CD1a及TdT在胸腺瘤组织中的表达及其相关性分析

目的探讨CD1a及TdT蛋白在胸腺瘤组织中的表达情况及其相关性分析。方法应用免疫组化DS9800二步法检测胸腺瘤组织中CD1a及TdT蛋白的表达情况,分析CD1a及TdT蛋白表达与胸腺瘤患者年龄、性别、WHO分型、Masaoka分期的关系,CD1a及TdT蛋白表达间的关系。结果 83例胸腺瘤按WHO病理学分型以B2、B3型多见,Masaoka分期以Ⅰ、Ⅱ期为主。CD1a及TdT蛋白在胸腺瘤组织中的总阳性表达率分别为92.8%(77/83)及85.5%(71/83)。CD1a蛋白表达与胸腺瘤患者分期有关(P0.05),Ⅰ期阳性表达率最高,为100%;Ⅳ期阳性表达率最低,为25%。CD1a在胸腺瘤中的阳性表达率与性别、年龄、病理分型均无关(P值均0.05)。TdT蛋白表达与胸腺瘤患者病理分型有关(P0.05),AB型、B1型、B2+B1型的阳性表达率最高,均为100%;B3型的阳性表达率最低,为64.7%。TdT在胸腺瘤中的阳性表达率与患者性别、年龄、分期均无关(P均0.05)。Kappa一致性检验表明,CD1a和TdT蛋白表达在胸腺瘤中的检测结果存在较高的一致性。结论胸腺瘤中CD1a及TdT蛋白的阳性表达率较高,且与胸腺瘤的临床病理特点有关。     

胸腺瘤中EGFR和IGF-1R的表达及其意义

目的探讨胸腺瘤组织中表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)和胰岛素样生长因子-1受体(insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor,IGF-1R)的表达及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组化En Vision两步法检测63例胸腺瘤和15例胸腺滤泡性增生组织中EGFR和IGF-1R的表达。结果 EGFR和IGF-1R在胸腺瘤中的阳性率分别为50.8%(32/63)和55.6%(35/63),在胸腺滤泡性增生组织中的阳性率为0(0/15)和20%(3/15)。胸腺瘤组与胸腺滤泡性增生组相比,EGFR和IGF-1R蛋白表达差异均有统计学意义(P0.01,P0.03),EGFR和IGF-1R高表达与胸腺瘤患者年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、是否合并重症肌无力、WHO分型均无关,但与Masaoka分期有关(P0.01)。EGFR和IGF-1R在胸腺瘤中表达呈正相关(r=0.270,P=0.032)。结论 EGFR和IGF-1R高表达可能与胸腺瘤的发生、发展及侵袭有较密切的关系。联合检测EGFR和IGF-1R表达有助于更好地评估胸腺瘤的临床分期,为临床制定合理的治疗方案、改善患者预后提供帮助。     

胸腺肿瘤108例的病理组织学分型和预后相关性研究

目的 研究胸腺肿瘤组织学分型与预后多因素的相关性.方法 回顾性研究108例胸腺肿瘤患者的临床病理资料,按2004年WHO胸腺肿瘤分型标准重新对肿瘤分型,根据临床和随访结果,对其预后与Masaoka临床分期、胸腺肿瘤的组织学分型、肿瘤完整切除与否、患者年龄、性别、肿瘤大小及是否伴有重症肌无力多因素进行相关性研究.结果 组织学分型:A型7例(6.5%),AB型19例(17.6%),B1型23例(21.3%),B2型19例(17.6%),B3型27例(25.0%),C型13例(12.0%).临床分期:Ⅰ期36例(33.3%),Ⅱ期34例(31.5%),Ⅲ期27例(25.0%),Ⅳa期11例(10.2%).临床分期与组织学分型存在显著相关性(P=0.000).A型、AB型、B1型、B2型、B3型胸腺瘤的5年生存率分别为100%、100%、93%、83%、43%;10年生存率分别为100%、100%、81%、70%、33%.C型胸腺瘤中位生存时间62.5个月.B2、B3型胸腺瘤患者的预后介于C型胸腺瘤和A、AB、B1型胸腺瘤之间(P=0.000).临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期胸腺肿瘤切除术后5年生存率分别为100%、77%、54%;10年生存率分别为100%、70%、27%.Ⅳa期患者中位生存时间14.0个月.在多因素统计分析中,Masaoka临床分期足胸腺瘤患者最重要的独立预后指标(P=0.000).胸腺肿瘤组织学分型和肿瘤完整切除与否是影响预后的重要决定因素.结论 Masaoka临床分期是影响胸腺瘤患者生存的最重要的预后参数,WHO组织学分型和肿瘤是否完整切除是影响胸腺瘤患者术后生存的决定因素.WHO组织学分型能反映胸腺瘤各亚型的临床生物学行为,A、AB和B1型胸腺瘤为潜在恶性的肿瘤,而B2和B3型胸腺瘤为中度恶性肿瘤,C型胸腺瘤预后差,属于高度恶性肿瘤.     

前列腺癌PTEN表达的丢失与病理分级、分期关系

目的 探讨前列腺癌组织中抑癌基因PTEN蛋白的表达丢失情况及临床病理意义。方法 应用免疫组化SP法检测了38例前列腺癌及其相应的癌旁组织中PTEN蛋白的表达情况，同时结合肿瘤病理分级及分期进行分析。结果 阳性信号定位于上皮细胞胞质中，呈棕色颗粒状物，所有良性前列腺上皮均阳性着色。所有肿瘤细胞均出现颗粒状胞质着色为阳性组，瘤细胞阳性与阴性共存为混合组，肿瘤组织完全不着色为阴性。其中阳性4例(10．52％)，混合27例(71．05％)，阴性7例(18．42％)。PTEN表达的丢失与Gleason分级相关且与高分级(Ⅳ、Ⅴ级)及高分期(进展期癌T3b、T4)相关。结论 前列腺癌的进展中PTEN基因失活可能起重要作用，PTEN表达的丢失可能与前列腺癌的不良预后有关。     

胸腺上皮性肿瘤中PD-L1的表达及意义

目的探讨PD-L1在胸腺上皮性肿瘤(thymic epithelial tumors,TETs)中的表达及与其临床病理特征的关系。方法收集南京市胸科医院2012～2017年手术切除的胸腺瘤上皮性肿瘤标本124例,根据WHO(2015)将TETs分成A、AB、B1、B2、B3型胸腺瘤和胸腺癌。采用免疫组化En Vision两步法检测PD-L1蛋白表达。结果 124例TETs中,39例PD-L1阳性:A型胸腺瘤1例,AB型胸腺瘤2例,B1型胸腺瘤7例,B2型胸腺瘤9例,B3型胸腺瘤10例,胸腺癌10例。PD-L1蛋白在B2、B3型胸腺瘤及胸腺癌中的表达高于A、AB、B1型胸腺瘤(P 0. 001),在Masaoka临床分期Ⅲ+Ⅳ期中的表达高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期(P 0. 05),与患者性别、年龄等临床特征均无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 PD-L1表达与TETs组织学类型有关,随着胸腺肿瘤上皮细胞增多,病理分级的增高,表达也增高,因此抗PD-1/PD-L1免疫治疗药物在有些胸腺瘤及胸腺癌中可能会有一定帮助。     

子宫内膜癌中survivin与PTEN、p53蛋白的表达及其相互关系

目的 观察子宫内膜癌中survivin与PTEN、p53蛋白的表达情况,探讨它们在子宫内膜癌中表达的意义及相互关系.方法 应用免疫组化EliVision方法检测86例子宫内膜癌、30例不典型增生子宫内膜、30例正常子宫内膜中survivin与PTEN、p53蛋白的表达.结果 survivin在子宫内膜癌、不典型增生子宫内膜和正常子宫内膜中的阳性表达率分别为76.7%、40.0%、13.3%,差异均有显著性(P均＜0.01);PTEN在子宫内膜癌、不典型增生子宫内膜和正常子宫内膜的阳性表达率分别为40.7%、60.0%、100.0%,前两者均低于后者,差异有显著性(P＜0.01),但前两者之间差异无统计学意义;p53在子宫内膜癌、不典型增生子宫内膜和正常子宫内膜中的阳性表达率分别为43.0%、20%、0.0%,差异均有显著性(P＜0.01).survivin、PTEN的表达均与子宫内膜癌的组织分级、临床病理分期及肌层浸润无关.p53的表达与上述密切相关.survivin的表达与子宫内膜癌的组织学类型无关,而PTEN和p53的表达与其密切相关.survivin与p53在子宫内膜癌中的表达存在正相关性(rs=0.367,P＜0.01);survivin与PTEN在子宫内膜癌中的表达存在负相关性(rs=-0.384,P＜0.01).结论 survivin与PTEN、p53蛋白在子宫内膜癌的发生、发展中起着协同而独立的作用,对其进行联合检测有助于子宫内膜癌的早期诊断及预后.     

子宫颈鳞状细胞癌中Stat3和PTEN的表达及意义

目的 探讨转录信号传导子与激活子3(Stat3)和抑痛基因PTEN在子宫颈鳞癌、子宫颈上皮内瘤变组织及正常子宫颈组织中的表达及临床病理意义.方法 采用免疫组化方法 检测了58例子宫颈鳞癌组织,37例CIN组织,17例正常子宫颈组织中Stat3和PTEN的表达.结果 Stat3在子宫颈鳞癌、CIN Ⅱ～Ⅲ、CIN Ⅰ和正常子宫颈组织中阳性表达率分别为70.7%、33.3%、13.6%和5.9%.Stat3在子宫颈浸润癌中的表达高于正常对照组、CIN Ⅰ及CIN Ⅱ～Ⅲ(P均<0.05).Stat3在子宫颈鳞癌的表达与病理分级、临床分期及淋巴结转移有关(P值均<0.05).PTEN在子宫颈鳞癌中阳性表达率为34.5%,在正常子宫颈组织中阳性表达率为88.2%,两者差异有显著性(P<0.01).PTEN在淋巴结未转移组中阳性表达率明显高于淋巴结转移组(P<0.01).PTEN表达与临床分期呈负相关,而与患者年龄、病理分级无相关性(P均>0.05).子宫颈鳞癌中Stat3与PTEN表达成负相关(rs=-0.375,P<0.01).结论 Stat3的过表达和PTEN的失活在子宫颈鳞癌的发生、发展及转移过程中发挥重要作用,二者联合检测可作为子宫颈良、恶性病变早期病理诊断的辅助指标.     

EGFR和Ki-67在肠癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)和Ki-67在结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)组织中的表达及临床意义.方法:应用免疫组织化学染色检测100例CRC组织中EGFR和Ki-67蛋白的表达,并分析其与临床病理特征的关系.结果:EGFR,Ki-67在CRC中的阳性表达率分别为70.0％,85.0％.EGFR的阳性表达在结直肠癌的不同分化程度和TNM分期中差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),与淋巴结转移呈正相关(P＜0.05).Ki-67的表达与结直肠癌组织分化程度、淋巴结转移和肿瘤原发部位有关(P＜0.05).在CRC组织中,Ki-67与EGFR蛋白呈显著正相关(r=0.581,P＜0.001).结论:EGFR和Ki-67蛋白的表达与组织分化程度及淋巴结转移密切相关,二者的联合检测有助于结直肠癌恶性程度的判断和预后的估计.     

膀胱移行细胞癌中PTEN的表达分析

目的研究PTEN在膀胱移行细胞癌（TCC）中的表达。方法应用免疫组织化学染色方法观察52例TCC标本PTEN的表达情况。结果TCC组中PTEN的阳性表达率为71.2%,而10例正常膀胱粘膜组织PTEN表达均为阳性。PTEN表达与膀胱肿瘤病理分级、临床分期密切相关。结论PTEN的异常表达在TCC的发生、发展过程中起重要作用。该指标的检测有助于预后判断。     

胃腺癌中PAR-2、β-catenin和COX-2的表达及其意义

目的 探讨人类蛋白酶激活受体-2(protease-activated receptor-2,PAR-2)、β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)与COX-2在胃腺癌中的表达及其与临床病理因素和预后的相关性及意义.方法 应用免疫组化SP法检测63例胃腺癌组织、19例低级别上皮内瘤变、20例正常胃组织中PAR-2、β-catenin与COX-2的表达情况.结果 PAR-2、COX-2在胃腺癌组织中的阳性表达率较在低级别上皮内瘤变组织、正常胃组织中分别升高(P<0.05),β-catenin在胃腺癌组织中的异常表达率较在低级别上皮内瘤变组织、正常胃黏膜组织中升高(P<0.05).PAR-2在胃腺癌组织中的阳性表达与胃腺癌的浸润深度相关(P<0.05);β-catenin在胃腺癌组织中的异常表达与胃腺癌的分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及临床病理分期相关(P<0.05);COX-2在胃腺癌组织中的阳性表达与胃腺癌的浸润深度、淋巴结转移、临床病理分期相关(P<0.05).Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示:PAR-2、COX-2阳性表达与阴性表达组患者的5年生存期的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),β-catenin异常表达与正常表达组患者的5年生存期的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 PAR-2参与胃腺癌的进展且可作为判断预后的一项指标;β-catenin的异常表达和COX-2的阳性表达与胃腺癌的发生、发展密切相关,且可作为判断预后的重要指标.     

Force-, power-, and elasticity-velocity relationships in walking,running, and jumping

Summary Ground reaction forces and mechanical power were investigated when the subjects walked normally, while they were racing or running at four speeds, and when they performed the running long jump take-off. In addition, the apparent spring constants of the support leg in eccentric and concentric phases were investigated at the four running speeds, during the running long jump take-off, and in the triple jump. Six club level track and field athletes, four national level long jumpers, and six national level triple jumpers took part in the study. Cinematographic technique and a mathematical model of hopping (Alexander and Vernon 1975) were employed in the analysis. Force and power values were found to vary in the following order (from highest to lowest): long jump take-off, maximal running speed, submaximal running (80, 60, and 40% of maximum speed), racing gait, and normal gait. The data disclosed that the measured parameters had the highest values in the long jump take-off performed by the long jump athletes. Their peak values were: resultant ground reaction force 3270±74 N and mechanical power 160.1±10.5 J×kg^–1×s^–1. For the track and field athletes the values were 2010±80 N and 126.0±12.6 J ×kg^–1×s^–1. The apparent spring constant values of the support leg in the national level jumper group were in eccentric phase 30.54±8.38 N×mm^–1 ×kg^–1 and in concentric phase 0.129±0.012 N×mm^–1×kg^–1. In the track and field athletes the values were 13.97±1.01 N×mm^–1×kg^–1 and 0.093±0.003 N×mm^–1×kg^–1, respectively. In general, the increase in force and mechanical power output was related to the value of the apparent spring constant of the support leg in the eccentric phase. The spring constant in the eccentric phase increased with the velocity of motion in running, the long jump take-off and the triple jump. This suggests that it may be possible to use this parameter as a measure of mechanical performance, as it may reflect the combined elasticity of muscles, tendons, and bones.     

Communication, conflict, and psychological distance in nondistressed, clinic, and divorcing couples

This study compared communication patterns and conflicts over psychological distance in 25 nondistressed couples, 15 clinic couples, and 22 divorcing couples. Data consisted of questionnaire reports completed independently by husbands and wives. The two distressed groups, compared with nondistressed couples, had less mutual constructive communication, more avoidance of communication, more demand/withdraw communication, and more conflict over psychological distance in their relationships. In addition, the divorcing group had less mutual constructive communication than the clinic group and evidenced a trend for more conflict over psychological distance than the clinic group. Consistent with past research, wife demand/husband withdraw communication was more likely across all groups than husband demand/wife withdraw communication. Results are discussed in terms of skills deficits and incompatability models of marital discord.     

Guilt,fear, submission,and empathy in depression

BACKGROUND: This study compares self-focused motivations (fear of negative evaluation, social comparison, and fear of envy) and other-focused motivations (empathy and interpersonal guilt) in submissive behavior and depression. METHODS: The Beck Depression Inventory, Submissive Behavior Scale, Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Social Comparison Scale, Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire, and Interpersonal Reactivity Inventory were administered to 50 patients hospitalized for depression and 52 students. RESULTS: Depressed patients were significantly higher in survivor guilt, omnipotent responsibility guilt, submissive behavior, fear of negative evaluation, fear of envy, and empathic distress, and lower in social comparison. LIMITATIONS: This research was limited in that it was a correlational study. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that altruistic concern about others may be an important factor in depression and submissive behavior. Evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.     

Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids in normal heart papillary muscle and in patients suffering from diabetes, cholelithiasis, hypertension, and coronary atheroma

The triglyceride, cholesterol, and phospholipid contents of heart papillary muscle were measured in groups of obviously healthy and diseased females and males on whom either routine or forensic necropsies were performed. In healthy men the triglyceride content was 1.77 +/- 1.30 mg/g of wet weight and in women 1.25 +/- 0.48 mg/g wet weight. The corresponding values for cholesterol were 1.07 +/- 0.24 mg/g and 1.21 +/- 0.22 mg/g and those for phospholipids 17.70 +/- 5.15 mg/g and 19.65 +/- 10.21 mg/g. The differences between the sexes were not significant.The hypertensive or cardiac hypertrophy group had about the same or slightly lower means for lipid content.In the cholelithiasis group, women had significantly high triglyceride values (3.38 +/- 2.36 mg/g). The cholesterol values were not significantly elevated in either men or women.In the diabetic group, triglycerides were significantly increased both in men (mean 8.12 +/- 0.54 mg/g) and in women (6.85 +/- 5.66 mg/g). The cholesterol mean values were also high in both sexes, but the rise was not significant because of the great variation.In the coronary atheroma group, both male and female hospital cases had high triglyceride contents (mean 4.48 +/- 4.25 mg/g and 3.65 +/- 3.94 mg/g) whereas the forensic cases had only slightly elevated or normal values. Cholesterol assays paralleled the triglyceride ones, but phospholipids showed an inverse trend.The results showed that the lipid content of papillary muscle was increased in diseases where disturbances of lipid metabolism are evident, as in diabetes and cholelithiasis. In coronary atheroma only those cases with advanced obstruction of the arteries were associated with abnormal values of papillary lipids. No increase of the lipid content with age alone was found, nor was there any correlation with obesity.     

Intelligence, memory, and handedness in pedophilia

A sample of 473 male patients with pedophilia (assessed by the patients' sexual history and penile response in the laboratory to standardized, erotic stimuli) or other problematic sexual interests or behaviors received brief neuropsychological assessments. Neuropsychological measures included a short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised (D. Wechsler, 1981), the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test--Revised (R. H. B. Benedict, D. Schretlen. L. Groninger. & J. Brandt, 1998), the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test--Revised (R. H. B. Benedict, 1997), and the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (S. M. Williams, 1986). Pedophilia showed significant negative correlations with IQ and immediate and delayed recall memory. Pedophilia was also related to non-right-handedness even after covarying age and IQ. These results suggest that pedophilia is linked to early neurodevelopmental perturbations.     

Lifestyle, genetics, and disease in Sami

Aim

To present a summary of the lifestyle, genetic origin, diet, and disease in the population of Sami, indigenous people of northern Fennoscandia.

Method

A survey of the available scientific literature and preliminary results from our own study of the Swedish Sami population.

Results

The Sami probably have a heterogeneous genetic origin, with a major contribution of continental or Eastern European tribes and a smaller contribution from Asia. The traditional Sami diet, high in animal products, persists in Sami groups still involved with reindeer herding, but others have adopted a diet typical of Western cultures. Early reports indicated a lower prevalence of heart disease and most cancers, except stomach cancer. Recent studies have not found a lower risk of heart disease, but have consistently shown an overall reduced cancer risk. Sami have been reported to share some specific health-related genetic polymorphisms with other European populations, but none that would explain the observed differences in disease risk.

Conclusion

The genetic structure of the Sami population makes it suitable for studies of the genetic and environmental factors influencing the development of common diseases. The difference in incidence of heart disease between studies may reflect the ongoing transition from a traditional to a more Westernized lifestyle. The ability to compare population segments with different lifestyles, combined with the genetic structure of the population, creates unusual possibilities for studies of the genetic and environmental factors involved in the development of common disease.Sami are the indigenous people of the northernmost parts of Sweden, Finland, Norway, and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. The Sami speak a language belonging to the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family with Finns, Karelians, and Estonians as their closest linguistic neighbors. The Sami languages can be further divided into 10 distinct extant languages. Sami are believed to have been present in the area from soon after glacial ice-sheet retreated. The Sami where initially hunters (mainly of reindeer and moose), but over time they domesticated the reindeer and became reindeer herders. Today, the Sami population is estimated to be less than 100 000 individuals (1). Some of the Sami are still reindeer herders and maintain a traditional lifestyle linked to the annual migration of the reindeer between summer and winter grazing areas, while the rest have other occupations. The Sami population is not known to have experienced any dramatic population changes and until recent, marriages between Sami and non-Sami families have been infrequent.