江苏省2010年宋内志贺菌耐药相关整合子分析及分子分型研究

目的分析江苏省2010年宋内志贺菌的整合子分布及分子分型特征。方法对江苏省2010年分离的33株宋内志贺菌采用K-B纸片法检测抗菌药物敏感性,联合PCR和限制性片段多态性(RFLP)进行整合子分类和可变区检测,利用测序技术判断整合子可变区耐药基因,应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分子同源性分析。结果宋内志贺菌多重耐药率为63.64%,对复方新诺明、四环素、萘啶酸和氨苄西林耐药率较高,分别为84.85%、75.76%、66.67%和63.64%。33株宋内志贺菌中51.52%的菌株检出I类整合子,其中4株可变区阳性,携带dfrA17-aadA5基因盒;81.82%的菌株检出II类整合子,携带dfrA1-sat1-aadA1基因盒;两类整合子同时存在时耐药性更为显著。PFGE图谱分为13个不同带型,同一带型菌株大多分散于江苏各地。结论整合子在宋内志贺菌中广泛存在,参与其多重耐药机制。多重耐药性在不同地区、不同克隆的菌株间扩散传播。     

志贺菌属非典型1类整合子与耐多药关系

目的研究志贺菌属中非典型1类整合子的分布及其与耐多药性的关系。方法对实验室保存的90株志贺菌属进行8种抗生素药敏实验,针对非典型1类整合子的耐药基因盒区域设计引物进行聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增和限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析,对代表性菌株进行测序分析。结果 90株志贺菌属中有86株(95.6%)对≥3种抗生素耐药;有66株(73.3%)对氨苄青霉素(AMP)、四环素(TET)和氯霉素(CHL)联合耐药;非典型1类整合子分布于65株(72.2%)志贺菌属中;RFLP分析结果表明,所有酶切产物的带型均一,测序分析发现序列为blaoxa-30-aadA1;非典型1类整合子阳性菌株对AMP-TET-CHL联合耐药率(81.5%)高于阴性菌株(52.0%),经双侧χ2检验发现差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论志贺菌属非典型1类整合子阳性与其对AMP-TET-CHL联合耐药有关,可能参与耐多药性的形成。     

腹泻病人中志贺菌的耐药性和Ⅱ类整合子

目的:研究志贺菌的耐药表型、携带的耐药基因及整合子的流行现状。方法:对2008年-2009年从闵行区腹泻病患者大便标本分离的63株志贺菌,用KB法测定其对9种抗生素的药物敏感情况;PCR筛查整合子种类;长片段扩增Ⅱ类整合子可变区并测序。结果:63株志贺菌均表现出明显的多重耐药和交叉耐药现象,福氏志贺菌对复方新诺明、氨苄青霉素、四环素和萘啶酸的耐药率达90%以上。宋内氏志贺菌对复方新诺明和四环素的耐药率达85%以上。92.1%(58/63)的志贺菌中检出II类整合子,未检出I类整合子。58株II类整合子保守区阳性的标本,可变区扩增亦全部阳性,大小约3 kb～4 kb之间。测序结果显示耐药菌株含有编码对磺胺类抗生素耐药的基因dfrA1、对链丝菌素耐药的基因sat1和对氨基糖甙类抗生素耐药的基因aadA1。结论:多重耐药和交叉耐药在志贺菌中广泛存在;耐药志贺菌携带II类整合子,II类整合子与耐药表型之间存在一定关联。     

健康人肠道大肠埃希菌整合子和耐药基因盒的研究

目的：研究健康人肠道大肠埃希菌的整合子携带情况与整合子携带的基因盒种类及其与耐药性之间关系.方法：PCR检测Ⅰ类整合子,确定细菌携带整合子的情况.整合子阳性菌株进一步检测整合子的可变区,分析插入基因盒的序列.结果：150株大肠埃希菌中有38株携带Ⅰ类整合子,集中分布在对3种以上抗生素耐药的菌株中.插入基因盒集中在甲氧苄氨嘧啶耐药基因（dfr）和氨基糖甙类抗生素耐药基因（aadA）.结论：细菌的多重耐药性与整合子携带高度一致,但是细菌耐药谱和其整合子无对应关系.     

产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子的鉴定和分析

目的阐明各种来源的产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌(Shiga toxin-producing E. coli,STEC)中I类耐药整合子的分布、特征、所含基因盒的状况以及所表达的耐药信息.方法常规分离出大肠埃希菌、血清学分型,PCR法鉴定产stx1-2毒素性菌株;纸片扩散法对17种抗菌药物进行耐药性监测和分析;PCR法鉴定I类整合子阳性株;PCR产物测序并对结果进行分析.结果各种标本中共鉴定出46株产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌,其中23株为O157:H7;全部STEC对复方新诺明耐药,对链霉素耐药率为28.3%,氨苄西林为30.4%,而且有5株对至少＞4种抗菌药物多重耐药,耐药谱为复方新诺明-链霉素-氨苄西林-庆大霉素;46株分离株中有11株(23.9%)鉴定出I类整合子,PCR产物测序得知9株携带aadA1基因盒,2株携带aadA2基因盒,均来自氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药菌株(39.3%),传递对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药性.结论I类整合子存在于各种来源的产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌中,并携带相应的基因盒,决定着对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药性.     

食品中大肠埃希菌整合子与耐药性的关系研究

目的：研究食品中大肠埃希菌的整合子携带情况及其与耐药性之间的关系。方法：PCR检测细菌总DNA中1、2、3类整合酶基因，确定细菌携带整合子的情况。阳性菌株进一步检测整合子的可变区，分析插入基因盒的序列。结果：50株大肠杆菌中19株携带1类整合子，2株携带2类整合子，集中分布在对4种以上抗生素耐药的菌株中。插入基因盒主要是dfr和aadA类基因盒，各种基因盒组合中最常见的是dfr17-aadA5。结论：细菌的多重耐药性与整合子携带高度一致，但是单个菌株的耐药谱与整合子的耐药基因盒缺乏对应关系。     

食品中沙门菌整合子与耐药性关系研究

目的：研究食品中沙门菌的整合子携带情况及整合子与耐药性之间的关系。方法：PCR检测细菌总DNA中1、2、3类整合酶基因，确定细菌携带整合子的情况。整合子阳性菌档进一步检测整合子的可变区，分析插入基因盒的序列。结果：69株大肠菌中25株携带1类整合子，集中分布在对4种以上抗生素耐药的菌株中。插入基因盒主要是dfr(甲氧苄氨嘧啶)和aadA(氨基糖甙类)基因盒，各种基因盒组合中最常见的是difrl—aadA1。结论：细菌的多重耐药性与整合子携带高度一致，但是单个菌株的耐药谱与整合子的耐药基因盒缺乏对应关系。     

食品中沙门菌整合子与耐药性关系

目的 研究食品中沙门菌的整合子携带情况及整合子与耐药性之间的关系。方法PCR检测细菌总DNA中1，2，3类整合酶基因，确定细菌携带整合子的情况。整合子阳性菌株进一步检测整合子的可变区，分析插入基因盒的序列。结果69株沙门菌中25株携带1类整合子。集中分布在对4种以上抗生索耐药的菌株中。插入基因盒主要是dfr（甲氧氨嘧啶）和aadA（氨基糖甙类）基因盒，各种基因盒组合中最常见的是dfrl-aadA1。结论细菌的多重耐药性与整合子携带高度一致。     

多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌Ⅰ类整合子基因盒的检测与耐药机制研究

目的对某校附属医院临床分离的多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌进行Ⅰ类整合子基因盒检测,分析其与细菌耐药性的关系。方法应用PCR方法对临床分离的50株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌进行Ⅰ类整合子检测,并对整合子阳性株进行耐药基因盒的扩增与测序。结果 50株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中21株检出I类整合子(42.0%),对整合子阳性菌株可变区进行扩增得到5种不同大小的基因片段,片段大小在730~2 550 bp,片段包含编码氨基糖苷类抗生素腺苷酰基转移酶的aadB、aadA6、aadA2基因盒,编码氨基糖苷类抗生素乙酰基转移酶的aac-6Ⅱ基因盒,编码PSE-1蛋白PSE-1基因,编码二氢叶酸还原酶的dfrA1基因。结论多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中检测出I类整合子,整合子可变区携带多种耐药基因盒,耐药基因盒与其耐药表型有相关性。     

88株肺炎克雷伯菌中Ⅰ类整合子的分布和耐药性分析

目的:研究Ⅰ类整合子在肺炎克雷伯菌分布、结构及其在介导耐药中的作用。方法:利用多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测整合酶基因,对其阳性菌株可变区扩增产物进行测序分析;采用微量稀释法测定14种抗生素对试验菌株的敏感性。结果:在其中38株肺炎克雷伯菌DNA上检测到I类整合,阳性率43.2%。所携带的耐药基因盒绝大多数为aadA2和dfr17,整合子阳性组耐药率明显高于阴性组(P<0.05)。结论:目前临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性强,并广泛存在I类整合子。菌株携带基因盒和耐药表型之间有较好的对应关系,基因盒介导了细菌耐药性。耐药基因盒是整合子阳性菌株对氨基糖苷类耐药的主要原因。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.