胰岛素对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤兔心肌组织中髓过氧化物酶活性的影响及意义

目的观察胰岛素是否能够通过减轻中性粒细胞(PMN)在心肌组织中的浸润、聚集而抑制炎症反应,从而减轻心肌缺血/再灌注(MI/R)损伤。方法建立兔MI/R模型,分为假手术组、GIK组、GK组和对照组,后三组缺血45 min/再灌注6 h,检测各组血浆肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)活性、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平,以及心肌组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,利用Evans blue-TTC染色法测定心脏梗死面积。结果与对照组相比,GIK组CK-MB活性下降(P<0.01)、心肌梗死面积减小(P<0.01)、MPO活性降低(P<0.01)、hs-CRP水平下降(P<0.01),GK组上述各指标则无明显变化(P均>0.05)。结论胰岛素能够减轻兔MI/R过程中PMN在心脏组织中的聚集,这可能是胰岛素保护MI/R心脏的重要机制之一。     

内源性腺苷在心脏缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用

目的研究心脏缺血预适应对心脏缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤的保护机制。方法建立在体家兔心脏I/R模型,测定心肌腺苷含量,CK、LDH漏出率及心肌梗死面积,并观察心肌的组织切片和超微结构,以观察缺血预适应对I/R心肌损伤的保护效应。结果缺血预适应组心功能恢复明显好于对照组(P<0.01),CK、LDH漏出率及心肌梗死面积均低于对照组(P<0.01),同时伴有心肌组织腺苷含量增高(P<0.01)。结论缺血预适应对I/R损伤具有保护作用,腺苷可能介导这种保护效应。     

rh-BNP对缺血再灌注心肌细胞氧化应激的影响

目的探讨新活素对缺血心肌再灌注细胞氧化应激的作用。方法将24只缺血心肌再灌注损伤兔,随机分3组:伪手术组8只;缺血再灌注组8只;新活素组8只;测定超氧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、心肌酶学指标(CK-MB)含量。结果与伪手术组相比,缺血再灌注组SOD活性下降,MDA和MPO指标上升,CK-MB指标显著提高(P0.05);与缺血再灌注组相比,新活组SOD活性升高,MDA及MPO指标含量下降。心肌酶学CK-MB指标下降(P0.05)。结论新活素静脉滴注后对心肌缺血再灌注组损伤具有明显保护作用,有效减小心肌梗死面积,可作为急性心肌梗死治疗有效药物。     

L-硝基精氨酸甲酯对大鼠肢体缺血再灌注继发心肌损伤的影响

目的 研究L-硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)对肢体缺血再灌注(LIR)后心肌损伤的影响.方法 止血带法制作LIR大鼠模型,随机分成缺血再灌注组(A组)、L-NAME处理组(B组)、对照组.B组在再灌注前经静脉给予L-NAME 10 mg/kg,A组和对照组静注等量生理盐水.观察三组心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、血浆磷酸激酶(CK)、磷酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)及NO含量;心脏插管检测平均动脉压(MAP)、左心室收缩压(LVSP)、收缩期左室内压上升最大速率(DP/Dtmax)、舒张期左室内压下降最大速率(-DP/Dtmax);光镜下观察心肌组织的形态学变化.结果 A、B组心肌组织MDA、MPO和TNF-α含量增加(P<0.01,<0.05),血浆CK、CK-MB及NO水平升高(P<0.01),MAP、LVSP等血流动力学指标下降,镜下可见心肌细胞水肿等组织损伤征象.静脉给予L-NAME后,心肌组织MDA、MPO含量增加和血浆CK、CK-MB及TNF-α升高更加明显(P<0.01或P<0.05),NO、DP/Dtmax、-DP/Dtmax显著下降(P<0.01),光镜下心肌组织的损伤性表现加重.结论 L-NAME可能通过抑制体内NO生成而加重大鼠LIR继发的心肌损伤.     

腺苷预处理和缺血预处理心肌保护效果对比研究

目的探讨心肌腺苷预处理和缺血预处理对离体大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注后心肌功能的影响。方法采用离体大白鼠工作心脏模型,比较腺苷预处理和缺血预处理对心肌缺血再灌前、后左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室舒张末期压(LVDEP)、左心室内压上升及下降最大速率(±dp/dtmax)、主动脉压(AP)、冠脉流量(CF)、心输出量(CO)、每搏心输出量(SV)和冠脉流出液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),心肌三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、脂质过氧化物(LPO)含量及自灌注停搏液至完全停搏的时间(AT)。结果3组大鼠AT间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),且Control组与其他两组间差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。3组大鼠停搏前、复跳后30minAP、LVSP、LVDEP、±dp/dtmax、SV、CF、Co间差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。3组大鼠ATP、SOP、LPO、LDH间差异亦均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论腺苷预处理和缺血预处理后产生相似的心肌保护作用,明显促进心肌缺血再灌后心肌功能的恢复,增进心脏的收缩功能、心肌ATP含量和SOD活性的恢复,减少LDH的漏出。腺苷预处理对心脏模拟体外循环的缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,具有临床应用价值。     

吗啡对大鼠离体心脏再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究吗啡对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法32只雄性wistar大鼠随机分为对照组,吗啡组,吗啡+纳络酮组,吗啡+格列本脲组,建立离体工作心脏模型。4℃St.ThomasⅡ停搏液诱导心脏停搏30min,观察缺血再灌注后吗啡对心排血量(CO)、左心室压力微分(±dp/dtmax)、左心室舒张压(LVDP)恢复率及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、心肌超微结构的影响,并观察纳络酮和格列本脲对吗啡作用的影响。结果吗啡组CO、±dp/dtmax、LVDP的恢复率优于其他各组(P<0.05),LDH漏出明显低于其他组(P<0.05),心肌线粒体等超微结构损伤明显减轻;纳络酮和格列本脲可以完全阻断吗啡的心肌保护作用。结论吗啡可以减轻大鼠心肌的缺血再灌注损伤。吗啡是通过心脏局部的阿片受体及心肌细胞三磷腺苷(ATP)敏感性钾通道(KATP通道)介导产生心肌保护作用。     

心脏瓣膜置换术中心脏复跳前主动脉根部 灌注腺苷对心肌的保护作用

摘要: 目的 研究在心脏瓣膜置换术中心脏复跳前主动脉根部灌注腺苷对心肌的保护作用。 方法 42例行心脏瓣膜置换术患者随机分为两组,腺苷组在心脏瓣膜置换完成后,心脏复跳前主动脉根部灌注入外源性腺苷,对照组心脏复跳前不灌注外源性腺苷,按照常规处理。术前、主动脉开放后4h、12h、24h采集患者桡动脉血,测心肌型肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(cTn-I)。观察心脏停跳情况,术后机械通气时间及术后正性肌力药物的应用情况,心肌超微结构的改变。 结果 腺苷组的肌酸激酶同工酶水平在主动脉开放后4h、12h,肌钙蛋白I水平在主动脉开放后4h、12h、24h较对照组低。透射电镜见腺苷组心肌损伤较对照组明显减轻。 结论　在心瓣膜置换术中心脏复跳前主动脉根部灌注腺苷能显著提高心肌保护效果。     

辅酶NADH对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌保护作用的观察

目的 研究还原性辅酶(NADH)对缺血再灌注心肌的保护作用.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠36只,制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型,随机分为心肌缺血再灌注(MIR)组、空白对照组、NADH处理组,各12只,MIR组和NADH组分别在缺血30 min(T1)、再灌注60 min(T2)后取心肌组织,检测总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活力变化(对照组在穿线30 min、90 min后检测);并于12时立即取左心室结扎线以下游离心室壁心肌,采用末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的原位缺口末端标记(TUNEL)法检测心肌细胞凋亡情况;光镜及电镜下观察心肌超微结构的变化.结果 与同时相MIR组比较,NADH组再灌注60 min后心肌组织中的MDA含量、MPO活力明显减少(P<0.05);NADH组再灌注60 min后心肌组织中的T-SOD含量明显升高(P<0.05).电镜显示再灌注60min后MIR组线粒体膜破裂,嵴严重断裂,糖原消失;NADH组线粒体膜完整,部分嵴模糊,糖原减少.NADH组心肌细胞凋亡指数为6.28±0.72明显低于MIR组的10.91±0.92(P<0.05).结论 NADH能够明显降低缺血再灌注后脂质过氧化水平,抑制羟自由基产生,抑制心肌细胞凋亡,对缺血再灌注损伤心肌有保护作用.     

极化液防治心肌缺血一再灌注损伤的临床研究

选择２０例心脏瓣膜替换术患者，随机分成极化液组和对照组。结果显示对照组再灌注后血清心肌酶、心肌丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量明显高于缺血前，而心肌三磷酸腺苷（ＡＴＰ）和糖原含量显著低于缺血前。极化液组再灌注后心肌ＡＴＰ、糖原、ＭＤＡ含量与缺血前比较无显著性差异，血清心肌酶释放量较对照组低。本研究显示缺血前输入极化液可防治心肌缺血一再灌注损伤。     

洛伐他汀预适应在大鼠急性缺血再灌注中的心肌保护作用

目的:探讨洛伐他汀预适应对大鼠心脏急性缺血再灌注中的心肌保护作用及其机制。方法:将 24只SD大鼠随机分为3组(每组均8只):模型对照组(C组); 洛伐他汀组( L组),胃管直接灌注洛伐他汀 15 mg·kg-1·d-12周;洛伐他汀复合L 硝基精氨酸甲酯(L NAME)组(N组),洛伐他汀直接灌胃 2 周同时腹腔注射L NAME 30 mg·kg-1·d-1;2周后建立体内急性缺血再灌注心脏模型,监测缺血再灌注前后血流动力学各项指标,同时观察各组血脂水平及其血浆中丙二醛(MDA) 、心肌组织内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)变化情况。结果: L组和N组较C组心率明显变慢(P<0.01),缺血再灌注心律失常消失和再灌注时-dp/dtmax下降明显改善(P<0.05);同时各项血脂指标不变,洛伐他汀能明显减少再灌注时血浆中MDA生成, 并且提高心肌组织SOD活性(P<0.05)。结论:洛伐他汀预适应对体内大鼠心脏急性缺血再灌注时具有非降脂外的心肌保护作用,其机制除与其增加一氧化氮(NO)合成相关外,可能还有其他物质或途径参与。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。