蛋白酶体功能与帕金森病相关性实验研究

目的 观察蛋白酶体抑制剂诱导大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元α-突触核蛋白（α-synuclein，α-Syn）的表达及聚集．探讨蛋白酶体功能在帕金森病（PD）发病中的作用机制。方法采用立体定向将蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin注射至大鼠黑质部位。以免疫荧光法观察黑质区多巴胺能神经元变性缺失，并应用免疫荧光双标法观察多巴胺能神经元内蛋白聚集的包涵体及其主要成分α-Syn的表达．然后通过原位杂交分析α-Syn mRNA表达及Western印迹法检测黑质α-Syn表达量改变。结果注射Lactacystin第7天大鼠开始出现自发性活动减少．阿扑吗啡尚可诱导出旋转行为；3周后患侧黑质部位酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）阳性细胞明显减少。TH与硫磺素、硫磺素与α-Syn复合染色呈阳性。α-Syn mRNA表达量升高，蛋白表达水平增加。结论Lactacystin诱导大鼠黑质细胞α-Syn表达升高并出现蛋白聚集可能是导致PD发病的机制之一。     

溶酶体自噬途径降解α-synuclein蛋白作用研究

目的 探讨α-synuclein蛋白细胞内溶酶体途径降解机制.方法 用神经生长因子NGF诱导分化PC12细胞作为研究多巴胺能神经元的细胞载体,应用鱼藤酮处理PC12细胞建立α-synuclein蛋白细胞模型.使用溶酶体途径降解抑制剂E64处理神经元样分化的PC12细胞,应用免疫荧光双标方法观察PC12细胞内硫黄素S、α-synuclein蛋白阳性聚集包涵体形成情况,比较各组的差异.结果 用E64处理鱼藤酮预处理过的PC12细胞后α-synuclein蛋白聚集且较多包涵体形成(15.36±0.85)%,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 溶酶体自噬途径可能在α-synuclein蛋白降解、聚集和多巴胺神经元死亡过程中发挥重要作用.     

蛋白酶体抑制剂诱导大鼠黑质变性伴包涵体形成

目的 观察蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin诱导大鼠黑质变性伴包涵体形成及运动行为学的改变,探讨蛋白酶体功能下降在帕金森病(PDl发病机制中的作用. 方法 24只SD大鼠采用随机数字表法分为kactacystin实验组和生理盐水组.每组12只,Lactacystin实验组将蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin立体定向注射人大鼠左侧黑质致密部(SNc).生理盐水组注射等体积生理盐水;观察大鼠自主行为和阿朴吗啡(APO)诱导的旋转行为的改变;Nissl染色法观察SNc病理改变;免疫组化法观察SNc及纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和SNc中α-共核蛋白的表达;透射电镜观察SNc超微结构的改变. 结果 Lactacystin实验组大鼠给药7 d后出现自发性活动减少、动作缓慢、震颤、且症状逐步加重.APO可诱导出向健侧的旋转运动;Nissl染色发现Lactacystin实验组左侧SNc神经元数量减少,尼氏体结构松散;免疫组化结果表明21 d后Lactacystin实验组左侧SNc出现变性,TH免疫阳性神经元数量减少,α-共核蛋白表达增强,纹状体内TH免疫阳性纤维数量减少;电镜观察到蛋白质聚集形成的包涵体. 结论 Lactacystin单侧SNc注射可以诱导大鼠黑质变性伴包涵体形成及大鼠行为改变.蛋白酶体功能下降可能在PD发病机制中起重要作用.     

应用蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin建立有Lewy体的帕金森病大鼠模型

目的建立符合帕金森病(PD)病理特征———黑质细胞有Lewy体的PD大鼠模型。方法分别在大鼠一侧黑质致密部注射蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin8mg(Lactacystin组)、等体积生理盐水(NS组)和6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA组)12mg;观察大鼠自主行为和阿朴吗啡诱导的旋转行为;光镜下观察中脑组织学改变;应用免疫组化染色观察黑质细胞α-synuclein表达和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性细胞数;测定纹状体区多巴胺和高香草酸含量。结果NS组大鼠未见行为异常;Lactacystin组大鼠出现进行性的运动迟缓、少动、震颤、头向健侧倾斜,注射阿朴吗啡后出现向健侧旋转运动;给药后3周黑质部TH阳性细胞数较NS组减少了83.29%(P<0.01),部分黑质细胞内出现α-synuclein免疫反应呈强阳性的Lewy体;纹状体多巴胺和高香草酸含量(154.82±37.17,98.66±18.81)较NS组明显减少(822.87±131.25,617.77±95.74)(均P<0.01);6-OHDA组大鼠出现与Lactacystin组类似的行为变化,黑质细胞亦显著减少,但未见Lewy体。结论利用蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin阻碍α-synuclein的降解可以建立有Lewy体的PD大鼠模型。     

蛋白酶体抑制剂诱导多巴胺能神经元变性及诱导型一氧化氮合酶变化

目的探讨蛋白酶体（proteasome）功能下降在帕金森病（PD）发病机制中的作用，以及模型大鼠脑内黑质部位诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）是否参与蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin诱导的多巴胺能神经元变性。方法将30只健康雄性SD大鼠分为5组（生理盐水对照组，1d组、3d组、1周组、3周组），每组6只。将蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin立体定向注射至大鼠黑质部位，记录大鼠在不同时间点的行为学改变，并用免疫组化方法观察生理盐水对照组及不同时间点组（1d、3d，1周、3周）大鼠黑质区多巴胺能神经元变性及iNOS变化。结果Lactacystin注射1周后大鼠开始出现自发性活动减少，阿朴吗啡可诱导出旋转行为；3周后，30min旋转次数为258．90±11．56；实验3周组黑质部位TH阳性细胞减少。1d后iNOS阳性细胞明显增多，3d时达高峰，1周后开始下降，3周时基本消失。结论蛋白酶体功能下降可能是多巴胺能神经元变性的始动因素，而iNOS上调可能是多巴胺能神经元变性的重要过程。     

Lactacystin诱导PC12细胞致帕金森病的实验研究

目的应用蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin构建帕金森病细胞模型,从泛素-蛋白酶体功能角度探讨帕金森病的发病机制。方法Lactacystin(0、5、10、15和20μmol/L)分别处理PC12细胞24h,MTT法检测细胞活力;HE染色观察包涵体生成;免疫组织化学法观察α-synuclein在胞内聚集情况;AO/EB双染及电镜检测细胞凋亡。结果10μmol/L Lactacystin作用24h后细胞活力开始显著低于对照组(P<0.01),随着浓度大,细胞活力进一步下降,呈浓度依赖性(P<0.01);HE染色显示胞浆核周出现圆形或椭圆形嗜伊红的包涵体;免疫组化显示包涵体α-synuclein染色呈强阳性;10μmol/L Lactacystin作用细胞24h后AO/EB双染提示细胞早期凋亡;电镜显示细胞核变小偏位,部分胞核固缩、趋边、凝聚。结论Lactacystin对多巴胺能神经元有毒性作用,可形成胞浆内包涵体并诱导细胞凋亡。蛋白酶体功能异常可能在帕金森病发病机制中发挥重要作用。     

Lactacystin诱导的帕金森病大鼠模型病理退行性改变的研究

目的 观察Lactacystin诱导的帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠的病理退行性改变,探索其发病机制.方法 取成年健康SD大鼠32只,采用随机数字表法分为实验组(16只)和对照组(16只),实验组左侧黑质致密部(SNc)注射蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin,对照组以等体积生理盐水代替.分别存注射后1、3、5、7、9、11、14和21 d,观察两组大鼠的行为学变化;应用HE染色观察小胶质细胞并计数,免疫组化检测黑质及纹状体组织罗暗算酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)神经元变化和RT-PCR检测黑质部TH和α-synuclein mRNA的表达.结果 与对照组相比,实验组大鼠逐渐出现行为学改变:HE染色显示小胶质细胞在注射Lactacystin后第1天为(3501.92±57.32)个,第7天为(4895.50±52.67)个,第21天为(5340.18±52.87)个,与对照组(3271.23±63.76)个相比增高,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05):免疫组化检测显示黑质中多巴胺(DA)神经元在注射Lactacystin后逐渐变性死亡,第7天神经元数为(568.57±36.39)个,第21天为(119.67±21.06)个,与对照组(679.76±30.24)个相比,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);免疫组化检测纹状体TH免疫阳性纤维显示其在注射Lactacystin后逐渐稀疏,强度逐渐变弱,实验组TH免疫阳性纤维平均光密度第7天为(0.1953±0.0076),与对照组(0.2412±0.0067)相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),第21天为(0.0781±0.0013)个,与对照组(0.2412±0.0067)个相比降低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).同时,实验组mRNA检测显示,THmRNA表达越来越少,而α-synuclein mRNA在残存TH神经元中逐渐增多.结论 Lactacystin诱导的PD模型大鼠的病理呈退行性改变.符合PD发病的隐匿性、缓慢进展性特征.     

溶酶体自噬途径降解α—synuclein蛋白作用研究

目的探讨α—synuclein蛋白细胞内溶酶体途径降解机制。方法用神经生长因子NGF诱导分化PCI2细胞作为研究多巴胺能神经元的细胞载体,应用鱼藤酮处理PCI2细胞建立α-synuclein蛋白细胞模型。使用溶酶体途径降解抑制剂E64处理神经元样分化的PCI2细胞,应用免疫荧光双标方法观察PCI2细胞内硫黄素S、α—synuclein蛋白阳性聚集包涵体形成情况,比较各组的差异。结果用E64处理鱼藤酮预处理过的PCI2细胞后α—synuclein蛋白聚集且较多包涵体形成（15．36±0．85）％,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论溶酶体自噬途径可能在α—synuclein蛋白降解、聚集和多巴胺神经元死亡过程中发挥重要作用。     

帕金森病和帕金森叠加综合征11例黑质纹状体病理观察

目的 认识帕金森病（PD）和帕金森叠加综合征黑质纹状体组织细胞病变及异常蛋白质表达特征.方法 对尸检证实的5例PD,3例进行性核上性麻痹（PSP）和3例多系统萎缩（MSA）脑组织标本,进行Gallyas-Braak银染色,tau、α-synuclein、ubiquitin免疫组化染色.观察黑质纹状体组织神经细胞和胶质细胞变性特征及蛋白质表达特性.结果 PD、PSP及MSA的黑质腹外侧区及腹内侧区神经细胞均存在严重脱失.PD黑质神经细胞见α-synuclein和ubiquitin蛋白阳性路易小体.PSP黑质和苍白球神经细胞胞质内存在tau蛋白阳性球状神经原纤维缠结,同时黑质、苍白球还存在tau蛋白阳性葱状星形细胞及线团样少突胶质细胞变性.MSA纹状体神经细胞中至重度脱失,并在黑质、纹状体见大量α-synuclein和ubiquitin蛋白阳性、嗜银少突胶质细胞包涵体.结论 PD路易小体和MSA少突胶质细胞包涵体均表达α-synuclein和ubiquitin蛋白,提示这两组疾病存在相同的蛋白质病理基础;PSP黑质纹状体组织存在特征性的神经细胞和星形胶质变性,但其蛋白质病理属于与tau蛋白相关的变性疾病.     

脂多糖诱导大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元变性和星型胶质细胞激活

目的:研究脂多糖(LPS)诱导黑质多巴胺(DA)能神经元变性与星型胶质细胞活化的关系。方法:黑质内立体定位注射LPS,采用免疫组织化学方法观察不同时间点星型胶质细胞神经纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的变化,以及DA能神经元酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的变化。结果:星型胶质细胞在LPS注入黑质6h后表达增加,2周时达到高峰,4周时开始下降,与空白、对照组比均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。TH阳性细胞数在2周时开始下降,4周后达到最低,2、4、6周组与空白、对照组比均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:星型胶质细胞的激活先于DA能神经元变性,在黑质炎症中可能具有重要作用。     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.