南京市社区居民道路交通安全知识、态度、行为分析

目的 了解南京市某社区居民预防道路交通伤害的知识、信念和行为情况,为开展社区道路交通安全健康教育工作提供参考.方法 采用随机多级抽样的方法抽取被调查社区,用自行设计的调查问卷对社区居民进行调查.结果 社区居民道路交通知识的知晓率较低;29.07%的人认为道路交通安全应该由行人、机动车和非机动车共同负责;社区居民参与交通过程中的违章情况较多,在调查前一个月有过1种以上违章行为的社区居民比例为45.47%;在过去的一个月中,有2.23%的人发生过交通事故.结论 南京市社区居民预防和控制道路交通伤害的知识、信念和行为均存在着一定的差距,应进一步加强对社区居民开展以宣传道路交通安全法为主的健康教育活动.     

上海市某社区居民伤害流行特征分析

目的了解上海市社区居民伤害流行特征和疾病负担,为社区伤害防治提供科学依据。方法采用2阶段整群抽样方法,对2007-07--2008-06上海市某社区居民伤害发生情况进行回顾性调查。结果社区居民的伤害发生率为3．03％。男性居民的伤害发生率为2．25％,女性居民的伤害发生率为3．79％。前3位伤害原因为跌倒、交通事故、打击／撞击。发生的伤害事件的伤害性质以骨折、挫伤／扭伤、擦伤／其他浅表伤为前3位。研究提示伤害的发生与职业、文化程度、家庭收入、生活习惯有关联。结论社区易发生伤害人群的特点为女性、老人、低学历、低收入。为了创建一个安全社区,社区应将老年跌倒作为伤害防治的首要重点。     

上海市闵行区虹桥镇居民伤害现况及危险因素分析

为了解虹桥社区居民伤害流行病学情况,2006年7月闵行区虹桥镇开展了社区伤害横断面流行病学调查,寻找造成伤害问题的可能原因和影响因素,为社区伤害防制效果的评价提供基线依据。1对象与方法1.1对象以户为单位,被抽取到的居民小组的家庭内所有成员作为本次调查对象。1.2方法本次调查采用以样本社区的居民小组为单位的概率与规模成比例抽样,共抽取2个居民小组,调查该居民小组内所有家庭内成员,共调查2400户,有效应答2208户,有效应答率达92.00%。1.3内容问卷包括以下内容,居民个人信息,伤害的相关特征,伤害后果及影响,具体的伤害信息。1.4统计…     

居家伤害相关因素的多水平模型分析

目的 了解居家伤害发生的相关因素,分析居家伤害发生的条件.方法 调查上海市某街道常住居民9760户,根据WHO"社区伤害和暴力调查指南"以及"伤害外部原因国际分类"自行设计调查问卷.结果 社区居民居家设施中消防和用电安全方面隐患比较大,厨房煤气泄露报警器安装率仅有14.85%;有40.75%家庭没有设置紧急逃生时方便开启的窗.居民能够坚持居家生活时安全行为的比例为50%～70%,其中35.93%的家庭把洗涤剂或药物放在饮料瓶等容器中储存.仅有1.81%的居民认为居家也是伤害发生的高危场所.多水平模型分析显示,家庭因素和户主因素对居家安全有显著影响,如家庭人口数、人均居住面积、受教育程度、职业状况等.结论 居家设施和居家行为中可能导致伤害发生的相关因素广泛存在.     

伤害

海岛社区居民伤害现况调查;广州市15岁以上居民伤害流行特征及其社区卫生服务利用的状况;2001-2004年间上海市道路交通事故流行病学特征分析;某医院医务人员血源性职业伤害目标性监测及管理.     

海岛社区居民伤害现况调查

目的调查海岛县（南澳县）居民伤害发生的现况,为社区伤害的防制工作提供科学依据。方法根据世界卫生组织推荐的社区调查方案,随机选择512户1638名社区居民,对其过去1a内伤害发生情况进行入户问卷调查。结果16个社区居民在1a里共发生各类伤害754人次,总发生人次率为43.28%。伤害发生率前3位依次为钝/锐器伤、跌倒/坠落、烧烫伤。发生伤害的男性（421人次,占55.84%）是女性（333人次,占44.16%）的1.26倍,且男性伤害发生率明显高于女性（P=0.001）。男/女性均是钝/锐器伤的发生率最高。男性钝/锐器伤的发生率高于女性,64.52%发生在31～55岁,45.50%发生于农牧渔水利生产人员（其中渔民占63.60%）。跌倒/坠落伤多发生在1～15岁、41～55岁及60岁以上,47.19%发生于学龄前儿童和学生。女性烧烫伤的发生率高于男性,46.15%发生于做家务的人群。结论海岛县城农牧渔水利生产人员是伤害高发人群,政府部门应针对当地伤害发生特点尽快制定并实施相应的预防策略与措施。     

绍兴市社区居民伤害现况和疾病负担调查

目的　调查绍兴市居民伤害的发生现况和疾病负担。方法　采取随机分层整群抽样入户调查的方法 ,选择城区、郊区、平原和山区 4类不同地区 116 4 0名社区居民 ,对其伤害发生情况进行回顾性调查。结果　 8种伤害的总发生率为 12 .5 4 % ,标化率为 12 .5 1% ,居发生率前三位的伤害依次为跌伤、钝 /锐器伤和车祸。不同年龄组的伤害发生率差异有显著性 (χ2 =15 8.92 ,P <0 .0 1)。男性高于女性 (χ2 =13.0 1,P <0 .0 1) ;不同地区居民的伤害发生率差异有显著性(χ2 =75 .37,P <0 .0 1) ,依次为郊区 15 .95 %、平原 14 .0 7%、城市 10 .16 %、山区 9.6 1%。平均每例伤者休息 9.11d ,医疗费用 6 2 1.6 2元。结论　绍兴市居民伤害发生率较高 ,并导致较重的疾病负担 ,应加强伤害的预防和控制工作。     

广州3社区居民伤害现况及影响因素分析

目的 了解广州3个社区居民的伤害现况及其影响因素,为制订有效的社区伤害干预政策提供科学依据。方法 应用本研究组设计的《伤害调查问卷》,对广州天河区的3个社区500户居民进行抽样调查。采用χ2检验对不同性别、不同年龄组的居民进行伤害发生原因的差异性检验。结果 伤害发生率为30.3%;15~29岁年龄组的伤害发生率最高（30.0%）,7~14岁年龄组的伤害发生率最低（10.8%）;体育运动场所、街道、私人住处和休闲娱乐餐饮场所等地点多发,以10月份最为多见。主要伤害类型:扭伤（26.0%）、跌/坠伤（25.8%）、刀或锐器伤（18.7%）、硬物或钝器伤（17.5%）等。受伤部位主要是上肢和下肢。伤害产生的影响:交通伤的平均休息天数、住院时间和门诊次数最高（分别为5.00 d,2.70 d,1.53次）,电击伤的平均休息天数、住院时间和门诊次数则为最低（分别为0.50 d,0.00 d,0.00次）。结论 社区居民伤害发生率较高,应根据其伤害发生特点进行针对性干预,以减少社区伤害的发生。     

鞍山市居民伤害流行病学调查

目的 了解鞍山市居民伤害的发生水平与分布特征,为评估伤害导致的疾病负担提供基本信息.方法 采用多级抽样方法对鞍山市4个区共2 807名居民过去1 a中的伤害情况进行回顾性调查.结果 伤害发生率为13.86%,伤害事件发生率为14.89%,标化率为15.18%.伤害类型前5位为刀或锐器伤、跌倒、运动伤、撞击挤压伤和烧烫伤.伤害损伤性质前5位为开放性伤口、浅表伤、扭伤劳损、骨折和烧烫伤.结论 鞍山市居民伤害发生率较高,急需开展有针对性的伤害防控工作.     

上海市康健社区2006年居民伤害流行病学特征分析

全面科学地分析居民伤害流行特征和评价伤害造成的疾病负担，是制定伤害预防和干预措施的基础，同时也是评价安全社区创建工作及伤害预防干预措施效果的主要依据。上海市康健社区自2096年起开始创建安全社区工作，为掌握社区伤害基线情况，笔者于2007年7～8月，对社区居民伤害情况进行了抽样入户调查，客观描述康健社区伤害的流行情况及其变化特点，为更好地开展安全社区建设工作，提供科学参考依据。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.