本溪市男男性行为者艾滋病知信行现状调查

目的了解本溪市男男性行为（MSM）人群一般情况、艾滋病知识及性行为特征,为在该人群中开展有针对性的干预工作提供依据。方法使用同伴推动抽样法（RDS）进行目标人群的征募,再由经过统一培训的调查员对目标人群进行一对一的访谈,填写调查问卷,采集静脉血3～5 ml进行HIV抗体检测。结果共调查MSM 201人,以青年人、高中以上学历、未婚者为主,主要通过网络联系;艾滋病传播途径知晓率达92.43%;87.56%的人近6个月与男性发生肛交性行为,每次使用安全套的比例为40.30%,HIV的感染率为3.48%,结论MSM人群年龄低、学历高、多性伴、安全套使用率低等高危因素广泛存在,降低H1V经性传播的途径,可有效控制艾滋病在MSM人群中的传播。     

Issues in Rural Palliative Care: Views From the Countryside

Context: Growing concern exists among health professionals over the dilemma of providing necessary health care for Canada's aging population. Hospice palliative services are an essential need in both urban and rural settings. Rural communities, in particular, are vulnerable to receiving inadequate services due to their geographic isolation.
Purpose: To better understand experiences and issues related to rural palliative care.
Methods: Focus groups were held for health professionals, family members and volunteers in 3 rural British Columbia communities. A coding schema was developed and the data were then thematically analyzed using a constant comparison technique.
Findings: Three themes in rural palliative care were established: nature of palliative health care services, nature of rural relationships, and competencies required for rural palliative care. Findings indicated that the diversity in rural communities requires tailored approaches to palliative care that consider the geographic, cultural and health aspects of residents in order to optimize care.
Conclusion: Tailored approaches to palliative care developed in conjunction with rural communities are needed in order to optimize care.     

日照市不同特征人群AIDS知识与态度分析

目的了解日照市各类人群对艾滋病相关知识的知晓情况及对AIDS的态度行为,为日照市开展AIDS/HIV健康教育奠定基础。方法对日照市的农村居民、城市居民、政府官员、宾馆服务人员等4类人群进行AIDS知识与态度的问卷调查。结果政府官员的知晓率为83.38%,城镇居民为72.45%,服务人员为72.33%,农村居民为66.36%。结论日照市各类人群的艾滋病防治知识知晓率较高,但仍存在不足,应进一步加强宣传教育。     

江苏省农村居民结核病防治知识、信念、行为影响因素分析

目的了解江苏省农民结核病防治相关知识、信念、行为情况,及性别和年龄对其的影响。方法采用逐级整群抽样调查,随机抽取江苏省金湖县、姜堰市、扬中市3个县共6个乡镇(街道)的18个村、年龄在65岁以下的农民3170人。使用统一的调查问卷对调查者的一般情况、肺结核防治相关知识、信念、行为等进行调查,并分析年龄、性别因素对知、信、行的影响。结果男性结核病防治知识普遍优于女性,有显著性差异(P<0.05);更多男性相信肺结核病能够治好(χ2=9.606,P<0.05),更多女性在邻居或者同事得了肺结核病的情况下能够正确对待(χ2=4.161,P<0.05);更多的男性曾主动了解肺结核病的相关知识(χ2=34.578,P<0.05),并且向别人讲述自己了解的知识(χ2=13.411,P<0.05);20岁以下和50岁以上的农村居民结核病防治知识和信念较差,行为无明显差异。结论通过对农民结核病防治知识、信念、行为的调查,发现不同性别、年龄的农村居民知、信、行不同,进行针对性较强的结核病健康教育是很必要的。     

Nurses' Knowledge,Practice, and Associated Factors with Enteral Nutrition in Adult Intensive Care Units of Public Hospitals

BackgroundIn critically ill patients, enteral nutrition is recommended as a route for nutrient delivery. Nurses'' knowledge and practice of enteral nutrition influence patients'' clinical outcomes. Therefore, this study sought to assess nurses'' knowledge, practice, and associated factors regarding enteral nutrition in adult intensive care unit patients in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from 196 nurses working in public hospitals in Addis Ababa from April 11 to April 30, 2020. The data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed with SPSS version 21. The correlation between independent variables and dependent variables was estimated using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression at a 95% confidence level.ResultsThe level of inadequate knowledge and poor practice of nurses relating to enteral nutrition was 67.7% and 53.8%, respectively. Bachelor''s degree holders were less likely to be knowledgeable (AOR= 0.24, 95% CI: (0.61, 0.93)). Nurses'' practice about enteral nutrition was significantly associated with nurses'' age (AOR = 0.023, 95 % CI: (0.001,0.52), nurses receiving training on enteral nutrition (AOR = 1.951, 95 % CI: (0.06, 0.60)), and nurses from ICUs having a guideline and protocol on enteral feeding practice (AOR = 3.401, 95 % CI: (1.186, 9.789).ConclusionsIn the study, it was revealed that a substantial proportion of nurses had inadequate knowledge of enteral nutrition and practiced poor enteral nutrition.     

2005年忻州市部分中学生艾滋病知识态度调查

[目的]了解忻州市中学生艾滋病知识、态度状况。[方法]2005年9月随机抽取市级中学450名学生进行问卷调查。[结果]忻州市中学生的艾滋病知识水平较低（及格率为66．2％），对艾滋病的3条主要传播途径的知晓率较高（达94．4％、96．0％、86．7％），对非传播途径的知晓率较低，回答正确率最低仅为30．0％；对艾滋病人态度上有较多的爱心，对性道德的态度令人担忧，对艾滋病的流行危机感不强，性知识的70．0％来源于大众媒体和同学朋友。[结论]应加强艾滋病知识、非传播途径、危机感及性道德的教育。     

重庆口岸出入境人员登革热认知和态度调查

目的了解重庆口岸出入境人员对登革热的认知和态度。方法采取按日期系统抽样方法抽取出入境人员,进行问卷调查,对结果进行比较分析。结果1556例样本,34．3％的被调查者听说过“登革热”,但仅有不足1％对涉及到登革热知识的四个问题全部回答正确,入境及有国际旅行经历者更能正确认知登革热;23％的被调查者认为登革热的情况严重,能正确认知登革热的人员越能识别严重的情况并担心自己被感染。结论应采取有效措施,加强对出入境人员,特别是首次出境人员登革热防治知识的健康教育,使他们掌握准确的知识从而形成良好习惯。没有国际旅行经历的出境人员、劳务人员应重点关注。     

流动人口寄生虫病预防的知、信、行现况调查与分析

目的了解流动人口对寄生虫病预防的知、信、行现况,以便进行有效预防和控制寄生虫病,保障广大人民群众的身体健康。方法按单纯随机抽样原则,采用问卷方式调查410名流动人口的知、信、行方面的信息。结果流动人口的文化程度低,工作不稳定,经济状况不佳,井水、河水为主要日常生活水的分别占45.85%、42.93%;主要来自安徽、江西、江苏、四川等血吸虫病疫情回升的地区。预防寄生虫病知识的知晓率低,寄生虫病危险行为高,有喝没经处理过的生水(河水、井水、自来水)史的占39.02%;有吃饭前不洗手习惯的占45.37%;生吃蔬果吃前没洗的占50.24%;有生吃鱼虾行为史的占37.07%;有吃半生不熟猪肉行为史的占44.88%;夏天没用防蚊用品的占27.32%。结论流动人口普遍存在寄生虫病知识缺乏与高危险行为,应加强对流动人口的宣传教育和行为干预。     

对城市社区糖调节受损人群糖尿病相关知识、态度及行为的调查分析

目的：了解城市社区中糖调节受损（impaired glucose regulation,IGR）人群的糖尿病（diabetes mellitus, DM）相关知识、态度、行为现状,为糖尿病前期人群社区干预提供依据。方法采用自制糖调节受损人群 KAP 问卷调查表,对武汉市某社区130名 IGR 者进行个人基本情况和与糖尿病相关 KAP 的调查。结果①IGR 人群基本情况及问卷得分比较：各年龄组 KAP 得分与年龄增长呈负相关,不同年龄段得分差异有统计学意义（P 〈0.05）；IGR 人群 KAP 得分与学历高低呈正相关,3组不同文化程度得分差异有统计学意义（P 〈0.01）；职业组医务人员得分最高、专业技术人员次之、工人较低,不同职业组得分差异有统计学意义（P 〈0.01）。②调查问卷中 K、A、P 部分的得分情况：K 分为满分的占37.33%；A 分为满分的72.51%；P 分为满分的占51.10%。结论城市社区中IGR 人群对糖尿病相关知识、态度及行为有较强的求知欲望,存在相关知识缺乏现象,应加强对 IGR 群体的糖尿病相关知识、态度及行为的社区干预。     

Knowledge of and Attitude towards Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among Primary School Teachers in Jordan

International studies have revealed variable levels of knowledge and attitudes among teachers regarding attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study investigated Jordanian teachers' ADHD knowledge and their attitudes towards children with this condition. A standardised self-report questionnaire was completed by a convenience sample of 130 teachers recruited from 13 primary schools in Zarqa city, Jordan. Findings revealed a gap in teachers' knowledge that extended across all aspects of ADHD causes and management. Teachers' attitude towards children with ADHD was also lower than expected, where many misconceptions about the causes and management of ADHD have emerged. The lack of pre-service teachers' training on ADHD, the dearth of studies on the condition, and the almost absent formal and informal support of children with ADHD have contributed to these results. The findings stress the need for implementing special programmes targeting school teachers and reforming pre-service teachers' training to meet the needs of children with ADHD.     

大学生吸烟现状及其对烟草相关知识态度行为的调查

[目的]调查某市高校大学生吸烟现状及其对烟草相关知识态度行为（KAP）,为高校开展大学生控烟工作提供科学依据。[方法]选取某市3所高校（医学院校1所、非医学院校2所）的在校大学生,按照年级分层整群抽样,使用统一问卷进行有关吸烟与控烟知识、态度和行为的调查。[结果]共调查2500名,获得有效问卷2472份,应答率为98．9％。大学生吸烟率为21．9％（542名）,其中男生吸烟率为34.8％（506名）,女生吸烟率为3．5％（36名）,男生吸烟率高于女生（P〈0．001）。烟草相关知识的了解情况、吸烟与控烟态度等与吸烟行为相关（P〈O．05）。多因素分析显示,男性、年龄增长、非医学专业、城镇、对烟草危害知晓率低、对被动吸烟态度忍让、对他人吸烟持赞成态度的均是吸烟行为的危险因素。[结论]大学生对烟草相关知识、对吸烟和控烟的态度与吸烟行为有关。     

Palliative Care and the QALY Problem

Practitioners of palliative care often argue for more resources to be provided by the state in order to lessen its reliance on charitable funding and to enable the services currently provided to some of those with terminal illnesses to be provided to all who would benefit from it. However, this is hard to justify on grounds of cost-effectiveness, since it is in the nature of palliative care that the benefits it brings to its patients are of short duration. In particular, palliative care fares badly under a policy of QALY-maximisation, since procedures which prevent premature death (provided the life is of reasonable quality) or improve quality of life for those with longer life expectancy will produce more QALYs. This paper examines various responses to this problem and argues that in order to justify increased resources for palliative care its advocates must reject the ‘atomistic’ view of the value of life implicit in the QALY approach in favour of a `holistic' or `narrative' account. This, however, has implications which advocates of palliative care may be reluctant to embrace.     

省级疾控机构职工烟草相关知识、态度和行为调查

目的了解省级疾病预防控制中心职工的烟草相关知识水平、对控制吸烟政策和控烟工作的态度、吸烟及被动吸烟相关行为等,为制定有针对性的干预策略提供依据。方法采用自行设计的《烟草流行情况调查问卷》,由调查对象自填,录入数据库后,用SPSS13.0进行分析。结果 359名调查对象的现吸烟率为16.16%,其中男性吸烟率为29.8%,女性为0.6%,不同性别、文化程度、年龄的人群吸烟率之间有显著性差异(P<0.01)。戒烟率为37.6%,戒烟的主要原因为考虑到"自己的健康"(40.4%);被动吸烟率为49.2%,对烟草相关知识的总知晓率为59.6%,对吸烟及被动吸烟与疾病关系的知晓率分别为56.6%和64.8%。结论与一般人群吸烟状况的全国平均水平相比,省级疾病预防控制中心职工的吸烟率较低,但仍需采取措施进一步促进吸烟行为的转变;职工对烟草危害的认知仍显不足。     

盐城市大学生饮料知识、态度和行为(KAP)调查

目的了解盐城市大学生对饮料的知识、信念和行为(KAP)现状及其存在的问题,为有针对性地开展营养教育、指导其合理消费饮料提供科学依据。方法采用自行设计的调查表对盐城市415名大学生进行问卷调查。结果大学生对10道有关饮料营养知识的答题正确率平均为58.9%,男女大学生在健康饮料的判断上存在显著差异(χ2=15.178,P=0.001),而且无论是在总体的饮料消费频次上还是具体的饮料类别选择上均存在着统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论盐城市大学生对饮料营养知识了解不够,对健康饮料的态度欠佳。大学生的饮料消费行为还需正确引导。     

A Cross-sectional Multicentre Qualitative Study Exploring Attitudes and Burnout Knowledge in Intensive Care Nurses with Burnout

AimAlthough nurses in intensive care units (ICUs) are exposed to prolonged stress, no burnout prevention policy has yet been established. This study aims to determine the attitudes and “sense” of knowledge of burnout in nurses with burnout.MethodsThe study, which has a qualitative exploratory phenomenological design, was carried out in several Croatian ICUs in 2017. ICU nurses suffering from burnout according to their score on the Maslach Burnout Inventory were chosen randomly from five hospitals. Their participation was voluntary. Of the 28 participants, 86% were women (n=24) and 14% men (n=4). They were aged mainly between 36 and 45 (n=11 (40%)) and between 26 and 35 (n=10 (36%)). Semi-structured interviews were conducted up to the saturation point. The conversations were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The text was analysed using inductive thematic analysis, with codes derived and grouped into clusters by similarities in meaning, and interpretation as the final stage.ResultsEmergent themes, compromised private life, stressful work demands, stress reduction options, protective workplace measures and sense of knowledge reflected a variety of experiences, attitudes and knowledge of burnout.DiscussionNurses with burnout provided an insight into their experience and attitudes, and the problems created by burnout. Given the poor sense of knowledge about this syndrome, there is a need to implement education on burnout in nursing school curricula, and clear strategies in the ICU environment, i.e. information, awareness-raising, and specific guidelines on coping, burnout detection and prevention. Approaching burnout prevention through attitudes/social learning may be a novel and feasible model of addressing this issue.     

老龄化背景下社区老年人群对临终关怀的需求及对策研究

随着社会发展及人口老龄化,我国临终关怀服务的发展正在由传统的综合性医院内附设临终关怀病房向社区居家照料的临终关怀服务过渡,并呈多元化发展.文章分析社区临终关怀服务的发展现状,并提出我国临终关怀服务发展中存在的问题及相关对策研究,以推进我国临终关怀事业的发展.