Furlow反向双Z法腭裂修复术后腭瘘发生率的研究

目的：研究腭裂Furlow术后瘘的发生率以及影响因素。方法：对53例腭裂修复术后瘘的发生率和可能影响瘘发生的因素如性别、年龄、腭裂类型、裂隙的程度进行回顾性研究。结果：总瘘孔率为18.86%（10/53）,瘘孔率最高为硬腭前部（64%）,其次为软硬腭交界处及硬腭部（分别为18%）,瘘孔率最低为软腭区域（0%）（P〈0.05）。男性与女性患者瘘的发生率无统计学上差异（P〉0.05）。单侧完全性腭裂组（UCCLP,24%）和双侧完全性腭裂组（BCCLP,36.7%）瘘发生率高于硬软腭裂组（HSCP,0%）和软腭裂组（SCP,0%）,但无统计学上差异（P〉0.05）,完全性腭裂组瘘的发生率高于不完全性腭裂组（P〈0.05）。结论：腭裂术后腭瘘的发生与腭裂的类型有关,Furlow术式修复腭裂可减少软腭、软硬腭交界处的腭瘘发生率。但相对的有增加完全性腭裂硬腭前部腭瘘发生率的可能。     

血凝酶注射液在腭裂整复术中的止血效果分析

目的：观察注射用血凝酶（巴曲亭）在腭裂修复术中的止血效果。方法：回顾性分析单侧完全性腭裂整复术患者180例。随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组应用血凝酶术前10min静脉推注0．5～1U；术后连续静点0．5—1U3天，对照组不用血凝酶。记录术中出血量、手术时间、双侧松弛切口完全止血时间；同时观察患儿出院创口愈合情况等各项指标。结果：血凝酶组患者在术中出血量、手术时间以及双侧松弛切口完全止血时间，创口愈合时间少于对照组。两组出院时创口愈合情况无明显差异。结论：血凝酶注射液在腭裂修复中能够减少术中，术后出血，具有明显的止血效果，安全可靠。     

双侧单蒂瓣法加提肌吊带成形术修复6～12个月婴儿完全性腭裂畸形

目的 探讨修复婴儿完全性腭裂畸形的最佳时机.方法 应用双侧单蒂瓣法(Bardach法)加双侧腭帆提肌吊带成形术.于婴儿6～12个月时完成腭裂修复术,并应用计算机辅助FFT(快速博立叶变换)元音声学对婴儿术前、后的发音进行分析比较.结果 本组26例婴儿腭裂伤口均一期愈合,无腭瘘等并发症发生,术后发音经计算机辅助FFT声学分析结果显示:所有患儿腭咽闭合功能均有明显改善.结论 应用双侧单蒂瓣法加双侧腭帆提肌吊带成形术,于婴儿6～12个月时完成腭裂修复术,技术安全可靠.术后发音效果良好.     

腭裂手术年龄对语音清晰度的影响

目的：通过回顾性调查,研究在不同年龄修复腭裂对术后语音清晰度的影响.方法：将102例年龄在10岁以上,腭裂术后2年以上的单侧完全性唇腭裂患者,根据接受腭裂手术的年龄分为3组,A组：0～3.00岁手术组（n=37）、B组：3.01～6.00岁手术组（n=36）和C组：6.01岁以上手术组（n=29）.随访时进行录音检查,对其语音清晰度进行判定,并对不同手术年龄组间语音清晰度的差异进行统计学检验.结果：3组患者的语音清晰度均值分别为91.7％、81.4％、和73.3％,统计学检验显示,术后语音清晰度在3组间的差异有显著性（P＜0.05）.结论：在不同年龄进行腭裂修复术,其术后语音清晰度的恢复不同.手术年龄越小,语音清晰度的恢复越好.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的危险因素分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查（LCBDE）及一期缝合术后发生胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的临床危险因素。方法 收集自2017年1月至2019年6月湖州市中心医院收治的92例行LCBDE胆总管一期缝合术患者的临床资料，行回顾性对列研究及多因素回归分析。结果 全组患者术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄发生率分别为11.9%（11/92）和18.5%（17/92）。合并糖尿病、胆总管直径＜1 cm、由胆总管一期缝合手术操作例数＜30例的主刀医师行手术治疗的患者术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的发生率明显升高（P＜0.05）。多因素回归分析发现，上述三个因素是LCBDE胆总管一期缝合术后胆瘘发生的独立危险因素[合并糖尿病：OR（95%CI）4.782（1.176～19.439），P=0.029；胆总管直径＜1 cm：OR（95%CI）5.743（1.535～21.481），P=0.009；胆总管一期缝合手术操作例数＜30例：OR（95%CI）4.693（1.251～17.612），P=0.022]，同时上述三个因素也是术后胆总管狭窄发生的独立危险因素[合并糖尿病：OR（95%CI）3.455（1.147～10.406），P=0.028；胆总管直径＜1 cm：OR（95%CI）4.667（1.500～14.518），P=0.008；胆总管一期缝合手术操作例数＜30：OR（95%CI）3.094（1.049～9.121），P=0.041]。结论 合并糖尿病、胆总管直径＜1 cm、主刀医师经验不足（操作例数＜30例）是LCBDE胆总管一期缝合术后发生胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的独立危险因素。对存在糖尿病或胆总管直径＜1 cm的患者应避免行胆总管一期缝合术；在学习曲线内的主刀医师应采取合理的胆总管一期缝合方式以避免术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的发生。     

颊肌黏膜瓣修复裂隙较宽的完全性腭裂

腭裂修复术的主要目的是通过关闭口鼻腔之间的裂隙，恢复腭部、鼻咽部的解剖结构和生理功能，能够正常吞咽并获得良好的语言功能。自1999年至2002年，我们应用颊肌黏瓣（单侧或双侧）修复裂隙较宽的完全性腭裂10例，现报道如下。     

腭瘘的发病与修复进展

腭瘘是指腭裂修复术后仍遗留在硬软腭部的瘘孔,为腭裂术后最常见的并发症,早期多数国外学者报道腭瘘的平均发生率在23.0%～25.2%[1-2],瘘孔修复术后复发率为25.0%～60.0%[2].国内学者文献报道[3-6]腭瘘的发生率分别为4.6%、6.68%、13.0%、11.1%不等.腭瘘能造成患儿的口腔卫生不良、中耳疾患、语音功能以及心理负担等,如何预防和治疗腭瘘一直是整形外科医生关注的重点,本文就腭瘘的国内外研究现状综述如下.     

七氟烷全凭吸入麻醉用于小儿腭裂手术的临床观察

目的：观察七氟烷复合氧化亚氮全凭吸入麻醉用于小儿腭裂手术的临床效果。方法：选40例按美国麻醉医师学会（American Society of Anesthesiologiests,ASA）身体分级为I～II级的腭裂手术患儿,年龄1.5～4岁,随机分为两组。K组：给予氯胺酮5～8mg/kg＋丙泊酚1.5mg/kg＋维库溴铵0.1～0.15mg/kg诱导插管,术中丙泊酚5～10mg/（kg·h）麻醉维持。S组：给予七氟烷8%面罩吸入＋维库溴铵0.1～0.15mg/kg缓慢静注诱导,术中吸入七氟烷及氧化亚氮和氧气,氧化亚氮1L/min、氧气1L/min,七氟烷1.2～1.5MAC（3%～4%）维持麻醉。根据术中血流动力学状况和手术刺激程度,适当调控麻醉深度。采用SPSS11.0软件包进行统计。结果：两组诱导插管均顺利。K组诱导后患儿心率显著增快（P〈0.01）、血压下降（P〈0.05）,插管及术中剥离腭瓣时仍保持较快心率（P〈0.01）,与S组比较有显著差异（P〈0.01）。S组在诱导后患儿心率、血压有所下降（P〈0.05）,但插管和术中心率血压基本保持平稳。术后S组患儿自主睁眼和拔管的时间显著早于K组（P〈0.05）。结论：七氟烷复合氧化亚氮麻醉能较舒适、平稳地满足小儿腭裂手术要求。     

腭裂术后腭裂隙内自发骨桥形成及其影响因素

目的 进一步观察腭裂修复术后腭裂隙骨性愈合状况，统计并讨论影响骨性愈合的因素。方法 对52例完全性腭裂术后患者进行头颅冠状CT扫描，观察腭裂骨性裂隙的愈合情况并测量腭裂隙内骨桥形成的位置、形态及质量，对测量结果进行统计，分析其影响因素。结果 52例受试者中的37例(7l％)在腭裂隙处存在有不同程度的术后腭骨板骨桥形成。经统计发现，在形成骨桥的患者中男女比例接近；单侧与双侧腭裂者骨桥形成情况差异无显著性意义；在不同手术年龄的患者中，4～7岁接受腭裂修复术者骨桥形成最为明显；所形成的腭裂隙内骨桥相对集中于双尖牙区及磨牙区前份。结论 腭裂术后骨性腭裂隙内明显有新生骨桥形成，影响其形成的因素与手术年龄有关，与性别及腭裂的类型无明显关系。     

单一全层"Z"字瓣改形的腭裂修补术

目的：探索腭裂治疗的一种新方法。方法：对Furlow氏双“Z”字瓣逆向腭裂修复术进行改良，于软腭中部采用单一“Z”字瓣改形，延长软腭，简化 ，避免腭瘘，复裂等并发症产生。结果：采用此法对11例单侧腭裂患者进行整复治疗，术后切口均I期愈合，随访6－36个月无腭瘘，复裂发生；语言评价结果为发音优2例，良8例，差1例。结论：本术式为腭瘘，复裂发生率较低，语音能恢复较好的一种腭裂修补术。     

Palatal Fistulae Following Cleft Palate Surgery

The occurrence and treatment of palatal fistulae have been studied in 1108 CLP patients who had their primary operations performed during the years 1954–69. No fistulae were recorded in 263 patients with incomplete cleft of the primary palate only. These patients were excluded, leaving 845 patients for analysis. The Le Mesurier or Millard technique had been used for the primary lip operation, and the von Langenbeck procedure for closure of the palate; in complete clefts, the anterior part of the palate had been closed using Veau's vomer flap operation simultaneously with lip closure. The observation period ranged from 7 to 22 years, during which time each patient was examined at least once and the majority on several occasions by members of the cleft palate team. The overall incidence of fistulae was 18%. Fistulae were recorded in 11.3% of all complete clefts of the primary palate, and in 36.1% of all complete total clefts. In cases of cleft palate only, fistulae were found in 3.5% of the incomplete clefts, and in 20% of the complete clefts. In patients with bilateral complete clefts, closure of both sides of the lip and anterior palate in one operation seemed to have greatly increased the risk of fistula formation. There was a much higher incidence of fistulae in patients operated on during the years 1954–61 than in those treated in the period 1962–69. Fistula symptoms requiring surgical intervention were recorded in 113 patients. Closure of the fistula was achieved in 84.1%. Of 18 patients with a residual fistula. 17 were asymptomatic or had symptoms so slight that they were considered insignificant and not justifying operation.     

The evaluation of the use of the buccal myomucosal flap in cleft palate repair—a comparative study

This study aimed to evaluate the importance of using the buccal myomucosal flap in cleft palate repair. This is a retrospective comparative study between two centers in which almost the same technique of cleft palate repair is used. The main difference in the repairs is that a buccal myomucosal flap is used as a part of the operation in one center and not in the other. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A was composed of the cases operated at the Craniofacial Institute in Southfield, MI, USA by the second author. In these, a buccal myomucosal flap was used as a step in the cleft palate repair. Group B contained the cases operated in the Plastic Surgery Department Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman using the same procedure but without using the buccal myomucosal flap. The duration of the study was from January 1995 to June 2005. The cases were assessed for oronasal fistulae of the secondary palate. The development of velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) after a minimum follow-up period of 3 years requiring operative intervention was also assessed in the two groups. In group A (using the buccal myomucosal flap), the incidence of oronasal fistulae of the secondary palate was found to be 2 of 126 patients who underwent cleft palate repair (1.6%). The incidence of VPI requiring pharyngoplasty was found to be six out of 94 patients followed up for a period more than 3 years (6.4%). In two patients, buccal flap division of the pedicle was required because the patient was biting on it. In group B (buccal myomucosal flap not used), the incidence of oronasal fistulae of the secondary palate was 14 out of 299 patients who underwent cleft palate repair (4.6%). The incidence of VPI requiring pharyngoplasty was 36 out of 146 patients followed for a period of more than 3 years (24.7%). The incidence of fistulae and VPI development in both groups was found to be decreasing as experience with the technique increased. The use of the buccal myomucosal flap in cleft palate repair has proven to be an effective tool in the reduction of the incidence of fistula formation and VPI. The flap allows cleft palate repair without tension, and this has decreased the incidence of fistula formation. Adding an additional length to the nasal layer of the palate by using this flap also decreases the incidence of VPI significantly. If the flap needs to be divided, it can be performed as an outpatient procedure.     

Palatal fistulas after primary repair of clefts of the secondary palate

Our aim was to assess whether severity of cleft, age at the time of repair, and the operating surgeon's experience contributed to the development of fistulas in patients with clefts of the secondary palate. We studied 814 children born between 1960 and 1999 with clefts of the secondary palate who had had their primary operation at the Department of Plastic Surgery, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Data were collected retrospectively from the archives of the Oslo Cleft Team. Palatal fistulas developed in 36 patients (4%), among whom 17 patients required correction (2% of the total). The incidence of fistulas was not related to sex. Patients with clefts of the hard and soft palate developed fistulas more often than patients with clefts of the soft palate only (8% compared with 1%, p<0.001). Patients with submucous cleft palates developed fistulas significantly more often than patients with clefts of the soft palate only (5% compared with 1%, p=0.02). Among patients with clefts of the hard and soft palate, the incidence of fistulas increased significantly with increasing age at the time of palatal closure (p=0.005). The incidence decreased significantly the more experienced the operating surgeon was for treating clefts of the hard and soft palate (p<0.001) but not for submucous clefts. Among patients with clefts of the hard and soft palate who had the palate closed at 14 months of age or later, the incidence of fistulas decreased from 21% when the operating surgeon had little experience to 0 when the surgeon had much experience. The incidence of fistulas was related to severity of cleft, age at palatal closure, and the operating surgeon's experience.     

两种术式对大龄腭裂患儿术后瘘发生率及语音清晰度改善的影响

目的探讨腭帆单纯提肌重建以及腭帆提肌重建联合带蒂颊脂垫瓣和咽后壁瓣两种术式,对大龄腭裂患儿术后瘘发生率及语音清晰度的影响。方法 60例大龄腭裂患儿(4~9岁),随机分为2组,分别予以单纯腭帆提肌重建(A组)及腭帆提肌重建联合颊脂垫瓣和咽后壁瓣修复(B组),观察并比较术后腭瘘的发生率及语音清晰度情况。结果术后A组瘘发生率明显高于B组(P<0.05);两组术后语音清晰度均较术前提高(P<0.05),且B组优于A组(P<0.05);腭部瘢痕情况B组优于A组(P<0.05)。结论对于大龄腭裂患儿,腭帆提肌重建联合咽后壁瓣及带蒂颊脂垫瓣的术式有效降低了腭瘘的发生率,可获得更好的语音清晰度,并可避免裸露骨面,减少腭部瘢痕形成及对上颌骨生长发育的影响,是一种值得推荐的功能性腭裂修复术式。     

Isolated cleft palate requires different surgical protocols depending on cleft type

A staged protocol for isolated cleft palate (CPO), comprising the early repair of the soft palate at 6 months and delayed repair of the eventual cleft in the hard palate until 4 years, designed to improve maxillary growth, was introduced. CPO is frequently associated with additional congenital conditions. The study evaluates this surgical protocol for clefts in the soft palate (CPS) and for clefts in the hard and soft palate (CPH), with or without additional malformation, regarding primary and secondary surgical interventions needed for cleft closure and for correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency until 10 years of age. Of 94 consecutive children with CPO, divided into four groups with (+) or without (?) additional malformations (CPS?+?or CPS???and CPH?+?or CPH?), hard palate repair was required in 53%, performed with small local flaps in 21% and with bilateral mucoperiosteal flaps in 32%. The total incidence of soft palate re-repair was 2% and the fistula repair of the hard palate was 5%. The total incidence of secondary velopharyngeal surgery was 17% until 10 years, varying from 0% for CPS???and 15% for CPH?, to 28% for CPS?+?and 30% for CPH+. The described staged protocol for repair of CPO is found to be safe in terms of perioperative surgical results, with comparatively low need for secondary interventions. Furthermore, the study indicates that the presence of a cleft in the hard palate and/or additional conditions have a negative impact on the development of the velopharyngeal function.     

Anatomical closure technique of the nasal floor for patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate

Abstract

We describe a new technique for the reconstruction of the nasal floor at the same time as cheiloplasty in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. We operated on patients aged between 3 and 36 months in public secondary and tertiary level institutions. None of these patients had had a previous operation for the correction of the cleft lip or palate. The operation required the design of two mucous flaps, one lateral and one medial to the defect, to reposition the tissues anatomically and repair the congenital deficiency. Three hundred and fifty-eight patients have been treated using this technique, most of whom (n = 233, 65%) were boys, and 288 (80%) presented with a right complete unilateral cleft. Postoperative evaluation showed that 22 patients (6%) had asymmetry of the nasal base equal to or less than 1 mm, 18 (5%) had nasovestibular fistulas, and 5 (1%) required revision. We conclude that this technique greatly reduces the number of asymmetrical nasal floors and the incidence of nasovestibular fistulas.     

271例婴幼儿完全性唇腭裂一期修复及初步观察

目的 探索婴幼儿完全性唇腭裂一期修复的可行性，并对其效果进行初步观察。方法 对3－12个月婴儿安全性唇腭裂进行了一期修复，同时对24例裂隙宽大的患儿进行术前腭部矫治，对术后1－4年的116例患儿唇的外形及事音进行了初步评价。结果 271例婴幼儿完全性唇腭裂修复手术，术后除2例发生呼吸困难，6例腭部瘘孔形成及5例作品渗血外，全部愈合良好。研究发现19例单侧完全性唇腭裂术前腭部矫治后，齿槽部裂隙左右距离轿治前平均缩小6．1mm；前后距离轿较矫治前平均缩小6．6mm；唇外菜评价优良率达93．1％，语音评价优良率达94．8％。结论 婴幼儿完全性唇腭裂一期是完全的、可行的。术前腭部桥治可明显缩小齿槽部的裂隙，有利于宽大裂隙的修复。婴幼儿完全性唇腭裂一期修复可获良好唇外形及语音功能恢复。     

The clinical observation of difficult laryngoscopy and difficult intubation in infants with cleft lip and palate

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence of difficult laryngoscopy in infants with cleft lip and palate and to observe its relationships with age, sites, and degrees of deformities. METHODS: A total of 985 infants aged 1 month to 3 years, undergoing repair of cleft lip and palate were included in this study. The infants suffering from unilateral cleft lip, simple cleft palate, and combined bilateral cleft lip and palate were 465, 421, and 79 respectively. They were divided into three groups according to age; 1-6 months group, 6-12 months group and 1-3 years group. RESULTS: The total incidence of difficult laryngoscopy was 4.77%. The incidence of difficult laryngoscopy was closely related to age, sites and degrees of deformities, and micrognathia. The incidence of difficult laryngoscopy was 7.06% in 1-6 months group, 2.90% in 6-12 months group, and 3.13% in 1-3 years group, and was greatest for infants with combined bilateral cleft lip and palate, less for those with left cleft lip and least for those with right cleft lip and simple cleft palate. The incidences of difficult laryngoscopy in infants with and without micrognathia were 50% and 3.83% respectively. The incidences of moderately difficult, difficult, and failed intubations were 1.02%, 0.91%, and 0.102% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with cleft lip and palate, left cleft lip and alveolus, combined bilateral cleft lip and palate, micrognathia, and age <6 months were the important risk factors for difficult laryngoscopy. Difficult intubation occurred mainly in infants with laryngoscopic views of grade III and IV.