结石红外光谱自动分析系统在尿路结石成分分析中的应用

目的 评价红外光谱自动分析系统检测尿路结石成分的临床应用价值.方法 尿路结石标本1450例.男1032例,女418例.年龄6个月～88岁.男性平均年龄(41.7±15.3)岁,女性(42.0±15.6)岁.肾结石875例(60.34%),输尿管结石504例(34.76%),膀胱结石71例(4.90%).均采用LIIR型结石红外光谱自动分析系统分析.解析结果均行红外光谱人工解析验证,必要时辅以偏光显微镜、X线衍射或化学方法进行验证. 结果在结石总体构成比上,一水草酸钙结石714例(49.24%),碳酸磷灰石结石444例(30.62%),无水尿酸结石93例(6.41%),二水草酸钙结石92例(6.34%),六水磷酸铵镁结石28例(1.93%),胱氨酸结石23例(1.59%),尿酸铵结石20例(1.38%),二水尿酸结石16例(1.10%),二水磷酸氢钙结石12例(0.83%),一水尿酸钠结石2例(0.14%),碳酸钙结石1例(0.07%),其他5例(0.34%).结石的组合成分上,混合性结石1053例(72.62%),单一成分结石仅397例(27.38%).混合性结石主要为含钙类结石.其中15例婴幼儿结石为食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉所致,成分为二水尿酸与尿酸铵的混合结石.验证结果表明,结石主要成分误检6例(0.41%),将无水尿酸误检为尿酸铵或碳酸磷灰石;漏检9例(0.62%),其中漏检六水磷酸铵镁或碳酸磷灰石7例,性质不明2例.在2种和3种成分的混合性结石中,含量相对低的成分各漏检6例和10例,均为六水磷酸铵镁或碳酸磷灰石. 结论结石红外光谱自动分析系统分析尿路结石成分具有准确、自动、快捷等优点,适合临床常规使用.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the value of applying LIIR Automatic Analysis System of Infrared Spectroscopy in analyzing urinary stone composition. Methods 1450 samples of urinary stones were collected from 1032 male and 418 female patients. The age of patients ranged from 6 months to 88 years. The mean ages were 41.7±15.3 and 42.0±15.6 years for male and female patients, respectively. Of 1450 stones, 875 cases were located in kidney (60.34%), 504 cases in ureter (34.76%) and 71 cases in bladder (4.90%). All stones were analyzed by LIIR Automatic Analysis System of Infrared Spectroscopy (Tianjin). Analysis results were reevaluated by the artificial analysis of spectrogram, if necessary, with polarization microscope, chemical analysis, and X-ray diffraction.Results Calcium oxalate monohydrate stones were found in 714 cases (49. 24%), carbonate apatite stones in 444 cases (30.62%), anhydrous uric acid stones in 93 cases (6.41%), calcium oxalate dihydrate stones in 92 cases (6. 34 % ), ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate stones in 28 cases (1.93%), cystine stones in 23 cases (1.59%), ammonium urate stones in 20 cases (1.38%), uric acid dihydrate stones in 16 cases (1.10%), brushite stones in 12 cases (0.83%), sodium urate monohydrate stones in 2 cases (0. 14%), calcium carbonate stones in 1 cases (0. 07%), and other stone types in 5 cases (0. 34%). Most urinary stones were composed of 2 or more compositions, and pure stones were only observed in 397 cases (27.38%). Most of the mixed stones contained calcium and non-calcium mixed stone was rarely observed. In addition, 15 stones were found in infants who had consumed melamine-contaminated milk powder. These stones were composed of uric acid dihydrate and ammonium urate. The results of reevaluation by artificial analysis showed the following: among pure and mixed stones, false detection occurred in 6 cases (0.41%), of which the composition was ammonium urate or carbonate apatite determined by automatic system but the true composition was anhydrous uric acid. False negative detection occurred in 9 cases (0.62%), of which the composition was ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate or carbonate apatite in 7 cases, but in other 2 cases the composition could not be determined by artificial analysis. The false negative detection of components with relatively low content occurred in 6 cases and 10 cases in stones with 2 components and 3 components, respectively. The undetected composition in these cases was ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate or carbonate apatite. Conclusion Automatic Analysis System of Infrared Spectroscopy has many advantages in accuracy, automation and is quick in analyzing the composition of urinary stones, and is worthy of promotion in clinical use.     

局麻下经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石1363例报告

目的 探讨局麻下经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)的可行性及安全性.方法 局麻B超引导下行PCNL 1363例,其中复杂性肾结石475例,肾盂结石520例,输尿管上段结石368例.采用1%～2%盐酸利多卡因10～20 ml自穿刺点皮肤开始沿穿刺方向行浸润麻醉,深达肾筋膜区域.术中采用"0～10"疼痛强度量表评估疼痛程度.结果 1363例均一次穿刺成功并行一期PCNL,其中5通道2例,4通道4例,3通道9例,2通道25例,单通道碎石1323例.肾盂结石取净500例(96.2%),输尿管上段结石均取净(100.0%),复杂性肾结石取净428例(90.1%).疼痛评分0～3分者818例(60.0%),4～6分者409例(30.0%),7～9分者136例(10.0%).10%疼痛评分≥7分者局部予1%～2%盐酸利多卡因5～10 ml或盐酸哌替啶50～75 mg肌肉注射后缓解,无一例因疼痛难以忍受而变动体位或停止手术者,术中未发生肝、脾、胸腔、肠管损伤等严重并发症.结论 局麻B超引导下行PCNL术简单安全有效,值得临床推广运用.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the feasibility of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for treating upper urinary calculi under local anesthesia.Methods One thousand three hundred and sixty-three patients who suffered with upper urinary calculi were treated with PCNL, the puncture and tracts were created using local anesthesia and guided through ultrasound.Of the 1363 patients, 475 patients had complicated renal caluli, 520 patients had kidney pelvic calculi and 368 had upper uretere calculi.Results All of the patients successfully received PCNL under the local anesthesia.Of the 1363 patients five tracts were used in two patients, four tracts were used in four patients, three tracts were used in nine patients, double tracts were used in 25 patents and one tract was used in the remaining patients.The stone-free rate was 96.0% in the kidney pelvic calculi patients, 100.0% in the upper uretere calculi patients, and 90.1% in the complicated renal caluli patients.90.0% patients were find well throught the operation, 10.0% patients find a little pain and solved by another more 5 - 10 ml lidocaine local injection or 50 - 75 mg pethidine hydrochloride intramuscular injection.No case stop operation because of pain or position changed.All without any severe complications such as damaged of liver, spleen, thorax and intestine.Conclusion The PCNL handled under local anesthesia was simple safe and effective, deserved clinical popularizing use.     

腰肋悬空仰卧位下经皮肾镜取石术治疗高危肾输尿管结石患者的安全性分析

目的 研究腰肋悬空仰卧位下经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗高危患者肾和输尿管上段结石的安全性及有效性.方法 2010年10月至2011年3月采用腰肋悬空仰卧位PCNL治疗高危肾输尿管结石患者8例,其中7例合并慢性阻塞性肺病,经呼吸内科治疗后症状缓解;1例合并冠心病,心功能3级.均采用椎管麻醉,B超引导下穿刺肾盂或目标肾盏,用钬激光碎石系统碎石,监测患者术前、手术结束时pH、BE、PCO2.结果 患者手术前后pH、BE、PCO2变化差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),手术耐受性良好.结论 腰肋悬空仰卧位下PCNL治疗高危肾输尿管结石患者安全有效,患者耐受性好.     

内镜乳头球囊扩张术治疗非扩张性肝外胆管结石的疗效分析

Objective To investigate the efficacy of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) in the treatment of non-dilated extrahepatic biliary stones. Methods The clinical data of 317 patients with non-dilated extrahepatic biliary stones who were admitted to the Taiyuan Iron and Steel Corporation Hospital from January 1999 to April 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Of all patients, 119 received EPBD treatment, and the remaining 198 received EST treatment. Sixty-two patients treated by EPBD (EPBD group) and 62 by EST (EST group) were selected to conduct the matched-pair analysis. In the EPBD group, a cylindrical balloon was inserted under the guidance of a guidewire after the conclusive diagnosis by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. After the dilation, stones were extracted by a stone basket or a balloon, and then conventional endoscopic nasobiliary drainage was carried out. In the EST group, stones were extracted by a stone basket or a balloon under the monitor of the digital subtraction radiography after incision of the duodenal papilla. The efficacy of the two methods was compared using the chi-square test. Results The stonefree rate in one session was 92% (57/62) in the EPBD group and 94% (58/62) in the EST group, with no significant difference between the two groups ( χ 2 = 0.222, P > 0.05 ). The number of patients who were complicated with hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis was slightly greater, and the number of patients who were complicated with duodenal perforation was smaller in the EPBD group than those in the EST group, while there was no significant difference between the two groups ( χ 2 = 0. 286, 1. 000, 2.000, P > 0.05 ). The numbers of patients who were complicated with duodenal papilla bleeding or biliary infection in the EPBD group were significantly smaller thanthose in the EST group ( χ 2 = 4. 000, 7. 000, P < 0.05 ). All patients were followed up for 24 months. The recurrence rate of bile duct stone and the incidence of biliary infection in the EPBD group were significantly lower than those in the EST group at the end of 6, 12 and 24 months (χ2 =4. 000, 5. 000, 6.000; 6.000, 8.000,11. 000, P < 0.05 ). Conclusions Combined application of EPBD and ENBD has the advantages of minor trauma and quick recovery of patients. It can preserve the function of duodenal papilla, so it is the first choice for treating non-dilated extrahepatic biliary stones.     

胰管结石的分型和治疗

Objective To explore the classification and surgical management of pancreatic duct stones.Methods The clinical data of 54 patients with pancreatic duct stones who were admitted to the People's Hospital of Hunan Province from June 1994 to November 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. Stones were found in the head of the pancreas (type Ⅰ ) in 31 patients, in the body and tail of the pancreas (type Ⅱ ) in 7 patients, and in all the pancreas (type Ⅲ ) in 16 patients. According to the types of the pancreatic duct stones, ten patients (6 with type Ⅰ , two with type Ⅱ and two with type Ⅲ pancreatic duct stones) received opening of the main pancreatic duct + pancreaticojejunostomy or pancreaticogastrostomy ( group A). Twenty-four patients ( 16 with type Ⅰ and eight with type Ⅲ pancreatic duct stones) received pancreaticoduodenectomy (group B). Fifteen patients (nine with type Ⅰ and six with type Ⅱ pancreatic duct stones) received subtotal resection of pancreatic head preserving duodenum (group C). Five patients with type Ⅱ pancreatic duct stones received resection of the body and tail of the pancreas and the spleen (group D). All data were analyzed using the t test. Results The mean operation time, blood loss, length of postoperative stay and hospital charges of group A were (2.2 ± 1.2)hours,( 127 ±24)ml,( 11.4 ±4.3) days and (3.24 ± 1.15 ) × 104 yuan, respectively. Five out of nine patients who were followed up had stone recurrence. The mean operation time, blood loss, length of postoperative stay and hospital charges of group B were (7.6 ± 1.1 ) hours, (409 ± 37 ) ml, ( 18.9 ± 2.5 ) days and (7.93 ± 1.35 ) × 104 yuan, respectively.No stone recurrence was detected in the 21 patients who were followed up. The mean operation time, blood loss,length of postoperative stay and hospital charges of group C were (4. 1 ± 0.7 ) hours, ( 156 ± 63 ) ml, ( 10.3 ±2.1 )days and (4. 12 ± 1.22) × 104 yuan, respectively. No stone recurrence was detected in the 15 patients who were followed up. The mean operation time, blood loss, length of postoperative stay and hospital charges of group D were (3.3 ± 1.4) hours, ( 185 ± 36 ) ml, ( 9.3 ± 2.0) days and ( 3.22 ± 1.05 ) × 104 yuan, respectively. No complication was detected after the operation, and no stone recurrence was detected in the three patients who were followed up. There were significant differences in the mean operation time, blood loss, length of postoperative stay and hospital charges between patients with type Ⅰ and Ⅲ pancreatic duct stones who received pancreaticoduodenectomy and subtotal resection of pancreatic head preserving duodenum (t = 12. 143, 14. 099, 11. 550, 9. 103,P < 0.05 ). Conclusions Classification of the pancreatic duct stones is important for choosing the proper surgical procedure. Subtotal resection of pancreatic head preserving duodenum is ideal for the treatment of patients with type Ⅰ or Ⅱ pancreatic duct stones.     

肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术的疗效与安全性探讨

目的 评价经肾上盏入路行PCNL的疗效及安全性.方法 2007年10月至2009年10月行经肾上盏入路PCNL治疗肾结石患者42例.其中鹿角形结石10例,肾盂结石22例,肾上盏结石7例,下盏多发结石3例;合并输尿管上段结石4例,合并肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(UPJO)2例;结石长径2.0～6.5 cm,平均3.4 cm.B超引导下选取肾上盏穿刺,穿刺点选在第10或11肋间,建立经皮肾通道(16～26 F).经皮肾镜或输尿管镜下气压弹道或钬激光碎石. 结果 42例均一期成功建立经皮肾通道并碎石.单通道取石36例(85.7%),双通道取石6例(14.3%).手术时间30～140 min,平均65 min.术后发热4例(9.5%),输血1例(2.4%),肾盂穿孔1例(2.4%).无气胸、血胸、腹腔脏器损伤.一期结石清除率88.1%(37/42),3例(7.1%)行二次肾镜取石,2例(4.8%)辅助体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗. 结论经肾上盏入路PCNL活动范围大,对于部分复杂性肾结石碎石取石方便,是一种安全有效的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)guided by ultrasonography through upper pole access. Methods From October 2007 to October 2009, 42 patients with upper urinary tract calculi underwent PCNL through upper pole access.Among these cases, there were 10 cases of staghorn calculi, 22 cases of renal pelvis calculi, 7 cases of the upper calyx calculi, 3 cases of the lower calyx calculi, 4 cases combined with ureter calculi and 2 cases combined with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The stone measured from 2.0 to 6.5 cm (average: 3.4 cm) in length. Working tunnels (F16-F26) were established through the 10th or llth intercostals. Pneumatic or holmium laser lithotripsy was used to disintegrate and remove stones by nephroscopy or ureteroscopy. Clinical data including operation time, complications and stone free rate were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the operations were completed in one session, single tract was used in 36 cases(85.7%), double tracts were used in the other 6 cases(14.3%). The stonefree rate after one session was 88.1% (37/42), 3 cases(7.1%) received a second-session PCNL, 2 cases (4.8%)underwent ESWL after operation. The mean operative time was 65 min(30- 140 min).Postoperative surgery-related infection rate was 9. 5% (4/42). One patient (2. 4%)required blood transfusion. Perforation of the pelvis occurred in 1 patient(2.4 %). No pleural or important organ injury occurred. Conclusion The upper pole access for PCNL can be convenient to remove stones,this method is a highly efficient and safe technique.     

折叠式结石拦截器在经皮肾镜取石术中的应用

目的 探讨折叠式结石拦截器在经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗肾结石中的有效性和安全性.方法 回顾分析108例行PCNL肾结石患者临床资料.术中应用折叠式结石拦截器56例,未应用52例.2组患者性别、年龄、结石大小比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).比较2组在结石清除率、手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数和并发症等差异. 结果 2组结石清除率分别为94.6%(53/56)和82.7%(43/52),手术时间分别为112、142 min,出血量为205、245 ml,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组住院时间分别为2.8、3.0 d,并发症发生率分别为16.1%(9/56)和15.4%(8/52),2组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论折叠式结石拦截器使用简单、方便、安全,PCNL术中能有效阻止结石碎片下滑进入输尿管,提高结石清除率、缩短手术时间、减少手术出血量、不增加手术并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolitholomy with a PercSys accordion stone management device in the treatment of renal calculi. Methods The data of 108 patients with renal calculi who underwent PCNL were retrospectively analyzed. Outcomes of 56 patients who underwent PCNL with the PercSys accordion device (group A) were compared with the outcomes of 52 patients who underwent PCNL without the accordion device (group B). Clinical data including stone-free rate, operative time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay and complications were compared. Results The stone-free rates of group A and group B were 94. 6% and 82.7%, operative time was 112 min and 142 min, the mean blood loss was 205 ml and 245 ml, respectively. The differences between the 2 groups were significant(P＜0. 05). The length of hospital stay was 2.8 d and 3.0 d, the complication rates were 16.1 % and 15.4%. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups for these 2 aspects(P＞0. 05). Conclusions The PercSys accordion device can be easily inserted and deployed during PCNL. It successfully prevents antegrade stone fragment migration, increases the stone-free rate and reduces the operative time and blood loss.     

Arterial embolization for iatrogenic life-threatening bleeding from subcutaneous hypervascular tumor in prone position

Performing angiography in the prone position is a difficult technique; however it is useful in some emergency situation. We experienced a 60 years old male who was performed lipema excision on his back in his family doctor＇s clinic. Since massive arterial bleeding could not be controlled with manual astriction, he transferred to our hospital in prone position with hemodynamic instability. Operating field was not kept because of massive bleeding; therefore surgical treatment was impossible. We planed emergency arterial embolization （AE） in prone position. Hence we chose the left radial artery for vascular access. The left subclavicle arteriography showed many major and minor feeding arteries from left subclavicular and axillary arteries and a massive extravasation of the contrast medium. Three major feeding arteries were performed AE with gelatin sponge and steel coils, After AE, massive bleeding was controlled. He could discharge from our hospital on the 5th hospital day without any complication. Arterial embolization for lifethreatening bleeding from subcutaneous hypervascular tumor in the prone position is first report to our knowledge, and it is extremely rare. However we thought that this technique is useful for patients who could not turn in the supine position, e.g. massive bleeding during renal biopsy and penetrating trauma from back.     

Follicle-stimulating hormone autoantibody is involved in idiopathic spermatogenic dysfunction

Aim： To detect the anti-follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH） antibody in idiopathic infertile patients and fertile subjects in order to determine the role of this antibody in patients with spermatogenic dysfunction. Methods： The anti-FSH antibody in serum was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The functional and structural integrity of the sperm membrane was evaluated with hypo-osmotic swelling （HOS） test and the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa was investigated by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Results： The extent of positive FSH antibody in the patients with oligozoospermia and/or asthenozoospermia was significantly higher than that in the fertile subjects and infertile patients with normal sperm concentration and motility, but it was significantly lower than that in the patients with azoospermia. The extent of anti-FSH antibody in the patients with azoospermia was significantly greater than that in patients with oligospermia and/or asthenospermia, infertile people with normal sperm density and motility and fertile people. The hypo-osmotic swelling test showed that the percentage of HOS-positive spermatozoa （swollen） was 45.1% ±3.5% in the FSH antibody-positive group and 59.1% ± 6.2% in the FSH antibody-negative control group. The percentage of functional membrane damage to spermatozoa was significantly higher in the anti- FSH antibody-positive group than in the control group. TEM showed that the outer acrosomal membrane was located far from the nucleus, and detachment of the acrosome was found in the FSH autoantibody-positive group. Conclusion： These data suggest that the presence of anti-FSH antibody is strongly correlated with the sperm quantity and quality in idiopathic male infertility. Anti-FSH antibody may be an important factor causing spermatogenic dysfunction and infertility.     

骨肉瘤患者血清中整合素α2β1的表达水平

目的 检测骨肉瘤患者血清中整合素α2β1的表达,探讨其与骨肉瘤生物学行为的关系及在治疗前后和肺转移时的变化.方法 应用酶联免疫吸附技术检测43例骨肉瘤患者(病例组)术前及术后、化疗前及化疗后血清整合素α2β1含量,男28例,女15例;年龄8～47岁,平均(18.42±9.10)岁;骨母细胞型24例,纤维母细胞型9例,软骨母细胞型7例,其他3例;EnnekingⅡA期13例,ⅡB期26例,Ⅲ期4例;其中22例患者接受新辅助化疗.26例志愿者为正常对照组,男16例,女10例;年龄18～32岁,平均(23.54±3.82)岁.病例组分别根据肿瘤大小、原发部位、临床分期、组织学分型以及转移情况进行分组,比较各组血清中整合素α2β1表达的差异.结果 病例组患者术前血清整合素α2β1为(2.44±0.89)μg/L,显著高于对照组(1.85±0.43)μg/L.术前表达水平与骨肉瘤Enneking临床分期、肿瘤大小和远处转移存在相关性,而与肿瘤原发部位及Dahlin组织学分型无关.骨肉瘤保肢术后患者整合素α2β1的血清浓度降低.接受新辅助化疗的患者化疗前后血清中整合素α2β1表达水平的差异具有统计学意义.结论 整合素α2β1的表达与骨肉瘤的发生、发展、转移呈正相关,可能成为一项新的诊断及评估骨肉瘤预后的生物学指标.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the expression of Integrin α2β1 in serum of osteosarcoma patients and to investigate the effect of Integrin α2β1 on metastasis of osteosarcoma. Methods Sandwich enzymelinked immunosorbent assay was applied to test Integrin α2β1 in serum of 26 healthy controls (male 16, female 10; age 18-32, average age 23.54±3.82) and 43 osteosarcoma patients (male 28, female 15;age 8-47,average age 18.42±9.10)before and after the surgery and the chemotherapy. The patients included osteoprogenitor cells type in 24 cases, fibroblast type in 9 cases, chondroblast type in 7 cases, and other types in 3cases; with Enneking stage ⅡA in 13 cases, stage ⅡB in 26 cases, stage Ⅲ in 4 cases. Among them, 22 patients receive the neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. After that, we compared the data of different groups. At the same time, in accordance with tumor size, position, clinical stage, histology grade and metastasis situation to categorize groups compared among the groups of serum Integrin α2β1 differences in order to explore its relationship with patients' prognosis and metastasis. Results The Integrin α2β1 of osteosarcoma patients in blood before the surgery was expressed highly. It was significantly higher than the control group. The expression before surgery had significant correlation with osteosarcoma Enneking clinical stages, tumor size and metastasis. And it was independent of tumor position and Dahlin histology grade. The expression of Integrin α2β1 in blood of the osteosarcoma patients after limb salvage surgery decreased significantly. And the expression of Integrin α2β1 in blood of patients receiving new adjuvant chemotherapy was significant differences before and after the chemotherapy. Conclusion The expression of Integrin α2β1 has positive correlation with the occurrence, development and metastasis of the osteosarcoma. It is probably a new biological indicator for diagnosis and estimating prognosis of osteosarcoma. Simultaneously surgery and new adjuvant chemotherapy are still effective methods to treat osteosarcoma.     

“腰肋悬空”仰卧位经皮肾镜术在高危及肥胖患者中的应用

目的探讨采用一种新型体位—＂腰肋悬空＂仰卧位进行经皮肾镜碎石取石术在高危（心肺功能不全）及肥胖患者中应用的安全性及有效性。方法采用该新仰卧位进行经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肾结石20例。其中男性10例,女性10例,平均年龄（55.3±10.7）岁;结石长径2~6cm,平均（2.72±1.05）cm。其中美国麻醉师协会ASA麻醉分级Ⅲ级患者12例,肥胖患者8例;均采用椎管麻醉,在B超引导下穿刺肾盂成功后,依次扩张通道至16或20F,用钬激光或三代超声将结石完全击碎。结果所有患者均穿刺成功且均能良好耐受手术,无1例患者因体位不适提前终止手术。平均手术时间为（87.90±34.98）min。一次性结石清除率达到80%,残留结石4例,其中2例二期手术取尽结石。所有患者均未输血;无胸膜、腹腔脏器损伤等并发症发生。结论采用＂腰肋悬空卧位＂进行超声引导下经皮肾镜碎石取石术安全有效、耐受性好,临床上有很好的应用价值。     

320排肾脏CTA在“腰肋悬空”仰卧位PCNL中的应用价值

目的:评价320排肾脏CTA(CT血管造影)"在腰肋悬空"仰卧位经皮肾镜碎石术中的应用价值及腰肋悬空仰卧位的影像解剖学特点。方法:2010年9月～2011年7月对23例肾结石患者术前行320排肾脏CTA及三维重建,明确肾脏分支血管分布情况及肾脏与周围脏器毗邻关系,进而设计最佳穿刺路径建立经皮肾穿刺通道。患者平均年龄(49.5±11.5)岁;最大径2～6cm,平均为(2.97±1.29)cm。均采用椎管麻醉;手术体位采用腰肋悬空仰卧位。在B超引导下穿刺肾盂或目标肾盏成功后,依次扩张通道至F16或F20,用钬激光或三代超声将结石完全击碎。术后复查320CTA验证穿刺路径及了解结石残留情况。结果:肾脏320排CTA可清晰显示肾内分支血管分布情况。本组23例患者全部穿刺成功,建立通道满意,一期清石率82.6%(19/23)。所有患者均未输血,无胸膜及内脏器官损伤。术后320排CTA检查显示肾造瘘管位于肾脏无血管区。结论:320排CTA可以明确结石、肾盂肾盏、肾分支血管分布及三者关系,真实反映肾脏与周围器官毗邻关系,以利于设计最佳通道,从而降低大出血及损伤邻近脏器风险。腰肋悬空仰卧位时经腋后线于水平方向进针,可通过肾脏无血管区建立通道。     

斜卧截石位在经皮肾镜取石术中的临床研究

目的 探讨斜卧截石位经皮肾镜取石术( percutaneous nephrolithotripsy,PCNL)治疗肾结石的安全性及有效性. 方法 采用斜卧截石位行PCNL术治疗肾结石患者75例,结石位于左侧40例,右侧35例.67例为肾盂肾盏多发结石,8例为铸型结石,结石最大径平均18.6( 15 ～65 mm).合并输尿管结石27例,结石平均最大径约12.2(9～15) mm.该体位将患侧肩部及臀部分别用沙袋垫高,使患侧向上倾斜45°,患侧下肢内收屈曲抬高置于脚架;健侧下肢屈曲置于外展的水平板上.摆放完成后患者整体成一斜卧截石位.均采用全身麻醉,B超引导下穿刺肾盂或目标肾盏成功后,依次扩张通道至F18,用钬激光碎石. 结果 本组75例患者手术均成功,无一例中转开放手术.平均手术时间(90.4 ±35.6) min.术中出血平均( 130.2±12.6) ml,均未输血.术后7例发热,予抗感染治疗后治愈,无肾盂穿孔、输尿管损伤、胸腹腔脏器损伤、败血症、休克等并发症.术后2～5d拔除肾造瘘管,术后4周拔除双J管.术后平均住院7 d.肾结石Ⅰ期取净率为93.3％.术后复查KUB,5例残留肾结石,1周后行Ⅱ期PCNL手术取净结石2例,1月后行ESWL治疗3例,结石完全清除.27例输尿管结石均Ⅰ期取净.术后75例均随访3个月,彩超复查结石排净,无明显结石残留. 结论 斜卧截石位下PCNL安全有效,患者耐受性好.     

斜仰截石位下经皮肾镜取石术的临床研究

目的 研究斜仰截石位经皮肾镜取石术( percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)治疗肾和输尿管上段结石的临床价值. 方法 采用斜仰截石位行PCNL治疗肾输尿管结石患者68例,其中肾结石28例,输尿管上段结石40例.结石最大径平均(2.1 ±1.6) cm. 结果 本组68例患者均手术成功,无一例中转开放手术.采用单通道64例,双通道4例.平均手术时间(88.0 ±36.5) min,术中平均出血量(150.0±70.5) ml.一次性结石清除率为89.7％(61/68),残留结石7例,其中4例二期手术取尽结石,3例行ESWL治疗.术后严重出血3例,行输血治疗;高热2例,予敏感抗生素治疗后痊愈.无胸膜、结肠等腹腔脏器损伤等并发症发生. 结论 斜仰截石位行PCNL术治疗肾输尿管结石安全有效,患者耐受性好.     

斜仰卧位经皮肾镜取石术在高龄高危肾结石患者中的应用

目的探讨斜仰卧位经皮肾镜取石术治疗高龄高危肾结石患者的安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年3月至2011年10月,采用斜仰卧位经皮肾镜取石术治疗32例高龄高危肾结石患者资料。术前积极处理合并症,将手术风险降低至最低限度后行斜仰卧位经皮肾镜取石术。结果本组32例手术均顺利。手术时间12～75min,平均45min。住院时间平均8.6d,一期手术结石取尽26例,3例行体外冲击波碎石,3例行二期手术取石,结石总取净率87.5%。术中、术后无大出血、周围脏器损伤等严重并发症发生,术中未见肾盂输尿管穿孔,仅1例需术后输血,5例患者术后发热。结论斜仰卧位经皮肾镜取石术具有创伤小安全性等高优点,尤其适用于高龄、高危肾结石患者。     

无管化标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石67例

目的探讨无管化标准通道经皮肾镜取石术在治疗上尿路结石方面的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年7月采用无管化标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗67例上尿路结石患者的临床资料。其中单发肾结石24例,多发肾结石13例,不完全性鹿角形结石8例,连接部及输尿管上段结石22例,结石最大直径0．9～3．0cm。我们对于非复杂型上尿路结石,肾皮质厚度≥1cm、无严重尿路感染、无活动性出血、无集合系统穿透性损伤及满意的清石病例,术后仅留置双J管而不放置肾造瘘管。结果所有患者均一期手术成功。平均手术时间36．7±2．3min;术后第l天疼痛评分为2．9±1．5mm,术后平均住院时间（4．1±0．8）d;术前、后平均血红蛋白下降值为（1．0±0．5）μ/L;结石清除率100％。无输血病例及选择性肾动脉栓塞病例;无感染性休克和肾周积液发生。结论在经过严格筛选病例基础上,无管化标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石是安全可行的。     

伴脊柱畸形上尿路结石的经皮肾镜取石术

目的 探讨应用超声定位经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗伴脊柱畸形上尿路结石的可行性及安全性.方法 伴脊柱畸形的上尿路结石患者35例.男19例,女16例.平均年龄32(22～64)岁.患者均经B超、KUB、CT检查确诊.左侧21例、右侧12例、双侧2例,共37侧.鹿角状结石7侧,多发结石21侧,单发结石9侧.结石长径平均26(12～45)mm.伴发脊柱畸形单纯侧凸3例,侧凸合并前、后凸32例.凸向患肾20侧,凸向健肾17侧.脊柱弯曲角度Cobb角>45°16例,<45°19例.脊柱畸形引发患肾形态改变13侧(35.1%),位置明显移位26侧(70.3%).引发胸廓畸形31例(88.6%).肺功能检查13例,通气和贮备功能下降11例.35例患者37侧肾脏手术,2例双侧结石间隔1周分2次完成手术.全身麻醉,手术取俯卧位9侧,侧卧位14侧,其他非常规体位14侧.应用实时彩色多普勒超声定位,一期成功建立24 F标准皮肾通道并应用气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统去除结石. 结果 一期单通道手术34侧(91.9%),一期双通道手术3侧(8.1%).通道建立时间(8.55±1.7)min,平均结石处理时间(39.3±14.6)min.一期结石清除32侧(86.5%),多期结石清除2侧,总净石率91.9%(34/37).3例有残石患者保守观察.输血2例.未发生脏器损伤和尿源性败血症. 结论 脊柱畸形可导致泌尿系统及胸廓的解剖异常,常规体位及定位穿刺与通道建立困难.设计合理的手术体位,彩色多普勒超声定位,伴脊柱畸形的上尿路结石PCNL治疗安全、有效.     

双肾结石俯卧与仰卧位经皮肾镜术的对比研究

目的：探讨俯卧位与仰卧位采取经皮肾镜取石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL）的安全性和疗效比较。方法：对9例双肾结石患者,分别分期行采用B超引导一侧俯卧和另一侧仰卧位PCNL。结果：9例患者18侧肾全部取石成功,其中3例5侧肾行二期取石。俯卧和仰卧位的手术时间、术后住院时间及一次清石率分别为（108．2土45．6）min,（116．5±31．2）min;（5．6±1．8）天,（5．8±1．5）天;66．7％（6／9）,77．8％（7／9）。术中血气均无显著变化,未出现严重手术并发症。俯卧位时恶心、呕吐者8例,呼吸困难4例,肩痛5例,术中因不适药物干预7例,其中2例因不能耐受终止手术2例;仰卧位肩痛2例,未出现药物干预和因不能耐受终止手术。结论：PCNL仰卧位较俯卧位患者耐受性好、痛苦小,而两者疗效无差异,是更好的PCNL治疗体位的选择。     

一期输尿管软镜联合经皮肾镜治疗鹿角形结石合并脓肾的疗效和安全性

目的探讨一期输尿管软镜(FURS)联合经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗鹿角形结石合并脓肾的可行性、有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析北京大学第三医院2017年5月至2019年12月采用一期FURS联合PCNL治疗的13例鹿角形结石合并脓肾患者的病例资料,男7例,女6例。年龄52.5(33~68)岁。临床表现为间断发热9例,腰部不适6例,肉眼血尿1例,2例无明显临床表现。8例合并糖尿病。CT检查示完全型鹿角形结石6例,部分型7例;结石位于左侧7例,右侧6例;4例伴中/重度肾积水,9例伴轻度肾积水。影像学检查评估结石负荷(1070.9±397.0)(507.4~1809.5)mm^2。13例术前均行尿细菌培养及药敏试验。4例住院时有发热症状者术前留置患侧输尿管支架管≥1周。所有病例术前应用抗菌药物≥1周,待感染症状及感染相关指标恢复正常后接受手术治疗。手术采用全麻,患者取改良Valdivia体位。先经尿道置入FURS到达患侧肾盂,B超及FURS引导下在患侧腋中线和肩胛旁线之间、12肋下建立经皮肾标准通道,单通道PCNL下采用负压吸引装置吸出脓液并处理视野范围内的结石,再联合FURS处理其他肾盏结石。术中PCNL穿刺成功后,均可见肾内浑浊脓性尿液排出,留取肾内尿液送检细菌培养及药敏试验。本组13例均经术中肾盂尿细菌培养结果确诊为脓肾。术后常规留置输尿管支架管和肾造瘘管,继续抗感染治疗。术后第1~3天行影像学检查,评估结石清除率,残留结石≥4 mm为有意义的结石残留。结果本组13例手术均顺利完成,手术时间(94.2±21.8)(65~135)min。一期结石清除率76.9%(10/13)。术后6例出现全身炎症反应综合征,无脓毒血症及≥Clavien-DindoⅢ级并发症发生。术后中位随访12(3~24)个月,4例患侧结石复发,2例患侧轻度肾萎缩,随访期间无患侧上尿路感染复发。结论FURS联合PCNL是治疗鹿角形结石合并脓肾的有效方法,具有良好的疗效和安全性。     

超声引导下针状肾镜联合标准通道PCNL治疗鹿角形结石的安全性和有效性

目的总结超声引导下针状肾镜联合标准通道经皮肾镜取石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)治疗鹿角形结石的初步临床应用经验,探讨其安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2017年12月至2019年6月北京清华长庚医院收治的65例鹿角形结石患者的临床资料。男41例,女24例。年龄(53.5±8.9)岁。体质指数(25.1±2.9)kg/m2。结石最大径(10.9±3.1)cm。双侧鹿角形结石3例,完全鹿角形结石38例。术前无积水或轻度积水36例。既往有同侧肾结石手术史12例。孤立肾9例。65例均行超声引导下针状肾镜联合标准通道PCNL。手术采用全麻,患者取俯卧位。超声引导下经皮肾穿刺扩张后建立F24标准皮肾通道,肾镜下应用气压弹道联合超声负压吸引清石系统处理鹿角形结石主体。针状肾镜由F4.2针状金属外鞘和通过螺旋接口相连接的三通管针柄组成,三通管的3个接头可分别置入0.6 mm视频光纤、200μm钬激光光纤和连接液体灌注装置。标准通道肾镜碎石后残留的平行盏结石采用超声引导下针状肾镜穿刺进入目标盏后,连接钬激光光纤进行碎石。结果本研究65例中,3例为双侧结石,共68侧手术。中位手术时间为79.8(45~129)min。通道建立时间中位值为4.8(2.5~9.6)min。术中标准通道建立中位值为1.5(1~3)个,针状肾镜穿刺中位值为1.0(1~3)次。术后第1天血红蛋白下降中位值为10.6(0~25.9)g/L。术后住院时间中位值为5.5(4~7)d。总并发症发生率为10.3%(7例),其中ClavienⅠ级5例,包括术后发热2例,镇痛剂使用3例;ClavienⅡ级2例,均为输血。一期结石清除率79.4%(54/68)。14例有残石者中,9例行二期手术治疗,其中7例残石被清除,最终结石清除率为89.7%(61/68)。结论采用超声引导下针状肾镜联合标准通道PCNL治疗鹿角形结石是安全、有效的,术后早期清石率较高,并发症发生率较低。