妇科腹腔镜手术患者气腹不同阶段伤害性刺激强度的变化

Objective To evaluate the changes in noxious stimulation intensity at different periods of pneumoperitoneum in gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods Forty-five ASA Ⅰ orⅡ patients, aged 25-36 yr, with body mass index 18-23 kg/m2 , undergoing elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery, were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 15 each) . In group Ⅰ , anesthesia was maintained with TCI of remifentanil (target plasma concentration 4-6 ng/ml) and propofol (target plasma concentration 2 μg/ml) , and the concentrations were ad-justed according to the changes in BP and HR to maintain hemodynamics stable. Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups received inhala-tion of isoflurane (end-tidal concentration 1%-2%) and TCI of remifentanil (target plasma concentration 2-4ng/ml) . TCI of remifentanil was then stopped at 5 min before pneumoperitoneum (group Ⅱ ) or at 5 min after theend of rapid inflation (group Ⅲ ) , and isoflurane was inhaled (end-tidal concentration 1%-2% ) to maintain anes-thesia until the end of operation in Ⅱ and Ⅲ group. Before anesthesia (T0 ), 5 min before pneumoperitoneum (T1), 5 and 15 min of pneumoperitoneum (T2,3), HR and MAP were monitored and venous blood samples were taken for determination of plasma cortisol (Cor) , norepinephrine ( NE) and epinephrine ( E) concentrations. Results HR, MAP and NE and E concentrations at T2,3 , and Cor concentrations at T3 were significantly higher than those at T0 ingroup Ⅱ , and in group Ⅱ than in group Ⅰ (P<0.05). HR, MAP and NE and E concentrations at T2,3 ,and Cur concentrations at T3 were significantly lower in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅱ ( P < 0.05). Conclusion The intensity of noxious stimulation is strongest during rapid inflation among the different periods of pneumoperitoneum in gynecological laparoscopic surgery and the depth of anesthesia should be regulated.     

妇科腹腔镜手术患者气腹不同阶段伤害性刺激强度的变化

Objective To evaluate the changes in noxious stimulation intensity at different periods of pneumoperitoneum in gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods Forty-five ASA Ⅰ orⅡ patients, aged 25-36 yr, with body mass index 18-23 kg/m2 , undergoing elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery, were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 15 each) . In group Ⅰ , anesthesia was maintained with TCI of remifentanil (target plasma concentration 4-6 ng/ml) and propofol (target plasma concentration 2 μg/ml) , and the concentrations were ad-justed according to the changes in BP and HR to maintain hemodynamics stable. Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups received inhala-tion of isoflurane (end-tidal concentration 1%-2%) and TCI of remifentanil (target plasma concentration 2-4ng/ml) . TCI of remifentanil was then stopped at 5 min before pneumoperitoneum (group Ⅱ ) or at 5 min after theend of rapid inflation (group Ⅲ ) , and isoflurane was inhaled (end-tidal concentration 1%-2% ) to maintain anes-thesia until the end of operation in Ⅱ and Ⅲ group. Before anesthesia (T0 ), 5 min before pneumoperitoneum (T1), 5 and 15 min of pneumoperitoneum (T2,3), HR and MAP were monitored and venous blood samples were taken for determination of plasma cortisol (Cor) , norepinephrine ( NE) and epinephrine ( E) concentrations. Results HR, MAP and NE and E concentrations at T2,3 , and Cor concentrations at T3 were significantly higher than those at T0 ingroup Ⅱ , and in group Ⅱ than in group Ⅰ (P<0.05). HR, MAP and NE and E concentrations at T2,3 ,and Cur concentrations at T3 were significantly lower in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅱ ( P < 0.05). Conclusion The intensity of noxious stimulation is strongest during rapid inflation among the different periods of pneumoperitoneum in gynecological laparoscopic surgery and the depth of anesthesia should be regulated.     

靶控输注瑞芬太尼和异丙酚麻醉诱导时镇静催眠效应的相互作用

Objective To investigate the sedative and hypnotic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by target-controlled infusion (TCI) during induction of anesthesia.Methods Third-two ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱpatients,aged 22-63 yr,body mass index 18-25 kg/m2,scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 4 groups(n=8 each).Group Ⅰ only received TCI pmpofol.GroupⅡ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳreceived a target concentration of 2,4 or 6 ng/ml remifentanil respectively.While the blood-effect site concentrations of remifentanil were equilibrated,patients received TCI of propefol,with an initial target concentration of 0.5μg/ml.After the blood-effect site concentrations of propofol were equilibrated then with 0.5μg/ml increments until the loss consciousness was achieved.The eyelash reflex and state of consciousness were assessed and radial arterial blood sample 6 ml was taken every 3 min to determine the remifentanil and propofol concentrations in blood.Propofol and remifentanil concentrations in blood were measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection respectively.The sedative and hypnotic interaction between propofol and remifentanil was determined with a pharmacodynamie interaction model by regression analysis and determined using the isobolographic method.Results Propofol concentrations in blood were lower in group Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ than group Ⅰ(P<0.05).The propofol concentratopms in blood were significantly decreased in trun with the increase in the remifentanil concentrations in blood in group Ⅱ-Ⅳ(P<0.05).At loss of eyelash reflex and loss of consciousness of patients,the pharmacodynamic interaction model by curve fitting was superior to linear regression (P<0.05).At loss of eyelash reflex of patients,the curve fitting result showed EC50,prop=2.77μg/ml and EC50,rem=26.67 ng/ml,and the isobolographic method equation is ECprop/2.77+ECrem/26.67=0.69.At loss of consciousness of patients,the curve fitting result showed EC50,prop==3.76μg/ml and EC50,rem=31.56ng/ml,and the isobolographic method equation is Ecprop/3.76+Ecrem/31.56=0.65.Conclusion Remifentanil (Cp 2-6 ng/ml) and propofol by TCI shows a synergistic type of pharmacodynamic interaction on the sedative and hypnotic during induction of anesthesia.     

靶控输注瑞芬太尼和异丙酚麻醉诱导时镇静催眠效应的相互作用

Objective To investigate the sedative and hypnotic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by target-controlled infusion (TCI) during induction of anesthesia.Methods Third-two ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱpatients,aged 22-63 yr,body mass index 18-25 kg/m2,scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 4 groups(n=8 each).Group Ⅰ only received TCI pmpofol.GroupⅡ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳreceived a target concentration of 2,4 or 6 ng/ml remifentanil respectively.While the blood-effect site concentrations of remifentanil were equilibrated,patients received TCI of propefol,with an initial target concentration of 0.5μg/ml.After the blood-effect site concentrations of propofol were equilibrated then with 0.5μg/ml increments until the loss consciousness was achieved.The eyelash reflex and state of consciousness were assessed and radial arterial blood sample 6 ml was taken every 3 min to determine the remifentanil and propofol concentrations in blood.Propofol and remifentanil concentrations in blood were measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection respectively.The sedative and hypnotic interaction between propofol and remifentanil was determined with a pharmacodynamie interaction model by regression analysis and determined using the isobolographic method.Results Propofol concentrations in blood were lower in group Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ than group Ⅰ(P<0.05).The propofol concentratopms in blood were significantly decreased in trun with the increase in the remifentanil concentrations in blood in group Ⅱ-Ⅳ(P<0.05).At loss of eyelash reflex and loss of consciousness of patients,the pharmacodynamic interaction model by curve fitting was superior to linear regression (P<0.05).At loss of eyelash reflex of patients,the curve fitting result showed EC50,prop=2.77μg/ml and EC50,rem=26.67 ng/ml,and the isobolographic method equation is ECprop/2.77+ECrem/26.67=0.69.At loss of consciousness of patients,the curve fitting result showed EC50,prop==3.76μg/ml and EC50,rem=31.56ng/ml,and the isobolographic method equation is Ecprop/3.76+Ecrem/31.56=0.65.Conclusion Remifentanil (Cp 2-6 ng/ml) and propofol by TCI shows a synergistic type of pharmacodynamic interaction on the sedative and hypnotic during induction of anesthesia.     

顺阿曲库铵的药效学及其对组胺释放的影响

Objective To evaluate and compare the histamine-releasing,potencies of cis-atracurium and atracurium during induction of general anesthesia.Methods Forty-five ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 16-71 yr undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=15 each):group Ⅰcis-atracurium (stored at 4-8℃)(group CIS1);groupⅡcis-atracurium (stored at room temperature)(group CIS2) and group Ⅲ atracurium (stored at 4-8℃)(group ATR).Anesthesia Was induced with TCI of propofol (Cp 3 μg/ml) and remifentanil (Ce 3-5 ng/ml).A bolus of cis-atracurium 0.15 mg/kg or atracurium 0.75 mg/kg Was given iv over 5-10 s as soon as the patients lost consciousness.Neuro-muscular block was monitored with TOF-Watch(R) SX(Organon,the Netherlands).Single stimulation (0.1 Hz) was apphed to the ulna nerve at wrist.The maximal degree of N-M block,onset time,duration of action and recovery index were recorded.The patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated when N-M block reached the maximal degree.The intubation condition Was evaluated.MAP and HR were continuously monitored.Changes in skin were scored (0=no change,Ⅰ=flushed>120 s,Ⅱ=erytbema,Ⅲ=urticaria).Blood samples were obtained before (T0,baseline),at 2 min after induction of anesthesia with TCI of propofol and remifentanil (T1) and 2 and 5 min after CIS/ATR administration (T2,T3) for determination of plasma histamine concentration using enzymatically amplified immunoassay.Results The onset time was significantly longer and the duration of action was significantly shorter in group CIS1 than in group ATR.The maximal degree of N-M block was 100%and the intubation condition was excellent in group CIS1 and ATR.There wag no significant difference in the recovery index between group CIS1 and ATR.The onset time was significantly longer and duration of action shorter in group CIS2 than in group CIS1.There was no significant difference in recovery index between group CIS1 and CIS2.There was no significant change in plasma histamine concentration at T1-3 as compared with the baseline at T0 in group CIS1 but plasma histamine concentration was significantly increased at T2,3 in group ATR.MAP was significantly decreased after induction of anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil,but CIS and ATR did not significantly change MAP.Conclusion The onset time is longer and duration of action is shorter after cis-atracurium than afar atracurium.The N-M block induced by cis-atracurium is significantly attenuated if stored at the room temperature.Cis-atracurium does not cause histamine release.     

顺阿曲库铵的药效学及其对组胺释放的影响

Objective To evaluate and compare the histamine-releasing,potencies of cis-atracurium and atracurium during induction of general anesthesia.Methods Forty-five ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 16-71 yr undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=15 each):group Ⅰcis-atracurium (stored at 4-8℃)(group CIS1);groupⅡcis-atracurium (stored at room temperature)(group CIS2) and group Ⅲ atracurium (stored at 4-8℃)(group ATR).Anesthesia Was induced with TCI of propofol (Cp 3 μg/ml) and remifentanil (Ce 3-5 ng/ml).A bolus of cis-atracurium 0.15 mg/kg or atracurium 0.75 mg/kg Was given iv over 5-10 s as soon as the patients lost consciousness.Neuro-muscular block was monitored with TOF-Watch(R) SX(Organon,the Netherlands).Single stimulation (0.1 Hz) was apphed to the ulna nerve at wrist.The maximal degree of N-M block,onset time,duration of action and recovery index were recorded.The patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated when N-M block reached the maximal degree.The intubation condition Was evaluated.MAP and HR were continuously monitored.Changes in skin were scored (0=no change,Ⅰ=flushed>120 s,Ⅱ=erytbema,Ⅲ=urticaria).Blood samples were obtained before (T0,baseline),at 2 min after induction of anesthesia with TCI of propofol and remifentanil (T1) and 2 and 5 min after CIS/ATR administration (T2,T3) for determination of plasma histamine concentration using enzymatically amplified immunoassay.Results The onset time was significantly longer and the duration of action was significantly shorter in group CIS1 than in group ATR.The maximal degree of N-M block was 100%and the intubation condition was excellent in group CIS1 and ATR.There wag no significant difference in the recovery index between group CIS1 and ATR.The onset time was significantly longer and duration of action shorter in group CIS2 than in group CIS1.There was no significant difference in recovery index between group CIS1 and CIS2.There was no significant change in plasma histamine concentration at T1-3 as compared with the baseline at T0 in group CIS1 but plasma histamine concentration was significantly increased at T2,3 in group ATR.MAP was significantly decreased after induction of anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil,but CIS and ATR did not significantly change MAP.Conclusion The onset time is longer and duration of action is shorter after cis-atracurium than afar atracurium.The N-M block induced by cis-atracurium is significantly attenuated if stored at the room temperature.Cis-atracurium does not cause histamine release.     

七氟醚和异丙酚复合麻醉下妇科腹腔镜手术患者脑血流量和颅内压的比较

Objective To compare the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and intracranial pressure (ICP) during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery performed under propofol and sevoflurane combined anesthesia.Methods Forty ASAⅠ orⅡ patients aged 20-59 yr weighing 44-69 kg were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=20 each):propofol group (group P) and sevoflurane group (group S).Anesthesia was induced with TCI of propofol (Ce 4μg/ml) in group P or 8% sevoflurane in group S combined with TCI of remifentanil (Ce 6 ng/ml).Tracheal intubation was facilitated with cis-atracurium 0.15 mg/kg.The patients were mechanically ventilated.PETCO2 was maintained at 35-40 mm Hg.Anesthesia was maintained with TCI of propofol or sevoflurane.inhalation combined with TCI of remifentanil.BIS value was maintained at 45-50 by adjusting Ce of propofol or concentration of sevoflurane.Intraabdominal pressure (IAP) was maintained at 12-14 mm Hg.Transcranial Doppler monitoring wag used.Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and pulsatility index (PI) were recorded at 5 min after supine position(T1)and 5 min after supine lithotomy position before induction(T2),while tracheal tube was being inserted(T3),5 min after tracheal intubation(T4),immediately and 15 min after abdominal CO2 iusnfflation in trendelenburglithotomy position (T5,T6) and at 10 min after deflation of abdomen(T7).Results CBFV was significandy decreased at T3,T4 and T7 in group P and at T4 and T7 in group S as compared with the baseline at T1.CBFV at T3 was significantly lower in group P than in group S.PI at T3,T4 was significantly decreased in group P as compared with the baseline at T1 and was significantly lower than in group S.PI at T5,6 was significantly increased as compared with the baseline in both groups but was not significantly different between the 2 groups.Conclusion When combined with remifentanil.propofol could decrease CBF and ICP while sevoflurane has no significant effect on CBF and ICP after induction.CBF and ICP are significantly increased in both groups after abdominal CO2 insufflation.     

七氟醚和异丙酚复合麻醉下妇科腹腔镜手术患者脑血流量和颅内压的比较

Objective To compare the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and intracranial pressure (ICP) during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery performed under propofol and sevoflurane combined anesthesia.Methods Forty ASAⅠ orⅡ patients aged 20-59 yr weighing 44-69 kg were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=20 each):propofol group (group P) and sevoflurane group (group S).Anesthesia was induced with TCI of propofol (Ce 4μg/ml) in group P or 8% sevoflurane in group S combined with TCI of remifentanil (Ce 6 ng/ml).Tracheal intubation was facilitated with cis-atracurium 0.15 mg/kg.The patients were mechanically ventilated.PETCO2 was maintained at 35-40 mm Hg.Anesthesia was maintained with TCI of propofol or sevoflurane.inhalation combined with TCI of remifentanil.BIS value was maintained at 45-50 by adjusting Ce of propofol or concentration of sevoflurane.Intraabdominal pressure (IAP) was maintained at 12-14 mm Hg.Transcranial Doppler monitoring wag used.Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and pulsatility index (PI) were recorded at 5 min after supine position(T1)and 5 min after supine lithotomy position before induction(T2),while tracheal tube was being inserted(T3),5 min after tracheal intubation(T4),immediately and 15 min after abdominal CO2 iusnfflation in trendelenburglithotomy position (T5,T6) and at 10 min after deflation of abdomen(T7).Results CBFV was significandy decreased at T3,T4 and T7 in group P and at T4 and T7 in group S as compared with the baseline at T1.CBFV at T3 was significantly lower in group P than in group S.PI at T3,T4 was significantly decreased in group P as compared with the baseline at T1 and was significantly lower than in group S.PI at T5,6 was significantly increased as compared with the baseline in both groups but was not significantly different between the 2 groups.Conclusion When combined with remifentanil.propofol could decrease CBF and ICP while sevoflurane has no significant effect on CBF and ICP after induction.CBF and ICP are significantly increased in both groups after abdominal CO2 insufflation.     

不同麻醉方法对神经外科手术患者脑血管自身调节功能影响的比较

Objective To compare the effect of different methods of anesthesia on cerebral autoregulation in patients undergoing neurosurgery.Methods Sixty-nine ASA Ⅱ orⅢ patients with brain tumor, aged 23-62 yr, scheduled for neurosurgery under general anesthesia, were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 23 each) : propofol-remifentanil group (group PR), sevoflurane-remifentanil group (group SR) and propofol-sevoflurane-remifentanil group (group PSR) . Anesthesia was induced with target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol (target plasma concentration3 μg/ml, PR and PSR groups) or inhalation of 8% sevoflurane (group SR) and iv injection of remifentanil 1 mg/kg and atracurium 0.5 mg/kg. The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation. PETCO2 was maintained at 32-35 mm Hg. Anesthesia was maintained with TCI of propofol (target plasma concentration 2.0-3.5 μg/ml) in group PR, with inhalation of 1.5%-2.5% sevoflurane in group SR, with TCI of propofol (target plasma concentration 1.5-3.0 μg/ml) and inhalation of 1% sevoflurane in group PSR, and with TCI of remifentanil (target plasma concentration 2.0-4.5 ng/ml) and iv infusion of atracurium at 6 μg · kg-1 · min-1 in all groups. Auditory evoked potential index was maintained between 40-45. The middle cerebral artery time-average peak flow velocity was recorded before induction (baseline) , immediately after intubation, immediately before craniotomy and at the beginning of skin suture. The unilateral carotid artery was compressed for 7 s at the corresponding time points mentioned above. The transient hyperemic response ratio (THRR) was calculated to reflect cerebral autoregulation. Results Compared with the baseline value at T0, THRR was significantly increased at T2in group PR and decreased at T2,3 in group SR (P <0.05) ,while no significant change was found in THRR at T1-3in group PSR (P >0.05). The THRR was significantly lower in SR and PSR groups than in group PR, and higher in group PSR than in group SR ( P < 0.05). Conclusion Propofol-remifentanil anesthesia can improve cerebral autoregulation, sevoflurane-remifentanil anesthesia can reduce cerebral autoregulation, and propofol-sevofluraneremifentanil anesthesia exerts no effect on cerebral autoregulation in patients undergoing neurosurgery.     

不同麻醉方法对神经外科手术患者脑血管自身调节功能影响的比较

Objective To compare the effect of different methods of anesthesia on cerebral autoregulation in patients undergoing neurosurgery.Methods Sixty-nine ASA Ⅱ orⅢ patients with brain tumor, aged 23-62 yr, scheduled for neurosurgery under general anesthesia, were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 23 each) : propofol-remifentanil group (group PR), sevoflurane-remifentanil group (group SR) and propofol-sevoflurane-remifentanil group (group PSR) . Anesthesia was induced with target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol (target plasma concentration3 μg/ml, PR and PSR groups) or inhalation of 8% sevoflurane (group SR) and iv injection of remifentanil 1 mg/kg and atracurium 0.5 mg/kg. The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation. PETCO2 was maintained at 32-35 mm Hg. Anesthesia was maintained with TCI of propofol (target plasma concentration 2.0-3.5 μg/ml) in group PR, with inhalation of 1.5%-2.5% sevoflurane in group SR, with TCI of propofol (target plasma concentration 1.5-3.0 μg/ml) and inhalation of 1% sevoflurane in group PSR, and with TCI of remifentanil (target plasma concentration 2.0-4.5 ng/ml) and iv infusion of atracurium at 6 μg · kg-1 · min-1 in all groups. Auditory evoked potential index was maintained between 40-45. The middle cerebral artery time-average peak flow velocity was recorded before induction (baseline) , immediately after intubation, immediately before craniotomy and at the beginning of skin suture. The unilateral carotid artery was compressed for 7 s at the corresponding time points mentioned above. The transient hyperemic response ratio (THRR) was calculated to reflect cerebral autoregulation. Results Compared with the baseline value at T0, THRR was significantly increased at T2in group PR and decreased at T2,3 in group SR (P <0.05) ,while no significant change was found in THRR at T1-3in group PSR (P >0.05). The THRR was significantly lower in SR and PSR groups than in group PR, and higher in group PSR than in group SR ( P < 0.05). Conclusion Propofol-remifentanil anesthesia can improve cerebral autoregulation, sevoflurane-remifentanil anesthesia can reduce cerebral autoregulation, and propofol-sevofluraneremifentanil anesthesia exerts no effect on cerebral autoregulation in patients undergoing neurosurgery.     

阿片类药物对老年患者经尿道激光碎石术苏醒质量的影响

目的 观察阿片类药物对老年患者经尿道激光碎石术苏醒质量的影响. 方法 择期经尿道激光碎石手术患者134例,年龄65～79岁,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为3组:瑞芬太尼组(R组)46例、瑞芬太尼+芬太尼组(RF组)44例、芬太尼组(F组)44例.R组,采用丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼靶控输注(target-controlled infusion,TCI)进行麻醉诱导和麻醉维持;RF组,丙泊酚TCI麻醉诱导,静脉注射芬太尼2μg/kg,丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼TCI麻醉维持;F组,丙泊酚TCI麻醉诱导,芬太尼4 μg/kg,丙泊酚TCI麻醉维持.手术结束后送入PACU,记录患者被转入PACU时(T1)、拔除喉罩前2 min (T2)、拔除喉罩即刻(T3)和拔除喉罩后5 min(Td)4个时间点的MAP、HR,记录拔除喉罩后VAS评分和苏醒期芬太尼用量,记录患者睁眼时间、拔除喉罩时间和PACU驻留时间. 结果 麻醉苏醒期间R组在T1～T3时点MAP[(110±18)、(122±13)、(121±14) mmHg(1 mmHg=0A33 kPa)]和HR[(79±15)、(97±17)、(99±18)次/min]高于RF组(P＜0.05);R组VAS[(1.8±1.4)分]高于RF组[(0.9±0.9)分]和F组[(0.9±0.9)分](P＜0.05);R组需芬太尼镇痛患者比例高于其他两组(P＜0.05);F组的睁眼时间、拔喉罩时间以及PACU驻留时间比RF组和R组长(P＜0.05). 结论 老年患者经尿道激光碎石术应用丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼+芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉比丙泊酚单纯复合瑞芬太尼或芬太尼苏醒期间血流动力学平稳、苏醒迅速、术后镇痛效果好.     

支气管内超声引导针吸活检术的麻醉方法

目的 观察支气管内超声引导针吸活检术(EBUS-TBNA)的不同麻醉方法的效果,寻求较佳的EBUS-TBNA手术麻醉方法.方法 60例择期EBUS-TBNA手术患者,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为3组:舒芬太尼组(S组)、瑞芬太尼组(R组)和舒芬太尼+瑞芬太尼组(SR组),每组20例.麻醉方式采用静脉输注丙泊酚全麻复合TCI舒芬太尼和或瑞芬太尼辅助2％利多卡因局部表面麻醉,术中维持双频谱指数( BIS)50 ～60.记录患者进入手术室后5min(T0)、手术开始后30min( T1)和术毕定向力恢复时(T2)心率、平均动脉压、脉搏氧饱和度及呼吸频率、手术开始后30min动脉血气、术中呛咳次数、丙泊酚和利多卡因用量、术毕至定向力恢复时间、患者满意度和不良反应发生情况.结果 (1)R组T1时呼吸频率下降明显(P＜0.05),S组和R组动脉二氧化碳分压高于SR组(P＜0.05).(2)R组和SR组术中呛咳次数、术毕至定向力恢复时间明显减少(与S组比,P＜0.05).(3)三组患者丙泊酚、利多卡因用量、麻醉满意度及不良反应差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 静脉输注小剂量舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼,同时复合丙泊酚静脉全麻并辅助局部麻醉可以满足EBUS-TBNA的手术要求,安全、有效,可作为EBUS-TBNA的常规麻醉方法之一.     

妇科腹腔镜手术患者气腹不同阶段伤害性刺激强度的变化

目的 评价妇科腹腔镜手术患者气腹不同阶段伤害性刺激强度的变化.方法 拟行妇科腹腔镜手术患者45例,年龄25～36岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,体重指数18～23 kg/m2,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为3组(n=15):Ⅰ组采用全凭静脉麻醉,靶控输注瑞芬太尼(血浆靶浓度4～6ng/ml)和异丙酚(血浆靶浓度2 μg/ml)维持麻醉,根据BP和HR变化调整药物浓度,维持血液动力学平稳.Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组均吸入异氟醚(呼气末浓度1%～2%),靶控输注瑞芬太尼(血浆靶浓度2～4 ng/ml),两组分别于气腹前5 min、腹腔快速充气结束后5 min时停用瑞芬太尼,吸入异氟醚(呼气末浓度1%～2%)维持麻醉至手术结束.分别于麻醉前(T0)、气腹前5 min(T1)、气腹5 min(T2)和气腹15 min(T3)时监测HR和MAP,抽取肘静脉血,测定血浆皮质醇(Cor)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)和肾上腺素(E)的浓度.结果 与T0时比较,Ⅱ组T2,3时HR和MAP、血浆NE和E浓度、T3时cor浓度升高(P<0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组T2,3时HR和MAP、血浆NE和E浓度、T3时Cor浓度升高(P<0.05);与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组T2,3时HR和MAP、血浆NE和E浓度、T3时Cor浓度降低(P<0.05).结论 妇科腹腔镜术患者气腹不同阶段中,腹腔快速充气阶段的伤害性刺激最强,应注意调控麻醉深度.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the changes in noxious stimulation intensity at different periods of pneumoperitoneum in gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods Forty-five ASA Ⅰ orⅡ patients, aged 25-36 yr, with body mass index 18-23 kg/m2 , undergoing elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery, were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 15 each) . In group Ⅰ , anesthesia was maintained with TCI of remifentanil (target plasma concentration 4-6 ng/ml) and propofol (target plasma concentration 2 μg/ml) , and the concentrations were ad-justed according to the changes in BP and HR to maintain hemodynamics stable. Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups received inhala-tion of isoflurane (end-tidal concentration 1%-2%) and TCI of remifentanil (target plasma concentration 2-4ng/ml) . TCI of remifentanil was then stopped at 5 min before pneumoperitoneum (group Ⅱ ) or at 5 min after theend of rapid inflation (group Ⅲ ) , and isoflurane was inhaled (end-tidal concentration 1%-2% ) to maintain anes-thesia until the end of operation in Ⅱ and Ⅲ group. Before anesthesia (T0 ), 5 min before pneumoperitoneum (T1), 5 and 15 min of pneumoperitoneum (T2,3), HR and MAP were monitored and venous blood samples were taken for determination of plasma cortisol (Cor) , norepinephrine ( NE) and epinephrine ( E) concentrations. Results HR, MAP and NE and E concentrations at T2,3 , and Cor concentrations at T3 were significantly higher than those at T0 ingroup Ⅱ , and in group Ⅱ than in group Ⅰ (P<0.05). HR, MAP and NE and E concentrations at T2,3 ,and Cur concentrations at T3 were significantly lower in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅱ ( P < 0.05). Conclusion The intensity of noxious stimulation is strongest during rapid inflation among the different periods of pneumoperitoneum in gynecological laparoscopic surgery and the depth of anesthesia should be regulated.     

Narcotrend监测下丙泊酚靶控输注技术在肾移植患者全麻诱导期的应用

目的探讨Narcotrend监测下丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)技术在肾移植患者全麻诱导期的应用对心血管及应激反应的影响。方法选择择期行亲属活体肾移植手术的尿毒症患者40例,男25例,女15例,年龄21~38岁,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级,随机分为A、B两组,每组20例。A组在Narcotrend监测下采用Diprifusor TCI输注泵输注丙泊酚,B组人工推注丙泊酚。记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、气管插管前(T_1)、气管插管后1 min(T_2)、3 min(T_3)、5 min(T_4)的HR、MAP、Narcotrend指数(NTI)及血糖(Glu)、血浆皮质醇(Cor)浓度。结果与T0时比较,T1时两组患者HR明显减慢,MAP明显下降(P0.05),且B组明显低于A组(P0.05);T_2、T_3时B组HR明显增快,MAP明显升高(P0.05),且B组明显高于A组(P0.05)。与T_0时比较,T2~T4时A组Glu、Cor略有升高,但差异无统计学意义;T_2~T_4时B组Glu、Cor浓度明显升高(P0.05),且B组明显高于A组(P0.05)。结论 Narcotrend监测下丙泊酚TCI用于肾移植患者全麻诱导时,麻醉深度可控性强,能有效减轻气管插管引起的机体应激反应,维持血流动力学平稳。     

纤维支气管镜检查术患者不同效应室靶浓度异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉效果的比较

目的 比较纤维支气管镜检查术患者不同效应室靶浓度(Ce)异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼的麻醉效果.方法 拟行纤维支气管镜检查术患者180例,年龄18～60岁,随机分为6组(n=30):P5.0 R2.5 组、P5.5 R2.5组、P6.0 R2.5组、P5.0 R3.0组、P5.5 R3.0组和P6.0 R3.0组,检查前TCI异丙酚和瑞芬太尼,异丙酚Ce分别设为5.0、5.5和6.0 μg/ml,瑞芬太尼ce分别设为2.5和3.0.g/ml,持续监测MAP、HR及SpO2,效应室浓度均达靶浓度时开始检查,连续性阵咳或支气管痉挛时采用2%利多卡因经纤维支气管镜滴至气管作表面麻醉,MAP下降>基础值30%和/或HR<55次/min时静脉注射麻黄碱,MAP升高>基础值30%和/或HR>120次/min时静脉注射瑞芬太尼,检查结束时停止TCI.记录异丙酚与瑞芬太尼的用量、麻醉诱导时间、检查时间及苏醒时间.记录表面麻醉、静脉注射麻黄碱和/或瑞芬太尼患者的总例数,评估麻醉效果并记录术者满意度.结果 P6.0 R2.5组和P6.0 R3.0组的麻醉诱导时间和苏醒时间较其余组延长,P5.5 R3.0组和P6.0 R3.0组的麻醉效果较P5.0R2.5组、P5.5 R2.5组及P5.0 R3.0组好,P5.5 R3.0组术者满意度较其余组升高,P5.5 R3.0组表面麻醉、麻黄碱和/或瑞芬太尼的使用率较其余组降低(P<0.05).结论 纤维支气管镜检查术患者TCI异丙酚(Ce 5.5μg/ml)复合瑞芬太尼(Ce 3.0 ng/ml)时麻醉效果较好.     

单肺通气期间七氟醚或丙泊酚对脑氧代谢的影响

目的观察单肺通气期间七氟醚或丙泊酚联合靶控持续输注瑞芬太尼对脑氧代谢的影响。方法选择行肺叶切除术患者30例,随机分为七氟醚组（S组）或丙泊酚组（P组）,每组各15例。麻醉诱导后,分别持续吸入七氟醚1%-2.5%或静脉持续泵入丙泊酚4-8 mg/（kg.h）。于双肺通气15 min（T1）,单肺通气15 min（T2）,单肺通气30 min（T3）,恢复双肺通气之后15min（T4）时点记录HR、MAP及BIS值,同时采集桡动脉、颈内静脉球血行血气分析,测定颈静脉球氧饱和度（SjvO2）,并计算脑动静氧含量差（AjvDO2）及COER值。结果两组在T2、T3时点的PaO2值较T1时点明显降低（P〈0.05）;S组各时点的SjvO2值、AjvDO2值、COER值与P组相应时点比较,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论单肺通气过程中七氟醚与丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼均能够达到满意麻醉效果,并保持脑氧供需平衡。     

脑电双频指数-靶控输注注射泵闭环丙泊酚靶控输注应用于妇科腹腔镜手术的安全效益研究

目的 观察BIS-靶控输注(target controlled infusion,TCI)注射泵闭环丙泊酚TCI对妇科腔镜手术患者丙泊酚的节约效应及血流动力学的影响. 方法 纳入ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级择期行妇科腔镜手术的患者40例,采用计算机随机数字表分组分为闭环组和开环组,每组20例.闭环组采用BIS监测闭环丙泊酚TCI维持全身麻醉,开环组采用BIS监测下人工调整丙泊酚TCI血浆效应浓度2～5 mg/L维持全身麻醉,BIS目标值50±5;瑞芬太尼血浆效应浓度4μg/L TCI.记录两组在入室后5 min(T0)、诱导后气管插管前(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、插管后5 min(T3)、手术切皮时(T4)、切皮后30 min(T5)、缝皮(T6)、手术结束(T7)、意识恢复(T8)、拔管即刻(T9)及拔管后5 min(T10)等时点MAP、HR、BIS值的变化,同时记录两组患者诱导及维持丙泊酚用药量、苏醒时间及进入PACU时的疼痛数字评分(numerical rating scale,NRS)及Ramsay镇静评分. 结果 术中维持丙泊酚剂量闭环组[(6.2±1.4) mg· kg-1·h-1]较开环组[(6.9±1.0)mg·kg-1·h-1]降低了10％,两组各时点MAP、HR、BIS差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),闭环组切皮时MAP、HR、BIS波动明显小于开环组(P＜0.05).两组患者苏醒时间、NRS及Ramsay镇静评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 BIS-TCI注射泵闭环丙泊酚TCI与常规BIS监测下开环丙泊酚TCI可同样安全地应用于临床,可对患者个体化合理给予全身麻醉药物,并可部分降低术中丙泊酚使用剂量,降低麻醉后手术前的循环波动.同时,避免麻醉医师手动调控TCI靶控血浆浓度,极大地降低了麻醉医师的工作量,并使围麻醉期更加平稳安全.     

七氟醚与异丙酚对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者脑能量代谢影响的比较

目的 比较七氟醚与异丙酚对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者脑能量代谢的影响.方法 择期拟行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术的患者68例,ASA分级Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级,年龄22 ～ 62岁,体重52～81 kg,Hunt- Hess 分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=34):异丙酚组(P组)和七氟醚组(S组).麻醉诱导时P组靶控输注异丙酚,血浆靶控浓度2.0 μg/ml,S组吸入8％七氟醚.麻醉维持时P组靶控输注异丙酚,血浆靶浓度1.5 μg/ml,S组吸入2％七氟醚.于临时阻断前5 min(T0)、临时阻断5 min(T1)、10min(T2)、15 min(T3)、动脉瘤夹闭10 min (T4)、20 min (T5)和40 min (T6)时,收集脑组织微透析液,采用邻苯二甲醛柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱分析法结合荧光法检测微透析液葡萄糖、乳酸和丙酮酸浓度,计算乳酸/丙酮酸比(L/P比).结果 与P组比较,S组T1～ T6时微透析液葡萄糖、乳酸和丙酮酸浓度升高,T2～T4时L/P比降低(P＜0.05).与T0时比较,两组T1～T6时微透析液葡萄糖浓度降低,乳酸浓度升高,T1～T4时丙酮酸浓度降低,T5、T6时丙酮酸浓度升高,T1～T5时L/P比升高(P＜0.05);与T3时比较,两组T～T6时微透析液葡萄糖浓度和丙酮酸浓度升高,L/P比降低,T5、T6时乳酸浓度降低(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚改善颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者脑能量代谢的效果优于异丙酚.     

不同血浆靶浓度瑞芬太尼对患者异丙酚镇静效应的影响

目的 探讨不同血浆靶浓度瑞芬太尼对患者异丙酚镇静效应的影响.方法 择期拟行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者80例,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～60岁,随机分为4组,每组20例.麻醉诱导:Ⅱ～Ⅳ组靶控输注瑞芬太尼,血浆靶浓度分别设为2、4、8 ng/ml,Ⅰ～Ⅳ组均靶控输注异丙酚,初始血浆靶浓度为2μg/ml,随后每间隔1min增加0.5μg/ml,直至BIS值下降至50.患者意识消失时记录BIS值和异丙酚血浆靶浓度,BIS值降至50时记录异丙酚血浆靶浓度及异丙酚总用量.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组患者意识消失时BIS值升高,异丙酚血浆靶浓度降低,BIS值降至50时异丙酚总用量和异丙酚血浆靶浓度降低(P＜0.05).结论 复合异丙酚麻醉时,瑞芬太尼适宜血浆靶浓度为4 ng/ml.     

不同全麻对非心脏手术患者术后认知功能影响的比较

目的 比较不同全麻对非心脏手术患者术后认知功能的影响.方法 拟行非心脏手术患者1000例,年龄18～60岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为5组(n=200):异氟醚+异丙酚+芬太尼组(IPF组)、异氟醚+瑞芬太尼组(IR组)、七氟醚+异丙酚+芬太尼组(SPF组)、七氟醚+瑞芬太尼组(SR组)和异丙酚+瑞芬太尼组(PR组).麻醉维持:IPF组和SPF组分别吸入1.68%异氟醚或1.71%七氟醚,TCI异丙酚,血浆靶浓度2～5 μg/ml,间断静脉注射芬太尼;IR组、SR组和PR组分别吸入1.68%异氟醚或1.71%七氟醚或TCI异丙酚,血浆靶浓度2～5 μg/ml,TCI瑞芬太尼,血浆靶浓度2～6 ng/ml.选择同期住院的非手术患者200例作为对照组(C组).于术前1 d、出麻醉恢复室时、术后1和3 d时,采用MMSE量表进行认知功能评分.于出麻醉恢复室时、术后1和3 d时,采用Z计分法评判认知功能障碍.结果 与C组比较,IPF组、IR组、SPF组、SR组和PR组出麻醉恢复室时MMSE评分降低,出麻醉恢复室时及术后1 d时认知功能障碍的发生率升高(P＜0.05);与IPF组、IR组、SPF组和PR组比较,SR组术后认知功能障碍的发生率降低(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉对非心脏手术患者术后认知功能的影响较小.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the effects of methods of general anesthesia on postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Methods One thousand ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 18-60 yr, undergoing non-cardiac surgery were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 200 each) : isoflurane + propofol + fentanyl group (group IPF); isoflurane + remifentanil group (group IR) ; sevoflurane + propofol + fentanyl group (group SPF) ; sevoflurane + remifentanil group (group SR) ; propofol + remifentanil group (group PR) . Two hundred non-operative patients served as control group (group C) . In groups IPF and SPF, anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of 1.68% isoflurane or 1.71 % sevoflurane, TCI of propofol with the target plasma concentration of 2-5 μg/ml, and intermittent iv boluses of fentanyl. In groups IR, SR and PR, anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of 1.68% isoflurane or 1.71% sevoflurane, or TCI of propofol with the target plasma concentration of 2- 5 μg/ml, and TCI of remifentanil with the target plasma concentration of 2-6 ng/ml. The patients' cognitive function was assessed using mini-mental state examination (MMSE) at 1 d before operation, while leaving postanesthesia care unit (PACU) , and at 1 and 3 d after operation. The Z score was used to identify the cognitive dysfunction as recommended by Moller while leaving PACU, and at 1 and 3 d after operation. Results Compared with group C, the MMSE score was significantly decreased while leaving PACU , and the incidence of cognitive dysfunction increased while leaving PACU and at 1 d after operation in the other groups ( P ＜ 0.05). Compared with groups IPF,IR,SPF and PR, the incidence of cognitive dysfunction was significantly increased in group SR ( P ＜ 0.05) . Conclusion General anesthesia with sevoflurane combined remifentanil exerts less effect on the postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery.