patients). The mean follow-up time was 26.2 ± 29.4 months and 2 patients died during follow-up.CONCLUSIONSAs an alternative to surgery for high-risk patients with a dissected proximal aortic arch, the endovascular treatment seems to be promising in highly selected cases. Further studies with long-term results and specifically designed devices are required to standardize this approach.