早产儿宫外生长发育迟缓的研究进展

早产儿宫外生长发育迟缓(extrauterine growth restriction,EUGR)是由围生期疾病及新生儿期各种并发症、生后营养不足等因素所造成的早产儿生后某个时期体重、身长或头围低于相应生长曲线参考值的一种生长落后状态。EUGR的发生在小胎龄、低体重早产儿中十分普遍,对早产儿的体格发育、神经认知功能、心...     

The relationship between birth weight and feeding maturation in preterm infants

Aim: To report changes in ingestive behaviour from 35 to 40 weeks post-conceptual age and examine the association between birth weight and feeding maturation in preterm infants.
Methods: One hundred and four preterm infants born 24 to 34 weeks gestational age were studied. Feeding maturation was assessed as the change from 35 to 40 weeks post-conceptual age in the number of sucks over 5 min, sucking bursts, sucks per burst, time between bursts and maximum pressure during a suck (Pmax). The association between birth weight and each sucking behaviour was examined after adjusting for potential confounders.
Results: Significant changes in feeding maturation occurred between 35 and 40 weeks. Birth weight was positively associated with change in Pmax and change in number of sucks per burst for extremely premature infants born 24 to <29 weeks gestational age but not for very premature infants born ≥29 to 34 weeks. The association between birth weight and change in Pmax for extremely premature infants remained significant after adjustment (adjusted beta = 0.128 mmHg increase in change in maximum sucking pressure per every 1 g of birth weight, 95% CI = 0.017, 0.239, p = 0.03).
Conclusion: Birth weight is positively associated with maturation in maximum sucking pressure among infants born extremely premature.     

Developmental change of amplitude-integrated electroencephalographic activity in preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage

Background

Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) allows continuous brain function monitoring at bedside.

Objectives

This prospective cohort study was designed to longitudinally evaluate aEEG tracings at increased postmenstrual age (PMA) in preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).

Methods

Biweekly aEEG recordings were performed on preterm infants < 32 weeks gestational age from 24 to 36 weeks PMA. The tracings were evaluated according to a scoring system adapted from Burdjalov et al.

Results

We analyzed 496 aEEG recordings in 105 preterm infants. The control group consisted of 42 infants with no IVH, whereas the IVH grade I, II, III, and IV groups consisted of 38, 8, 3, and 14 infants, respectively. There were significant differences in the cycling and total maturation scores among the IVH groups at 36 weeks PMA (p = 0.010 and p = 0.006, respectively). The IVH-IV patients maintained low scores in their cycling as their PMA increased, in contrast to their continuity and amplitude scores. The risk factors affecting the aEEG maturation scores at 36 weeks PMA in the IVH-IV patients included seizure events with the administration of antiepileptic drugs and the insertion of external ventricular drains (β = − 0.679 and β = − 0.418, respectively; p = 0.003).

Conclusions

The low cycling scores persisted until 36 weeks PMA in the IVH-IV group.     

Electroencephalography and brain damage in preterm infants

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a sensitive method for detection of brain injury in preterm infants. Although the acute and chronic EEG changes are mainly non-specific regarding type of damage, they correlate with later neurological and cognitive function. In infants developing brain white matter damage, acute EEG findings include depression of background activity and presence of epileptic seizure activity. The chronic EEG changes associated with white matter injury and abnormal neurological development include delayed maturation, and presence of abundant Rolandic sharp waves. Cognitive limitations in preterm infants have been associated with changes in various sleep measures in EEG's recorded at full term. Continuous EEG-monitoring during neonatal intensive care shows that cerebral electrical activity during this vulnerable period can be affected by several extracerebral factors, e.g. cerebral blood flow, acidosis and some commonly used medications. For diagnosis of brain damage in preterm infants with neurophysiological methods, a combination of early continuous EEG monitoring during the initial intensive care period and full EEG, performed at later stages, is probably optimal.     

Ambient humidity influences the rate of skin barrier maturation in extremely preterm infants

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that the level of relative humidity (RH) in which preterm infants are nursed might influence their postnatal skin maturation. STUDY DESIGN: In 22 preterm infants (GA 23-27 weeks), transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was determined at postnatal ages (PNA) of 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. At a PNA of 7 days, the infants were randomized to care at either 50% or 75% RH. RESULTS: TEWL decreased at a slower rate in infants nursed at the higher RH. At a PNA of 28 days, TEWL was about twice as high in infants nursed at 75% RH (22 +/- 2 g/m2 h) than in those nursed at 50% RH (13 +/- 1 g/m2 h; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the level of RH influences skin barrier development, with more rapid barrier formation in infants nursed at a lower RH. The findings have an impact on strategies for promoting skin barrier integrity in extremely preterm infants.     

早期康复介入降低早产儿宫外生长发育迟缓的研究

目的 探讨早期康复介入对早产儿宫外生长发育迟缓（EUGR）及早期疾病发生的影响。方法 研究对象为生后24 h内入住新生儿重症监护室（NICU）、胎龄 < 34周、出生体重1 000~ < 2 000 g的适于胎龄早产儿。采用前瞻性、随机、对照研究法将研究对象分为康复干预组和对照组。康复干预组患儿在生命体征平稳后进行早期康复治疗,包括口部感觉及肌力训练和新生儿头部、胸部、腹部、四肢和手足的压力抚触。主要观察结果是两组早产儿达到独立经口喂养的时间、住院天数、EUGR发生率等。次要观察结果是两组早产儿疾病如呼吸暂停、喂养不耐受、败血症等发生情况。结果 共有97例早产儿符合入组标准且资料完整。其中对照组48例,干预组49例。干预组达到独立经口喂养时间短于对照组（P < 0.05）。干预组患儿的住院天数以及出院时纠正胎龄低于对照组（P < 0.05）。干预组的EUGR发生率低于对照组（P < 0.05）。干预组呼吸暂停、喂养不耐受和败血症的发生率低于对照组（P < 0.05）。结论 对NICU中的早产儿进行早期康复介入,可减少呼吸暂停和喂养不耐受的发生率,更早地完成独立经口喂养,降低EUGR的发生率。     

一种新的早产儿脑电发育成熟度评价方法的初步研究

目的 基于早产儿脑电活动特征建立一种新的早产儿脑电成熟度评价方法。方法 前瞻性收集经后龄（postmenstrual age,PMA）25~36周符合纳入标准的早产儿生后7 d内视频脑电图和同步振幅整合脑电图（amplitude-integrated electroencephalography,aEEG）的监测资料。将aEEG与常规脑电图（conventional electroencephalography,cEEG）背景活动指标（aEEG+cEEG）按发育成熟规律赋分作为新的评价体系,并与单一aEEG评价方法比较,分析二者与胎龄（gestational age,GA）、PMA、头围的相关性。计算不同PMA早产儿aEEG+cEEG总分和aEEG总分的分值区间,比较组间差异。在不同评价者之间对新评分体系进行一致性分析。结果 共纳入52例早产儿。aEEG+cEEG总分、aEEG总分分别与GA、PMA、头围呈显著正相关（均P<0.05）,与PMA和GA的相关系数均>0.9。aEEG+cEEG评价方法和单一aEEG评价方法在不同PMA早产儿中正常分值区间分别为：<28周组为13.0（11.0,14.0）、6.0（4.0,7.0）分,28~29⁺⁶周组为16.0（14.5,17.0）、8.0（6.0,8.0）分,30~31⁺⁶周组为18.0（17.0,21.0）、9.0（8.0,10.0）分,32~33⁺⁶周组为22.0（20.0,24.5）、10.0（10.0,10.8）分,34~36周组为26.0（24.5,27.5）、11.0（10.0,12.0）分。不同PMA早产儿组间aEEG+cEEG总分和aEEG总分差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同评价者之间应用该评分体系进行早产儿成熟度评价时一致性高（κ=0.86）。结论 该研究所建立的脑电评分体系可以定量反映早产儿脑电发育的成熟度,不同PMA组间有很好的区分度,在不同评价者之间应用一致性高。     

积极营养支持策略对早产儿宫外发育迟缓的影响

目的 探讨生后实施早期积极营养支持策略对早产儿住院期间营养状况及宫外发育迟缓（EUGR）的影响。方法 比较既往营养方案组（A组,n=99）与积极营养方案组（B组,n=101）早产儿住院期间营养摄入、生长速率及出院时EUGR发生率的差异。结果 B组生后1周内肠内营养热卡摄入量及总热卡摄入量均明显高于A组。B组早产儿开奶日龄、恢复出生体重所需时间、静脉营养持续时间、达足量喂养时间及住院时间均较A组短,生理性体重下降幅度较A组低。< 32周的B组早产儿体重、头围、身长增长速率较A组快,EUGR的发生率较A组低;≥32周的B组早产儿体重增长速率快及以体重、头围评价的EUGR的发生率较低。住院期间B组喂养不耐受、坏死性小肠结肠炎、败血症的发生率明显低于A组。结论 早产儿生后早期积极营养支持措施的实施,有效改善了早产儿住院期间的营养状况,降低EUGR的发生率,且未增加住院期间的相关并发症。     

振幅整合脑电图监测不同胎龄早产儿宫外环境下脑发育的多中心观察性研究

目的 了解宫外生活对28~36周早产儿振幅整合脑电图（aEEG）的影响。方法 以出生时无窒息抢救史早产儿为早产儿组,以胎龄37周出生后正常的新生儿为对照组;早产儿组采用振幅整合脑电图仪分别于生后3 d内,然后每周监测1次直至出院（或最长监测至纠正胎龄37周）,对照组于生后第3 d 行aEEG监测。每次连续监测4 h。分析胎龄和纠正胎龄对aEEG成熟过程影响,包括aEEG背景连续性、睡眠-觉醒周期、下边界振幅和带宽。5家参研医院均采用相同品牌和型号的aEEG,研究开始前统一进行操作技术培训,样本的临床和图像数据发送至复旦大学附属儿科医院整理。结果 2008年5月1日至2009年8 月31日5家参研医院符合本文纳入和排除标准的早产儿组135例,对照组20例。早产儿aEEG的成熟度受胎龄和纠正胎龄的影响,随胎龄和纠正胎龄增加,aEEG背景连续性和睡眠-觉醒周期出现的百分比均增加,逐步出现连续性电压（χ2=26.865,P<0.01）,≥34周出生的早产儿成熟的睡眠-觉醒周期的出现的百分比均为100％（χ2=192.4,P<0.01）;下边界振幅升高（F＝11.4,P<0.01）,带宽变窄（F＝8.731,P<0.01）。纠正胎龄和同出生胎龄的新生儿比较,连续性电压百分比、睡眠-觉醒周期的出现率均显著增加,胎龄＞34周的早产儿出生时aEEG均可见明显的睡眠-觉醒周期,而纠正胎龄32周时,睡眠-觉醒周期出现的百分比已达到100%;窄带下界也显著增高;窄带带宽变窄,至34周龄后,纠正胎龄和同出生胎龄新生儿均变化不明显。结论 早产儿aEEG的成熟度与出生胎龄和纠正胎龄相关,宫外生活加速了早产儿脑发育成熟。     

The effect of postnatal age on the early tactile manual abilities of preterm infants

Background

Although preterm infants possess early tactile manual abilities, the influence of the postnatal experience has not yet been systematically examined.

Aims

To investigate whether early tactile manual habituation, discrimination and recognition (following interference) of shape in preterm infants are modified by postnatal age.

Study design

Prospective study.

Subjects

Forty preterm infants were assessed from the post-conceptional age (PCA) of 34 weeks. Two groups were made up according to postnatal age (PNA): low PNA (PNA ≤ 10 days of life) and high PNA (PNA ≥ 12 days of life).

Outcome measures

An object (prism or cylinder) was presented repeatedly in the left hand, and holding times of the object were recorded during each trial.

Results

Holding time was shorter for all preterm infants following successive presentation of the same object irrespective of postnatal age range. In the discrimination phase, the mean holding time for the novel object was longer than holding times in the last two habituation trials, in both PNA groups. Finally, the mean holding time of the familiar object presented in the recognition phase was shorter than the holding time of the novel object presented previously, but only in the low PNA group.

Conclusions

Tactile manual habituation and discrimination of shape information is present in preterm infants at a post-conceptional age of 34 weeks, independently of postnatal age. However, tactile manual recognition of familiar shapes following interference is affected by length of postnatal experience. The significance of this last result is discussed in detail.     

早产儿语言发展的影响因素

随着儿科急救水平的提高,能够存活的早产儿的胎龄和体重越来越小,但其远期神经心理发展的预后更需要得到关注。早产儿语言发展是智力发展的重要组成部分,反映了神经系统的发育情况。早产儿的语言发展情况如何,与哪些因素有关,不同的研究存在不太一致的结果。本文描述了影响早产儿语言发展的因素,如胎龄、出生体重、性别等,为早产儿语言发展的研究及临床干预提供思路。     

早产儿喂养不耐受临床特征分析

目的：探讨早产儿喂养不耐受的临床特征,为早产儿喂养不耐受的防治提供临床依据。方法：2007年1月至2009年12月入住新疆医科大学第一附属医院的早产儿716例为研究对象,对其临床特征进行回顾性分析。结果：①716例早产儿中197例(27.5%)发生喂养不耐受,其中极低出生体重儿喂养不耐受发生比率高达77.6%。临床表现中以单纯胃潴留所占比例最高(47.2%)。②喂养不耐受出现时间集中在开始喂养后3 d内。③喂养不耐受组早产儿胎龄和出生体重低于耐受组、开奶时间晚于耐受组、早产儿合并窒息及呼吸性疾病比例高于耐受组（P＜0.05）;而民族、性别、孕母年龄、分娩方式、有无宫内窘迫两组差别无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。随着胎龄增大、出生体重增加、尽早开始喂养,早产儿喂养不耐受发生风险降低。结论：早产儿喂养不耐受的发生与患儿胎龄、出生体重、开奶时间及合并症有关。     

Functional connectivity in preterm infants derived from EEG coherence analysis

ObjectiveTo quantify the neuronal connectivity in preterm infants between homologous channels of both hemispheres.MethodsEEG coherence analysis was performed on serial EEG recordings collected from preterm infants with normal neurological follow-up. The coherence spectrum was divided in frequency bands: δnewborn(0–2 Hz), θnewborn(2–6 Hz), α_newborn(6–13 Hz), β_newborn(13–30 Hz). Coherence values were evaluated as a function of gestational age (GA) and postnatal maturation.ResultsAll spectra show two clear peaks in the δ_newborn and θ_newborn-band, corresponding to the delta and theta EEG waves observed in preterm infants. In the δ_newborn-band the peak magnitude coherence decreases with GA and postnatal maturation for all channels. In the θ_newborn-band, the peak magnitude coherence decreases with GA for all channels, but increases with postnatal maturation for the frontal polar channels. In the β_newborn-band a modest magnitude coherence peak was observed in the occipital channels, which decreases with GA.ConclusionsInterhemispherical connectivity develops analogously with electrocortical maturation: signal intensities at low frequencies decrease with GA and postnatal maturation, but increase at high frequencies with postnatal maturation. In addition, peak magnitude coherence is a clear trend indicator for brain maturation.SignificanceCoherence analysis can aid in the clinical assessment of the functional connectivity of the infant brain with maturation.     

早产儿贫血的相关因素分析

目的：贫血是早产儿生后常见的现象，严重影响了早产儿的生长发育，甚至危及生命。目前早产儿贫血的病因尚不明确。该文通过回顾性病例对照研究，分析早产儿贫血的发生与各种围产因素的相关性。方法：收集北京大学第三医院儿科2005年1月至2006年12月两年期间生后24 h内收入新生儿病房的165例早产儿的临床资料数据，按是否发生贫血，分贫血组和对照组两组，进行与贫血有关的围产因素的分析。结果：165例早产儿中发生贫血63例，占总例数的38.1％。贫血组胎龄、出生体重明显低于对照组，分别为32.5±2.0 vs 33.7±1.9周，1 682.7±393.9 vs 2 041.1±510.1 g；而采血量、住院天数则明显高于对照组，分别为12.4±6.5 vs 6.6±3.6 mL/kg，25.6±14.2 vs 14.1±8.7 d，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)；贫血组的危重患儿比例较对照组高(33.3% vs 9.8%)，差异有非常显著意义(P<0.01)；贫血组母亲先兆子痫比例较对照组高(44.4% vs 28.4%)，差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示早产儿贫血发生的危险因素为采血量，与采血量＜5 mL/kg组相比，5～10 mL/kg组OR值为1.737(95% CI：0.699~ 4.316)，P>0.05；10～15 mL/kg组OR值为4.141 (95% CI:1.573~10.905)，P<0.01；≥15 mL/kg组OR值为32.267(95% CI:8.053~129.287)，P＜0.01。结论：早产儿贫血与胎龄小、出生体重低、采血量大、住院时间长、病情重、母亲患先兆子痫多种因素有关，而采血量是早产儿贫血发生的危险因素，2周内采血量累计10～15 mL/kg组发生贫血的危险性是＜5 mL/kg组的4倍，≥15 mL/kg 组发生贫血的危险性是＜5 mL/kg组的32倍。     

支气管肺发育不良早产儿振幅整合脑电图的临床意义分析

目的 了解支气管肺发育不良(BPD)早产儿振幅整合脑电图(aEEG)的变化特点及临床意义.方法 回顾性纳入出生胎龄≤32+6周符合BPD诊断的早产儿156例为BPD组,选择同期住院的非BPD早产儿156例为对照组,应用早产儿aEEG评分系统比较两组患儿住院期间的aEEG结果 ,并按检查时间(纠正胎龄≤28+6周、29～...     

早产儿颅内出血振幅整合脑电图背景模式及睡眠觉醒周期的特点

目的 分析不同程度脑室周围-脑室内出血（PIVH）早产儿振幅整合脑电图（aEEG）背景模式及睡眠觉醒周期的特点。方法 选取56 例胎龄25~33 周的PIVH 早产儿及31 例同胎龄段无PIVH 早产儿,将PIVH 患儿按Papile 分级标准分为轻度出血组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）和中重度出血组（Ⅲ、Ⅳ级）,对各组早产儿aEEG的结果进行比较分析。结果 与轻度出血组及对照组比较,中重度出血组患儿的电压连续性降低,睡眠觉醒周期（SWC）缺失率高,aEEG 评分低（P 结论 aEEG 背景活动及SWC 的改变与早产儿PIVH 的严重程度有关。     

34周以下早产儿宫外生长发育迟缓发生的影响因素

目的　研究34周以下早产儿宫外生长发育迟缓(EUGR)发生的相关因素。方法　选取<34周早产儿694例, 根据出院时体重分为EUGR组和非EUGR组, 回顾性分析两组早产儿的围生期资料、住院期间生长、营养摄入情况及相关合并症等资料。结果　694例早产儿中, 发生EUGR 284例(40.9%)。宫内生长发育迟缓(IUGR)患儿发生EUGR的比例明显高于非IUGR组(P<0.01); 极低出生体重儿发生EUGR比例明显高于非极低出生体重儿(P<0.01)。胎龄越小、出生体重越低的早产儿EUGR的发生率越高(P<0.01)。EUGR组早产儿禁食天数、静脉营养持续天数、首次肠内营养的日龄、全肠内营养的日龄均大于非EUGR组(P<0.01)。EUGR组患儿生后第1周蛋白质累积损失量与热卡累积损失量均大于非EUGR组(P<0.05)。EUGR组生后发生呼吸窘迫综合征、呼吸暂停、坏死性小肠结肠炎、败血症等并发症的比例高于非EUGR组(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示, 出生体重、出生胎龄及IUGR是EUGR发生的独立危险因素。结论 34周以下早产儿EUGR发生率较高, 尤其是已经存在IUGR的早产儿或极低出生体重儿; 生后早期积极的营养支持, 预防呼吸暂停、败血症等并发症将会在一定程度上减少EUGR的发生。     

高危早产儿宫外生长迟缓的危险因素分析

目的探讨我院高危早产儿宫外生长迟缓(EUGR)的发生率和相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查2011年1月至2012年12月我院收治并存活至出院的高危早产儿(出生体重<1500 g或出生胎龄<33周)及其母亲的住院资料。根据"中国15城市不同胎龄新生儿出生体重值",出生体重位于同胎龄儿第10百分位以下定义为宫内生长受限(IUGR)早产儿,出院体重位于校正胎龄儿第10百分位以下定义为EUGR早产儿。并根据此表计算出生体重的Z值(Z1)、出院体重的Z值(Z2),比较Z值的变化。比较EUGR组及非EUGR组围产期及出生后危险因素的差异,根据Logistic回归分析得出EUGR的高危因素。结果共194例早产儿纳入本研究,IUGR发生率为29.9%(58/194),EUGR发生率为51.5%(100/194)。出院时Z2(-1.27±0.83)较出生时Z1(-0.83±0.78)显著下降(P<0.001)。IUGR早产儿发生EUGR比例明显高于非IUGR早产儿(93.1%比33.8%,P<0.001),但Z值下降幅度却小于非IUGR早产儿[(-0.31±0.58)比(-0.50±0.53),P=0.039]。根据Logistic回归分析,高危早产儿发生EUGR的高危因素为出生体重<1500 g、IUGR、住院天数超过6周及CRP升高。结论 EUGR是极低出生体重儿及小胎龄早产儿的重要并发症,针对相关的围产因素进行积极的营养管理,有可能减少其发生率,改善早产儿的结局。     

宫外生长迟缓早产儿出院后不同营养策略对体格及神经发育的近期影响

目的 对比分析宫外生长迟缓(extrauterine growth restriction,EUGR)早产儿出院后不同的强化营养策略对其生后1～6校正月龄体重、身长、头围等体格生长及神经发育指标的影响,为进一步寻找优化EUGR早产儿出院后的营养方案提供依据.方法 收集连云港市第一人民医院新生儿重症监护病房2016年1月...