新生儿肝外胆道囊性病变的诊断与治疗

目的了解新生儿肝外胆道囊性病变的不同类型及其临床特点,掌握其鉴别诊断的要点。方法分析9例新生儿肝外胆道囊性病变患儿的临床表现、肝功能、B超、CT、光镜、术中胆道造影的资料。结果本组胆道闭锁和新生儿胆总管囊肿女性多见,以梗阻性黄疸为主要表现,肝功能检查结果提示梗阻性黄疸。二者肝脏的组织学改变相似。但B超和CT检查发现,胆道闭锁组囊肿与胆囊大小均小于胆总管囊肿组。术中胆道造影显示,Ⅰ型胆道闭锁组肝内胆管变形、连续性中断;Ⅲ型胆道闭锁肝内胆管无法显示;胆总管囊肿组肝内胆管形态正常或略有被动扩张。结论多种胆道畸形都可以表现为新生儿肝外胆道囊肿,B超和术中胆道造影可以帮助鉴别这类疾病并且为治疗提供帮助。     

新生儿肝外胆管囊性病变的临床与病理特征

目的　了解新生儿不同类型肝外胆道囊性病变的临床表现与病理特征。方法　对 2 2例新生儿肝外胆道囊性病变 [Ⅰ型胆道闭锁 (BA) 4例 ,Ⅲ型BA 1例 ,胆总管囊肿 (CC) 17例 ]患儿临床表现、肝功能、B超、CT、光镜及电镜特征进行比较。结果　BA与新生儿CC均好发于女童 ,以梗阻性黄疸为主要表现 ,肝功能检查结果符合梗阻性黄疸的肝功能改变。二者肝脏组织学改变 (光镜与电镜 )也可能相似。但B超与CT检查发现 ,BA组囊肿与胆囊大小均小于CC组 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。术中胆道造影显示ⅢBA型组肝外胆管囊肿终止于肝门处 ,肝内胆管树无法显示 ;Ⅰ型BA组肝内胆管树变形、连续性中断且有左右肝管狭窄 ;而CC组肝内胆管树形态正常。结论　新生儿肝外胆道囊性病变可能是多种胆道疾病的局部表现 ,术中造影可有效鉴别这些疾病 ,并能为治疗方法的选择提供可靠依据     

先天性胆道畸形与梗阻性黄疸

先天性胆道畸形引起梗阻性黄疸的主要疾病为先天性胆道闭锁与先天性胆总管囊肿。胆道闭锁为危及患儿生命的严重疾病,是新生儿及婴儿期梗阻性黄疸的主要病因之一。90～95%为肝     

小儿期肝胆疾病与血清脂蛋白-X

1967年,Switzer等用免疫学方法证实,在伴有胆道梗阻的黄疸患者血清中,有正常人所见不到的低密度脂蛋白,并将此称做梗阻性脂蛋白(Obstructive Iipoprotein, OLP)。后来,Seidel等(1969)将此异常脂蛋白命名为脂蛋白-X(LP-X),并强调了黄疸患者血清中出现此物对肝内、肝外梗阻性黄疸的鉴别诊断具有意义。至1973年,Poley等指出,血清LP-X的出现与变动对新生儿肝炎和先天性胆管闭锁具有鉴别诊断的价值,亦即在生后不满6个月的乳儿中,有16例先天性胆管闭锁患者全部(100％)显示LP-X阳性,而在22例新生儿     

磁共振胆胰管成像在小儿胆道疾病诊断中的价值

目的 探讨磁共振胆胰管成像（MRCP）在小儿胆道疾病诊断中的实用价值。方法 用TOSIBA VISART，1.5T（磁场强度）磁共振机及相关软件和技术，检查新生儿肝炎1例，肝外胆道闭锁1例，胆总管囊性扩张8例，胆道术后腹痛2例。结果 新生儿肝炎者因麻醉欠佳而检查失败，肝外胆道闭锁者呈盲管状的胆总管及2级肝管可辨；8例胆总管囊性扩张者均可见肝外胆道及3级肝管、胰管及其立体构型；2例胆道术后腹痛者均查出病因。结论 MRCP同样适合小儿胆胰疾病的诊断，具有易施行、无放射、无创伤、无并发症，且图像清晰，可多方位显示自然状态下的胆管树三维构型，尤为适合不宜行胆道造影术的病例。     

肝外胆道闭锁和胆管板畸形

肝外胆道闭锁(extra-hepatic biliary atresia)即胆道闭锁(biliary atresia, BA),是新生儿梗阻性黄疸的主要病因,其组织病理表现为肝门部及肝外胆道的纤维性炎症改变,肝外胆管闭塞或狭窄,肝脏门管区炎症浸润、部分纤维化及小胆管增生改变~([1]).     

孕期肝门区囊肿：囊肿型胆道闭锁与胆总管囊肿的鉴别

胆道闭锁(biliary atresia, BA)是新生儿期常见梗阻性黄疸的病因。按梗阻的部位及程度分为3型, 其中Ⅰ型囊肿型胆道闭锁(cystic biliary atresia, CBA)是少见但又特殊的一种亚型, 其在临床表现、影像学检查等方面都与先天性胆总管囊肿(choledochal cyst, CC)有着相似的表现, 两者也是产前诊断最常发现的肝门区囊性病变, 但因两者的治疗方案及预后有着显著的差异, 因此, 迄今为止两者的鉴别仍然是临床医生需要破解的难题, 本文将对目前已有的相关研究成果进行综述。     

胆道闭锁肝内胆管囊肿研究进展

胆道闭锁是婴幼儿常见的肝内外胆管进行性、闭塞性病变,常迅速引起肝硬化。如何改善BA患儿预后,延长自体肝生存时间,一直是小儿外科医师努力的重要方向。胆道闭锁患儿形成肝内胆管囊肿是影响自体肝长期生存时间的重要因素,被认为是预后不良的标志。本文综述了有关肝内胆管囊肿的分类,发病机制,预后及治疗进展方面的文献,希望能够对阐明胆道闭锁肝内胆管囊肿形成的机制及提高治疗效果带来一些帮助。     

婴儿阻塞性胆管病肝组织与胆管构形的研究

目的：通过病理学方法，作出肝外胆道闭锁的诊断和预后判定。方法：对２３例婴儿阻塞性胆管病和５例对照的肝组织，按病理诊断和年龄分组，进行肝组织的二维病理学研究和肝内胆管三维构形观察。结果：肝外胆道闭锁与狭窄和新生儿肝炎肝组织的病变相似，仅程度不同。不同年龄组间，胆管增生、汇管区面积和肝纤维化及肝硬化有显著性差异。胆道闭锁的大月龄组中胆道病变和胆栓明显，新生儿肝炎时肝细胞坏死更突出。肝内胆管的三维构形表明，胆道闭锁时增生赫令管多数管腔开放，并互相连接成网络状；少数赫令管形成膨大盲端和局部小叶间胆管形成微囊肿。结论：①阻塞性胆管病时，肝纤维化、胆管增生和汇管区面积与患儿月龄有关；②赫令管形成网络状暗示胆道阻塞，结合胆管的病变和胆栓有助于诊断胆道闭锁；③胆管的微囊肿和赫令管膨大盲端提示胆道闭锁预后差     

产前诊断胆道闭锁影像学研究

目的：胆道闭锁早期诊断困难,而产前诊断更是极少发现。本文对产前诊断的胆道闭锁影像学特点进行探讨。方法回顾我院2010年至2012年收治的产前诊断9例产前诊断胆道畸形患儿,入院手术年龄24 d至2岁。全部患儿行腹腔镜胆道造影,4例诊断胆道闭锁,5例诊断先天性胆管扩张症,胆道闭锁患儿中2例接受腹腔镜下肝管空肠ROUX-Y吻合术,2例接受开腹肝门空肠吻合术。观察其临床表现,超声和实验室指标,术中情况,术后恢复情况等。结果4例患儿产前超声未见胆囊或胆囊显示不清。产前超声发现肝门部囊肿的3例患儿,囊肿小且均无明显增大,张力较高,呈规则圆形。产前诊断发现肝门囊肿的3例患儿术中证实为胆总管远端闭锁（Ⅰ型胆道闭锁）,未发现胆囊也未发现囊肿的1例患儿证实为Ⅲ型胆道闭锁。生后全部胆道闭锁患儿出现黄疸,最早出现在生后第2天,但都未出现陶土样便。全部胆道闭锁患儿囊肿大小形态无明显变化。全部患儿查ALT、AST、rGGT、直接胆红素和总胆红素进行性升高。2例接受腹腔镜下肝管空肠ROUX-Y吻合术,2例接受开腹肝门空肠吻合术。全部4例患儿术后恢复好。结论产前超声检查可以确定胆道闭锁,如果发现肝门部囊肿的胎儿,应定期接受超声检查,如果囊肿在孕期变化不明显,应怀疑囊肿型胆道闭锁。如产前超声未发现胆囊结构,则应怀疑为Ⅲ型胆道闭锁。生后应密切观察、超声、生化、黄疸情况。如果黄疸进行性加重可及早进行腹腔镜胆道造影及手术治疗。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.