残余胆囊结石与急性胰腺炎8例分析

Objective To study the residual gallbladder stones and the relationship between the onset of acute pancreatitis and its surgical treatment.Methods Retrospective analysis was made in 13 patients with residual gallbladder admitted tO the hospital from June 1998 to December 2007,of which 8 cases of residual gallbladder stones and acute pancreatitis were invostigated.Thirteen cases of patients had underovent cholecystectomy 2 to 9 years before,the first symptoms occurred before 1 month to 8 years.Other remnants of the gallbladder were diagnosed by B-ultrasound and CT,magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).Results Two cases were confirmedas pigment stones;6 cases as cholesterol stones(size0.2 cm ～0.5 cm,an average of 3.2 cm);1 cases as anonlalous pancre-aticobiliary junction(anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union,APBDU);5 cases as anomal;8 cases(61.5%)as episode of acute pancreatitis.Au patients underwent resection of residual gallbladder,with line choledochal cyst excision and biliary-enteric Roux-en-Y internal drainage in 1 case.choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage in 3 cases.Postoperative follow-up of residual gallstone was done in 8 cases,no pancreatitis attack in 6 cases,pancreatitis attack in 2 cases.Significant difference was found in onset of acute pancreatitis (P=0.019,P<0.05).Five patients without stones in patients with postoperative all none pancreatitis attack.Conclusion Patients with residual gallbladder stones are prone to acute pancreatitis,and cholecystectomy for patients with residual treatment Can reduce the pancreatitis attack.     

残余胆囊结石与急性胰腺炎8例分析

Objective To study the residual gallbladder stones and the relationship between the onset of acute pancreatitis and its surgical treatment.Methods Retrospective analysis was made in 13 patients with residual gallbladder admitted tO the hospital from June 1998 to December 2007,of which 8 cases of residual gallbladder stones and acute pancreatitis were invostigated.Thirteen cases of patients had underovent cholecystectomy 2 to 9 years before,the first symptoms occurred before 1 month to 8 years.Other remnants of the gallbladder were diagnosed by B-ultrasound and CT,magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).Results Two cases were confirmedas pigment stones;6 cases as cholesterol stones(size0.2 cm ～0.5 cm,an average of 3.2 cm);1 cases as anonlalous pancre-aticobiliary junction(anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union,APBDU);5 cases as anomal;8 cases(61.5%)as episode of acute pancreatitis.Au patients underwent resection of residual gallbladder,with line choledochal cyst excision and biliary-enteric Roux-en-Y internal drainage in 1 case.choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage in 3 cases.Postoperative follow-up of residual gallstone was done in 8 cases,no pancreatitis attack in 6 cases,pancreatitis attack in 2 cases.Significant difference was found in onset of acute pancreatitis (P=0.019,P<0.05).Five patients without stones in patients with postoperative all none pancreatitis attack.Conclusion Patients with residual gallbladder stones are prone to acute pancreatitis,and cholecystectomy for patients with residual treatment Can reduce the pancreatitis attack.     

肾盏憩室及其并发症的外科处理

目的 探讨肾盏憩室合并结石、感染的诊治特点及方法.方法肾盏憩室患者29例.男11例,女18例.平均年龄26(18～61)岁.其中单纯性肾盏憩室3例,合并感染14例(其中3例外院以肾囊肿行去顶减压术后漏尿转入),合并结石12例.行开放手术治疗10例,憩室去顶,并缝合憩室开口;行腹腔镜下手术8例,憩室处理同开放手术,2例合并结石者同时行取石术;行经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)11例,取出结石并扩张憩室盏颈,留置肾造瘘管,其中1例中转开放.结果开放及腹腔镜下手术均取得成功,腹腔镜术后1例漏尿予患侧放置双J管1个月后治愈;1例行PCNL术失败中转开放.取石术后1周复查KUB平片无结石残留.29例平均随访14(6～24)个月,患者症状明显改善,无再发感染及结石.结论肾盏憩室常合并结石及感染,采用腹腔镜及PCNL等手术治疗安全可行,疗效确切.术前确诊、术前准备及术中证实是确保手术成功的重要环节.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the diagnosis and treatment for complications of renal caliceal diverticulum with calculi or infection. Methods A retrospective investigation was performed on 29 cases with renal caliceal diverticulum. The 29 cases included 11 males and 18 females aged 18 to 61 years. Among the study group, 3 cases were simple renal caliceal diverticulum, 12 cases were diagnosed as diverticular calculi and 14 cases presented recurrent urinary tract infections including 3 cases with urinary fistula after unroofing and decompression as renal simple cyst from another hospital. Ten cases underwent an open operation that unroofed and decompressed the cyst, and sutured the diverticular neck. Eight cases underwent laparoscopic operation similar to the open operation, including lithotomy in caliceal diverticulum in 2 cases. Eleven cases diagnosed with caliceal diverticular calculi were taken one-stage percutaneous nephrolithotomy including dilating the diverticular neck, remaining the nephrostomy catheter and Double-J ureteral stents, and 1 case was transferred to open operation.Results The open and laparoscopic operations were performed successfully. One case was cured by Double-J ureteral stenting after postoperative urinary leakage. One case was transferred to open operation for the failure of percutaneous puncturation. X-ray examination revealed that there were no remaining stones after the operation. All the patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months without calculi and infection recurrence. Conclusions Stones and infection are common that complications of renal caliceal diverticulum. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, laparoscopy and other operations were effective and feasible treatment options for cases with complications of renal caliceal diverticulum. Exact diagnosis was very important for treatment of renal caliceal diverticulum before operation.     

肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术的疗效与安全性探讨

目的 评价经肾上盏入路行PCNL的疗效及安全性.方法 2007年10月至2009年10月行经肾上盏入路PCNL治疗肾结石患者42例.其中鹿角形结石10例,肾盂结石22例,肾上盏结石7例,下盏多发结石3例;合并输尿管上段结石4例,合并肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(UPJO)2例;结石长径2.0～6.5 cm,平均3.4 cm.B超引导下选取肾上盏穿刺,穿刺点选在第10或11肋间,建立经皮肾通道(16～26 F).经皮肾镜或输尿管镜下气压弹道或钬激光碎石. 结果 42例均一期成功建立经皮肾通道并碎石.单通道取石36例(85.7%),双通道取石6例(14.3%).手术时间30～140 min,平均65 min.术后发热4例(9.5%),输血1例(2.4%),肾盂穿孔1例(2.4%).无气胸、血胸、腹腔脏器损伤.一期结石清除率88.1%(37/42),3例(7.1%)行二次肾镜取石,2例(4.8%)辅助体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗. 结论经肾上盏入路PCNL活动范围大,对于部分复杂性肾结石碎石取石方便,是一种安全有效的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)guided by ultrasonography through upper pole access. Methods From October 2007 to October 2009, 42 patients with upper urinary tract calculi underwent PCNL through upper pole access.Among these cases, there were 10 cases of staghorn calculi, 22 cases of renal pelvis calculi, 7 cases of the upper calyx calculi, 3 cases of the lower calyx calculi, 4 cases combined with ureter calculi and 2 cases combined with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The stone measured from 2.0 to 6.5 cm (average: 3.4 cm) in length. Working tunnels (F16-F26) were established through the 10th or llth intercostals. Pneumatic or holmium laser lithotripsy was used to disintegrate and remove stones by nephroscopy or ureteroscopy. Clinical data including operation time, complications and stone free rate were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the operations were completed in one session, single tract was used in 36 cases(85.7%), double tracts were used in the other 6 cases(14.3%). The stonefree rate after one session was 88.1% (37/42), 3 cases(7.1%) received a second-session PCNL, 2 cases (4.8%)underwent ESWL after operation. The mean operative time was 65 min(30- 140 min).Postoperative surgery-related infection rate was 9. 5% (4/42). One patient (2. 4%)required blood transfusion. Perforation of the pelvis occurred in 1 patient(2.4 %). No pleural or important organ injury occurred. Conclusion The upper pole access for PCNL can be convenient to remove stones,this method is a highly efficient and safe technique.     

多镜联合治疗肝外胆管结石3780例

目的 探讨腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜联合治疗肝外胆管结石的方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析1998年3月至2010年6月兰州大学第一医院收治的3780例肝外胆管结石患者的临床资料,根据患者胆管结石不同位置和采用腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜的情况,将患者分为"一镜"、"二镜"、"三镜"治疗组;通过患者治疗后的影像学检查和随访结果,比较3组患者治疗的成功率和并发症的发生率.结果 "一镜"治疗组1425例患者,成功率为89.54%(1276/1425),并发症发生率为6.73%(86/1276);149例治疗失败,其中83例接受"二镜"治疗、66例接受"三镜"治疗."二镜"治疗组1792例患者(含转入83例),成功率为95.93%(1719/1792),并发症发生率为4.07%(70/1719);73例治疗失败(转入"三镜"治疗组)."三镜"治疗组785例(含转入139例)患者,成功率为99.75%(783/785),并发症发生率为0.26%(2/783);2例治疗失败患者选择开腹手术治疗.结论 腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜联合应用治疗肝外胆管结石可以优势互补,明显提高结石取尽成功率,降低术后并发症的发生率.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the efficacy of combined application of laparoscope and multiple endoscopes for the treatment of extra-hepatic bile duct stones.Methods The clinical data of 3780 patients with extra-hepatic bile duct stones who were admitted to the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from March 1998 to June 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the condition of bile duct stones,laparoscope,choledochoscope and duodenoscope were applied separately or combinately.All patients were divided into A,B and C groups.Patients in group A were treated by laparoseopy,choledochoscopy or duodenoscopy;patients in group B were treated by choledochoscopy+duodenoscopy.duodenoscopy+laparoscopy or laparoscopy+choledochoscopy;patients in group C were treated by laparoscopy+duodenoscopy+choledochoscopy.The efficacies of different treatment approaches were analyzed by comparing the results of imaging examination and follow-up.Results The curative rate and complication rate of the group A were 89.54%(1276/1425)and 6.73%(86/1276),respectively.Of the 149 patients in the group A who were failed in the treatment,83 patients were transferred to the group B,and 66 patients were transferred to the group C.The curative rate and complication rate of the group B(including 83 patients transferred from the group A)were 95.93%(1719/1792)and 4.07%(70/1719),respectively,and 73 patients who were failed in the treatment were transferred to the group C.The curative rate and complication rate of the group C(including 139 patients transferred from the group C)were 99.75%(783/785)and 0.26% (2/783),respectively,and 2 patients who were failed in the treatment received open surgery.Conclusion Combined application of laparoscope and endoscopes could raise the success rate of stone clearance and decrease the postoperative complications.     

应用输尿管镜放置双J管早期治疗输尿管阴道瘘

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of placing double J stent using a ureteroscope in early managing ureterovaginal fistula.Methods Twenty-eight patients cases with ureterovaginal fistula from 2002 to 2008 were treated early with placing double J stent using a ureteroscope and the clinical data were reviewed.Results Twenty-two of 28 cases were treated and double J stent was placed in them by a uretero-scope and 75% (21/28)of cases were cured.Four of 21 cases were treated twice by a ureteroscope and were cured finally.7 cases with failure ureterovaginal treatment underwent ureterocystostomy and were cured.The follow-up from 6 months to 33 months (average 10.1±6.4 months)showed that all of the 28 cases had been cured and had no urinary fistula.Conclusion Placing double J stent using a ureteroscope is the first choice of operative procedure for the early treatment of ureterovaginal fistula.     

应用输尿管镜放置双J管早期治疗输尿管阴道瘘

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of placing double J stent using a ureteroscope in early managing ureterovaginal fistula.Methods Twenty-eight patients cases with ureterovaginal fistula from 2002 to 2008 were treated early with placing double J stent using a ureteroscope and the clinical data were reviewed.Results Twenty-two of 28 cases were treated and double J stent was placed in them by a uretero-scope and 75% (21/28)of cases were cured.Four of 21 cases were treated twice by a ureteroscope and were cured finally.7 cases with failure ureterovaginal treatment underwent ureterocystostomy and were cured.The follow-up from 6 months to 33 months (average 10.1±6.4 months)showed that all of the 28 cases had been cured and had no urinary fistula.Conclusion Placing double J stent using a ureteroscope is the first choice of operative procedure for the early treatment of ureterovaginal fistula.     

应用输尿管镜放置双J管早期治疗输尿管阴道瘘

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of placing double J stent using a ureteroscope in early managing ureterovaginal fistula.Methods Twenty-eight patients cases with ureterovaginal fistula from 2002 to 2008 were treated early with placing double J stent using a ureteroscope and the clinical data were reviewed.Results Twenty-two of 28 cases were treated and double J stent was placed in them by a uretero-scope and 75% (21/28)of cases were cured.Four of 21 cases were treated twice by a ureteroscope and were cured finally.7 cases with failure ureterovaginal treatment underwent ureterocystostomy and were cured.The follow-up from 6 months to 33 months (average 10.1±6.4 months)showed that all of the 28 cases had been cured and had no urinary fistula.Conclusion Placing double J stent using a ureteroscope is the first choice of operative procedure for the early treatment of ureterovaginal fistula.     

应用输尿管镜放置双J管早期治疗输尿管阴道瘘

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of placing double J stent using a ureteroscope in early managing ureterovaginal fistula.Methods Twenty-eight patients cases with ureterovaginal fistula from 2002 to 2008 were treated early with placing double J stent using a ureteroscope and the clinical data were reviewed.Results Twenty-two of 28 cases were treated and double J stent was placed in them by a uretero-scope and 75% (21/28)of cases were cured.Four of 21 cases were treated twice by a ureteroscope and were cured finally.7 cases with failure ureterovaginal treatment underwent ureterocystostomy and were cured.The follow-up from 6 months to 33 months (average 10.1±6.4 months)showed that all of the 28 cases had been cured and had no urinary fistula.Conclusion Placing double J stent using a ureteroscope is the first choice of operative procedure for the early treatment of ureterovaginal fistula.     

应用输尿管镜放置双J管早期治疗输尿管阴道瘘

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of placing double J stent using a ureteroscope in early managing ureterovaginal fistula.Methods Twenty-eight patients cases with ureterovaginal fistula from 2002 to 2008 were treated early with placing double J stent using a ureteroscope and the clinical data were reviewed.Results Twenty-two of 28 cases were treated and double J stent was placed in them by a uretero-scope and 75% (21/28)of cases were cured.Four of 21 cases were treated twice by a ureteroscope and were cured finally.7 cases with failure ureterovaginal treatment underwent ureterocystostomy and were cured.The follow-up from 6 months to 33 months (average 10.1±6.4 months)showed that all of the 28 cases had been cured and had no urinary fistula.Conclusion Placing double J stent using a ureteroscope is the first choice of operative procedure for the early treatment of ureterovaginal fistula.     

426例陕西地区泌尿系结石红外光谱成份分析

目的探讨近年来陕西地区泌尿系结石成份构成情况,并根据结石成份构成指导泌尿系结石的治疗和预防。方法采用天津LIIR型结石红外光谱自动分析系统对426例陕西地区泌尿系结石标本进行成份分析。结果多种成份混合结石占72．30％;各成份的检出率为：一水草酸钙71．83％、碳酸磷灰石63．85％、二水草酸钙42．26％、无水尿酸11．03％、尿酸铵3．76％、磷酸铵镁3．29％。结论陕西地区泌尿系结石的主要成分为草酸钙,碳酸磷灰石和尿酸类结石。     

232例湖北地区泌尿系结石红外光谱成分分析

目的：分析湖北地区泌尿系结石化学成分的构成,为本地区结石的防治提供依据。方法：采用结石红外光谱自动分析系统对2011年11月～2012年8月期间收集到的湖北地区泌尿系结石232例进行成分分析。结果：232例结石中,各成分的检出率为：一水草酸钙（COM）85．34％,二水草酸钙（COD）62．93％,碳酸磷灰石（CA）24．14％,无水尿酸（UA）12．93％,二水磷酸氢钙（PH）4．31％,磷酸铵镁（MAP）6．90％,黄嘌呤1．29％,胱氨酸（CYS）1．29％,方解石0．86％,尿酸铵（AU）0．86％。含草酸钙成分结石86．21％,含磷酸钙成分结石28．45％,含磷酸铵镁成分结石6．90％,含尿酸成分结石13．79％,含胱氨酸成分结石1．29％。混合成分结石181例（78．02％）,尿路结石发病男性多于女性,男女比例为3．14：1。结论：湖北地区泌尿系结石以混合性结石为主,COM检出率最高,其次为COD。结石成分分析对于结石的防治有重要意义。     

广东东莞地区416例泌尿系结石成分分析

目的 应用红外光谱法测定东莞地区泌尿系结石化学成分,探讨本地区泌尿系结石患者的尿路结石成分特点,为本地区泌尿系结石的深化治疗、防止结石复发及预防提供科学依据.方法 收集经自行排出、碎石后排出或手术中取出的泌尿系结石标本416例,应用溴化钾压片技术的红外光谱法对其化学成分进行定性分析.结果 416例泌尿系结石患者中男性居多,占66.8%(278/416),女性占33.2%(138/416);上尿路结石占88.2%,下尿路结石(膀胱结石居多)占11.8%;结石成分定性分析共检测出一水草酸钙、二水草酸钙、碳酸磷灰石、无水尿酸、六水磷酸铵镁和尿酸铵6种化学成分.单一成分结石163例(一水草酸钙/无水尿酸/碳酸磷灰石/六水磷酸铵镁:98/56/6/3),占39.2%;混合成分结石253例,占60.8%,其中以草酸钙和碳酸磷灰石的混合结石为主(188/253).所有结石标本中草酸钙检出率最高,占80.5%(335/416),其次为碳酸磷灰石(49.3%)及无水尿酸(17.3%);膀胱结石成分以一水草酸钙或无水尿酸为主.结论 东莞为全国泌尿系结石最高发地区,其结石成分以草酸钙和碳酸磷灰石为主,单一成分结石亦占相当比例.尿路结石成分分析对了解结石成因可提供重要的线索,对临床制定个性化治疗方案、预防结石形成及复发具有重要意义.     

广东南海地区泌尿系结石患者结石成分分析(附986例报告)

【摘要】 目的 应用红外光谱法分析广东南海地区泌尿系结石患者的结石,为临床个性化防治泌尿系结石及复发提供理论依据。方法 通过自然排出、碎石后排出或手术取出获得结石样本986例,并应用红外光谱法对其行结石成分分析。结果 泌尿系结石患者男女比例为1.34∶1,51岁~60岁年龄阶段患者所占比例最高,上尿路结石发病人数明显多于下尿路结石,比例达9.49∶1。定性分析共检测出一水草酸钙、二水草酸钙、碳酸磷灰石、无水尿酸、六水磷酸镁铵和胱氨酸6种化学成分。混合成分结石647例,占总人数的65.6%;含钙结石853例,占86.51%。草酸钙检出率最高,占77.38%,其次是碳酸磷灰石(5.27%)和尿酸(13.29%)成分。结论 采用红外光谱法分析泌尿系结石成分,对于了解结石成因、预防结石形成和复发具有重要的意义。     

Infrared spectroscopic analysis of urinary stones (including stones induced by melamine-contaminated milk powder) in 189 Chinese children

Aim

The aim of the study was to investigate the composition of the stones in Chinese children with urolithiasis, including peculiar stones induced by melamine-contaminated milk powder.

Materials and Methods

Between 1999 and 2009, 189 urinary stones from children of East China were received at our institution. Among them, 12 stones were received from pediatric stone formers with a history of consuming melamine-contaminated milk powder in 2008; and the remaining stones were defined as “natural” stones. All stones were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Results

Among 177 “natural” stones, whewellite stone (49.72%) was observed most frequently followed by weddellite stone (15.25%), uric acid anhydrous stone (9.6%), carbapatite stone (9.04%), cystine stone (9.04%), ammonium acid urate stone (4.52%), struvite stone (2.26%), and sodium urate stone (0.56%). Twelve young children who consumed melamine-contaminated milk powder were younger than 3 years, and their stones were composed of a mixture of uric acid dihydrate and ammonium acid urate based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the stones were radiolucent and could be dissolved by urine alkalinization.

Conclusions

Our study emphasizes the relatively high rate of calcium oxalate stones and cystine stones, and the relatively low rate of struvite stones in Chinese children with urolithiasis. The stones caused by melamine-contaminated milk powder are composed of the mixture of uric acid dihydrate and ammonium acid urate.     

佛山市顺德地区原住居民与外来居民尿路结石成分差异性分析

目的分析广东佛山市顺德地区原住居民与外来居民尿路结石成分的差异性。方法选取顺德区新容奇医院泌尿外科2017年1月~2019年1月收治的300例尿路结石患者,根据居民来源分为原住居民组150例及外来居民组150例,利用红外光谱结石检测仪对尿路结石成分进行分析和比对。结果原住居民组含钙结石占比、纯尿酸结石占比高于外来居民组,感染性结石占比低于外来居民组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其他结石占比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);原住居民组中一水草酸钙占比高于原住居民组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),二水草酸钙、一水草酸钙+二水草酸钙尿酸铵、无水尿酸、一水尿酸钠以及二水尿酸占比与外来居民组数值相当,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论顺德地区原住居民与外来居民尿路结石成分存在较大差异性。     

2015~2018年达州市尿路结石患者人口学特征及结石化学成分分析

目的对2015~2018年四川省达州地区尿路结石患者人口学特征及结石化学成分进行分析。方法选择2015年1月至2018年12月四川省达州市中西医结合医院进行治疗的583例尿路结石患者,经体外振动波碎石、手术、自排等方式获得结石标本583份进行研究。所有患者入组后均采集性别、年龄、居住地等一般资料,获取结石标本后以结石红外光谱自动分析系统对其化学成分进行分析。结果583例患者中单纯性结石289例(49.75%),二重混合性结石288例(49.40%),三重混合性结石6例(1.03%)。从结石成分分布上看草酸钙占比最高,为94.00%,其次是磷酸磷灰石37.04%、尿酸及尿酸铵14.92%。女性患者磷酸铵镁占比为4.31%,明显高于男性的1.35%(P<0.05)。其他成分不同性别患者分布情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。60岁以下的患者结石成分为草酸钙占比为96.69%,明显高于60岁及以上者的89.55%(P<0.05)。其他成分不同年龄段患者分布情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。城镇居民患者草酸钙、磷酸磷灰石占比分别为96.69%、40.38%,均明显高于农村居民的89.82%、28.74%(P<0.05)。其他成分不同居住环境患者分布情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论四川达州地区尿路结石患者结石化学成分易草酸钙为主,其次为磷酸磷石灰石、尿酸及尿酸铵。不同性别、年龄、居住环境对尿路结石化学成分分布有一定的影响。     

湖北省荆门地区泌尿系结石成分及特征分析

目的探讨湖北省荆门地区的泌尿系结石成分特征,为临床治疗和诊断提供参考。方法选取荆门市第一人民医院、沙洋县人民医院、钟祥市人民医院和京山县人民医院四院泌尿外科于2016年1月至2018年12月间收治的患者资料,将符合标准的2000例患者纳入研究,使用红外光谱法检测其结石成分,并结合患者一般资料进行分析。结果泌尿系结石患者中50~65岁人群患病率最高,为46.60%(932/2000);男性患者1297例(64.85%),为女性患者的1.85倍;其中≤12岁和>75岁患者中的男女比例比值最大,为3∶1。结石主要位于肾脏和输尿管,膀胱占比较少,尿道不常见。结石成分主要草酸钙,其次为碳酸磷灰石和尿酸类,胱氨酸和磷酸铵镁结石不常见;仅在女性患者中发现羟基磷灰石和磷酸氢钙结石(占0.5%~0.7%),同时女性磷酸铵镁成分明显比男性常见(P<0.001)。首发和复发患者结石成分占比大体相似,草酸钙结石占大部分,碳酸磷灰石结石常见,尿酸类和磷酸铵镁结石出现率不高,胱氨酸、羟基磷灰石和磷酸氢钙结石不常见。结论湖北省荆门地区泌尿系结石草酸钙成分和肾脏发病最为常见,男女结石部分成分存在差异,可为该地区临床针对性预防和治疗提供参考。     

Urolithiasis in Okinawa, Japan: A relatively high prevalence of uric acid stones

AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of urinary tract stones in patients from Okinawa, the most southern island group of Japan. METHODS: The study was conducted by 12 hospitals in Okinawa. A total of 1816 urinary tract calculi were obtained from 1816 patients (1323 males; 493 females). The patients had a mean age of 53 +/- 15.3 years (mean +/- SD). The calculi were examined to determine their chemical composition. Stone samples were analyzed by computed infrared spectrophotometer. RESULTS: Pure stones comprised 58.4% of the total, with calcium oxalate stones accounting for 40% (21% monohydrate [whewellite]; 6.6% dihydrate [weddellite]; and 12.4% combined monohydrate and dihydrate stones), uric acid/urate stones for 9.6%, calcium phosphate stones for 5.1%, and struvite stones for 3.7%. The other 41.6% of the stones consisted of calcium oxalate mixed with other components. The male-to-female ratio was 2.7:1. CONCLUSION: In our series, calcium oxalate stones accounted for 81.6% of the urinary tract calculi, while uric acid/urate stones accounted for 15.8%. Uric acid stones, predominantly the anhydrous and/or dihydrate forms, showed a relatively high prevalence. Calcium oxalate stones, predominantly in the form of whewellite, showed a high prevalence among pure calculi; while the predominant combinations among mixed calculi were weddellite + calcium phosphate and whewellite + uric acid/urate.     

Composition and clinically determined hardness of urinary tract stones

OBJECTIVES:To derive hardness factors for crystal phases of urinary tract stones and describe the hardness pattern in a stone population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a retrospective study, recordings from patients treated with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) (stone surface area < or = 100 mm2) were used to derive hardness factors. The number of re-treatments, the number of shock waves and the energy index (the voltage in kilovolts multiplied by the number of shock waves) required for a satisfactory stone disintegration were assumed to reflect the hardness. The stone composition in 2100 patients provided the basis for an average hardness pattern. A hardness index was calculated from the fraction of each crystal phase and its hardness factor. RESULTS: The hardness factors were as follows: calcium oxalate monohydrate, 1.3; calcium oxalate dehydrate, 1.0; hydroxyapatite, 1.1; brushite, 2.2; uric acid/urate, 1.0; cystine, 2.4; carbonate apatite, 1.3; magnesium ammonium phosphate, 1.0; and mixed infection stones, 1.0. The hardness index for 114 stones (surface area 100-200 mm2) corresponded reasonably well to the ESWL treatment efforts. Calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite were the most frequently encountered crystal phases in all 2100 stones. Only 21% of the stones were composed of only one crystal phase. There were two, three and more than three crystal phases in 26%, 38% and 15% of the stones, respectively. The hardness index calculated for 2100 stones ranged between 0.70 and 2.33, with a mean (SD) of 1.18 (0.15). CONCLUSIONS: The hardness factors and hardness index derived in this study might be useful for describing the stone situation in individual patients and groups of patients and for comparison of various treatment strategies.