Health fitness and its influencing factors among urban elderly residents in Lanzhou cityCSCD

Objective To analyze the health fitness and its influencing factors among urban elderly residents in Lanzhou city. Methods A multi-stage sampling method was used to survey urban elderly residents in Lanzhou city with self-designed questionnaire from July 17th to August 3rd, 2020. The questionnaire included general information, life habits and Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale Version 1.0 (HFMS V 1.0), a total of 1 124 questionnaires were distributed and 1 124 were collected, including 1 043 valid questionnaires (92.8%). The HFMS V 1.0 was scored with Likert 5-point scale, positive and negative scoring method. The health fitness status of the subjects was divided into low, medium and high levels according to the norms of HFMS V 1.0 for Chinese urban elderly residents. The influencing factors were analyzed by using the chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression. Results The conversion score of HFMS V 1.0 for the urban elderly residents in Lanzhou city was 61.99±14.20, and the physical fitness score was the lowest (57.84± 16.98); of the 1 043 subjects, 332 (31.83%), 360 (34.52%) and 351 (33.65%) subjects were classified with low, medium, and high health fitness levels, respectively. Chronic diseases and poor dietary habits were the risk factors for the health fitness of urban elderly residents in Lanzhou city (both P<0.05); more adequate sun exposure, physical exercise, sufficient sleep, high self-health concern and high frustration quotient were protective factors for health fitness in those subjects (all P<0.05). Conclusion The overall level of health fitness in urban elderly residents in Lanzhou city is moderate, and chronic disease, dietary habits, sun exposure, physical exercise, length of sleep, self-health concern and frustration quotient are the main influencing factors. © 2021 Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. All rights reserved.     

老年哮喘控制不良的相关因素与对策

Objective To assess the relative factors of elderly asthmatics with poor control and countermeasure. Methods The clinical data and result of investigation of 70 elderly patients with asthma were studied. Results The main type of those elderly asthmatics were persistent (42/70) and exacerbation (28/70). The first attack before the age of 60 was found in 61 cases (87.1% ). Among the 70 cases, 48(68.6% ) cases had smoking, only 5(7.1% ) persist in the inhale of corticosteriocls. There are multiple factors of medication and non - medication had related to elderly asthmatics with poor control. There is multiple sickness in those patients to influence over that. Conclusion There are multiple factors to influenve over elderly asthmatics with control. Prevention, management and treatment in the elderly asthmatics is deadly important.     

Multistate Markov Model for Studying Factors Influencing the Various Progressive Stages of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective:To study factors influencing the various pro- gressive stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus in order to pro- vide more concrete scientific bases for the prevention and cure of it. Method:367 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus were investigated by retrospective means,and multistate Markov model was used to study factors influencing the transient pace of various progressive stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results:Body mass index,monthly family income, drinking and sweetmeat primarily affected the transition from IGT to DM2.A higher BMI,more monthly family income,more frequent drinking and more intake of sweet- meat were associated with an increasing risk of the transi- tion from IGT to DM2.Monitoring of plasm glucose mostly influenced the transition from DM2 to CDM2.Less frequent monitoring of plasm glucose was associated with an increas- ing risk of the transition from DM2 to CDM2.Staple food, lard,life event,health education and physical-activity level were significantly associated with the transitions both from IGT to DM2 and from DM2 to CDM2.The subjects who took less staple food,more lard,and often experienced irri- table life events were at a higher risk of the two transitions, while those who accepted health education on diabetes mel- litus and had more physical-activity level were at lower risk. Conclusions:For subjects with IGT,controlling weight, rationally allocating family income,abstaining from drinking,and decreasing intake of sweetmeat should be re- garded as primary preventive measures;For ones with DM2,often accepting monitoring of plasm glucose should be considered as leading one.In order to delay the develop- ment and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus,it is highly necessary to moderately increase intake of cereal or floury food,decrease intake of lard,keep optimistic and unclouded attitude,often listen to lectures on diabetes mellitus,and properly increase physical-activity level.     

高血压与膳食和体力活动相关关系分析

[Objective] To understand the status of hypertension among rural adults in Hebei Province and the correlation between diet, physical activity and hypertension, to provide evidence for intervention on hypertension. [Methods] A question-naire investigation on dietary and physical factors of hypertension was conducted among people aged 18 and over in rural area. [Results] 2 407 adults were interviewed and physically measured. The crude prevalence of hypertension was 32.1% and that of men and women respectively was 33.3.0%; 29.5%. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the main risk factors influencing hypertension were excessive intakes of salt and fat, long-term static living. [Conclusions] Rational dietary pattern （low intakes of salt and fat） and physical activity are important measures for prevention on hypertension.     

太原地区3 173名老年人睡眠障碍现况调查

目的 了解太原地区老年人各种睡眠障碍的流行病学特点及失眠的相关因素.方法 采用多级抽样方法,对太原地区3173名60～100岁的老年人进行人户调查,筛选出有睡眠障碍症状者,由专科医生复查并作出诊断.结果 (1)3173名老年人中,有各种睡眠障碍症状者2132例,患病率为67.2%;其中失眠症、多梦、习惯性打鼾、日间嗜睡的患病率均较高,分别为39.65%、38.58%、26.66%、34.32%.(2)随着年龄的增长,男性老年人早醒、起夜次数多、日间嗜睡、睡眠呼吸障碍及睡眠节律紊乱的患病率有明显上升趋势(P＜0.01);随着年龄的增长,女性老年人早醒、日间嗜睡及睡眠节律紊乱的患病率也有明显上升趋势(P＜0.01).(3)经logistic回归分析,独居、情绪障碍、躯体疼痛、夜尿次数多(P＜0.01)与男性老年人失眠的发病有关;独居及麻/瘙痒等感觉异常(P＜0.01)、情绪障碍(P＜0.05)与女性老年人失眠的发病有关.结论 太原地区老年人中各种睡眠障碍的患病率有上升趋势;应注重老年人情绪、躯体疾病对睡眠的影响.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence rates of sleep disorders and the correlatives in the elderly from Taiyuan city.Methods All of the 3173 elderly (aged 60 years to 100 years) in Taiyuan city were investigated at home through questionnaires,regarding their sleep condition.Subjects with sleep disorders were then screened through questionnaires and reexamined/diagnosed by special doctors.Results (1) Among the 3173 elderly,2132 subjects complained of having sleep disorders.The total prevalence of sleep disorders was 67.2%.The prevalence rates of chronic insomnia,multi-dreams,habitual snoring and daytime drowsiness were 39.65%,38.58%,26.66% and 34.32% respectively.(2)In the male elderly,the prevalence rates of being awaken early,having more urination at night,daytime drowsiness,sleep-respiratory disturbance and indiscriminate sleep rhythm increased with age(P＜0.01).However,in the female elderly,the prevalence rates of being awaken early,having daytime drowsiness and indiscriminate sleep rhythm also had a tendency of increase (P＜0.01).(3) Living alone,emotional disorder,pain and nocturia (P＜0.01) were the risk factors of chronic insomnia in the male elderly while living alone,numbness/pruritus(P＜0.01),emotional disorder (P＜0.05),were the risk factors of chronic insomnia in the female elderly.Conclusion The prevalence rates of some sleep disturbances in the elderly in Taiyuan city were generally correspondent with prevalence rates reported elsewhere that called for more attention be paid to the effect of mood disturbance and diseases related to sleep condition among the eldexly.     

Utilization of traditional Chinese medicine services and its influencing factors among home‑based elderly care population in Zhejiang ProvinceCSCD

Objective To analyze the utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) services and its influencing factors among home‑based elderly care population in Zhejiang Province. Methods A multi‑stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to enroll 2 300 home‑based elderly care population aged 65 years and over and lived in the local area for 6 months and above in Zhejiang Province. The basic characteristics, health status and behavior, TCM cultural literacy, TCM cognitive beliefs and TCM service usage of the subjects were collected by face‑to‑face questionnaires from July 15 to August 15, 2021, and 2 123 valid questionnaires were recovered. Unconditional logistic regression was applied to analyze the influencing factors of TCM service usage among home‑based elderly care population. Results The overall utilization rate of TCM services among home‑based elderly care population in Zhejiang Province was 36.46% (774/ 2 123). The utilization rates of the 6 types of TCM from high to low was oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine (22.00%), external treatment with traditional Chinese medicine (15.12%), acupuncture treatment (11.96%), medicated diet conditioning (7.44%), constitution identification (7.40%) and exercise conditioning (4.57%). Home‑based elderly care population lived in urban areas, had never been to school, with education of primary school or high school and above, suffered from chronic diseases, moderate activities or physical exercise, believed in TCM and had attended lectures on TCM knowledge were more inclined to use TCM services (all P<0.05); agricultural laborers, production and transportation workers and family laborers before retirement were less inclined to use TCM services (all P<0.05); women, those with medical insurance, those drinking alcohol and those with better TCM cultural literacy were more inclined to use 2 and more kinds of TCM services (all P<0.05). Conclusions The utilization rate of TCM services among home‑based elderly care population in Zhejiang Province is relatively high; gender, place of residence, education level, occupation before retirement, medical insurance, belief in TCM, and participation in TCM knowledge lectures are the main influencing factors of the use of TCM services among home‑based elderly care population. © 2021 Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. All rights reserved.     

情感虐待等社会心理因素与初中生抑郁情绪关系的研究

目的 探讨情感虐待、家庭结构、亲友支持和D型人格等社会心理因素与初中生抑郁情绪的关系.方法 以分层整群抽样法,调查广州市5个区3160名初中-年级学生,采用儿童抑郁障碍自评量表、亲子冲突策略量表、D型人格量表、自编一般情况、家庭结构、亲友支持问卷对他们进行调查,并用相关和路径分析方法探讨情感虐待等社会心理网素与初中生抑郁的关系及联系的途径.结果 (1)女生的抑郁得分(11.2)显著高于男生(10.3)(t=-4.27,P＜0.001),年龄与抑郁得分呈显著正相关(r=0.06,P=0.001).(2)相关分析显示,亲友支持是抑郁的保护因素,情感虐待、D型人格、非双亲家庭是抑郁的危险因素.(3)路径分析发现,负性情感对抑郁影响最大(路径系数为0.37),其次是亲友支持(-0.246)、情感虐待(0.203)、社交抑制(0.075)和家庭结构(0.047),各路径系数检验均具有统计学意义.情感虐待主要经负性情感和亲友支持间接影响抑郁,路径系数分别为0.119和0.05.家庭结构对抑郁的影响最小,且为间接效应.结论 初中生的抑郁情绪受情感虐待等多个社会心理的影响,故应采取综合措施预防其抑郁情绪的发生和发展.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the association between emotional abuse, family structure, family support, type D personality and depressive symptom in junior high school students.Methods 3160 junior high school students were recruited with stratified sampling method in Guangzhou to conmplete a self-administered questionnaire including Depression Self-rating Scale for Children, Parent-Child Conflict Tactic Scale, Type D Scale-14, Family Structure Scale, Relative Support Scale and general information. Correlation and path analysis were performed to explore the association of emotional abuse, family structure, family support and type D personality with depressive symptom and their potential pathways. Results ( 1 ) The average level of depressive symptom was higher in girls than in boys, and age was positively related to depressive disorder (r = 0.06, P = 0.001 ).(2)Correlation analysis indicated that family support was a protective factor for depressive symptom,while emotional abuse, type D personality and family structure with single parent were risk factors for depressive symptom. (3)Data from Path analysis showed that the negative affection had the strongest impact on depressive symptom with a path coefficient of 0.37, followed by family support (-0.246),emotional abuse (0.203), social inhibition (0.075) and family structure (0.047). All the path coefficients were statistically significant. Emotional abuse indirectly impacted on depressive disorder through negative affectivity and family support (the path coefficients were 0.119 and 0.05,respectively), while family structure had the smallest indirect impact on depressive symptom.Conclusion Depressive symptom in junior high school students was affected by multiple psychosocial factors, suggesting that comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence and development of depressive symptom.     

The Relationship between Gastric Cancer and the Unhealthy Habits and the Gastric Diseases

Objective To explore the relationship between gastric cancer and smoking, drinking spirits and the history of chronic gastric disease s. Method A case-control study was conducted on 361 cases and 1 525 population-controls to interview the history of exposure. The contact stre ngth of each factor with gastric cancer was estimated by Logistic regression mod el. The data were adjusted for confounders. Results The risk of gastric cancer increased 48% for smokers, the longer the year of smoking was,the more the numbe r of smoking per day was, and the younger the age of beginning smoking was, the greater the risk of gastric cance r was.82% of the risk increased for drinkers, the affects of white wine was most obvious(OR=3.14，95% CI=2.23～4.42). The risk rose markedly (OR=7 .87,95% CI=5.72～10.83)for the persons who had chronic gastric diseases, and t he relation of duration-effect was presented, which the risk rose with the exte nsion of having chronic gastric diseases. Smoking, drinking spirits and the hist ory of chronic gastric diseases were the strong independent factors, and they al so had obvious interaction affects. Conclusion Smoking, drinkin g spirits and chronic gastric diseases are the major factors of gastric cancer. Giving up unhealthy habits and radically curing chronic gastric diseases in grai n and in the early stage is the one of major measures to reduce the incidence of gastric cancer.     

孕母叶酸摄入与MTHFR基因C677T多态性对子代先天性心脏病发病风险研究

目的 分析孕母孕早期环境高危因素,探讨叶酸摄入与MTHFR基因多态性间交互作用对子代先天性心脏病(简称先心病)发病的影响.方法 通过病例对照研究回顾性分析98例12岁以下先心病患者母亲和101例正常婴儿的母亲(对照组)孕期危险因素暴露水平以及叶酸摄入情况,进一步应用变性液相高效色谱(DHPLC)检测MTHFR基因C677T多态性,并分析其与叶酸摄入的交互作用.结果 经Logistic回归分析,6项因素纳入先心病风险模型,孕母教育程度、没有定期产检、精神紧张、接触化学物质是子代先心病的高危因素,服用叶酸和复合维生素是先心病的保护因素.叶酸补充充足情况下,MTHFR基因各基因型比较,病例组与对照组无统计学差异.将间断服用及未服用叶酸者合并作为叶酸补充不足者,其孕母基因型为CT与CC时发病无统计学意义(P=0.066,OR=2.018,95%CI:0.95～4.285).结论 提高孕母的自我保健意识是减少先心病危险因素暴露的重要措施.怀孕早期孕母叶酸的补充不足可能是导致子代先心病发病风险增高的独立因素,孕母MTHFR基因C677T基因型合并叶酸补充不足可能增加先心病风险.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the environmental risk factors,periconceptional folate intake and methylenetetrahydrofolate reduetase (MTHFR)gene C667T polymorphism of pregnant women on congenital heart diseases (CHD)in offspring.Methods Retrospective case-control study was carried out to investigate periconceptional folate supplementation and environmental factors in 98 parents with CHD offsprings and 101 parents with normal offsprings.The mothers'MTHFR gene C667T mutation was also identified.The possible risk factors were analyzed by simple and multiple factors Logistic regression methods.Results Six factors were related to the occurrence of CHD in the offspring:education of gestation mother,no prenatal examination,under depressed or nervous condition during pregnancy and maternal exposures to harmful substance;periconceptional folate and compound vitamin supplementation were protection factors.There were significant difference between case and control group in folate supplement(P<0.05).The maternal MTHFR 677genotypes CC and TT in combination with daily folate supplements were associated with no increased risk for CHD in offspring,however in combination with not use of folate a two-fold(P=0.066,OR=2.018,95%CI 0.95-4.285)increased risk.Conclusion Improving self health care of gestational mother is the most important protection measures to avoid the risk factors exposure.Periconceptional folate deficiency may be the independence risk factor for CHD.Periconceptional mother carrying MTHER heterozygote's(CT)genotype in combination with deficiency may increase risk for CHD.     

Chinese adults′ cognition of respiratory diseases in Healthy China Initiative (2019—2030)CSCD

Objective To investigate the cognition of Chinese adults on respiratory health in the Healthy China Initiative (2019—2030). Methods From January 2022 to February 2022, the electronic questionnaire was distributed by using the two‑dimensional code on the Wechat platform. The questionnaire involving the respiratory health part of the Healthy China Initiative (2019—2030) was conducted among people aged ≥18 years (except pregnant and postpartum women) in 32 provincial administrative regions in China. A total of 5 892 questionnaires were distributed, 4 754 valid questionnaires were recovered. Chi square test was used to analyze the basic situation of the survey subjects, the cognition of people in different regions to the content, the correlation between physical activity and age stratification, the correlation between smoking cessation and disease, and the common cognitive misunderstanding of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Results Of the 4 754 subjects in this study, 3 462 were from urban area and 1 292 were from rural area. In terms of active participation in lung cancer screening, regular physical examination, no awareness of reducing risk factors exposure, isolation of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, reduction of travel of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, wearing masks when contact with pulmonary tuberculosis patients, active learning of medical and health care knowledge, and timely medical treatment in case of health problems, the cognition status of people in the city was better than people in the rural areas (all P< 0.05). The compliance rates of moderate intensity physical activity and high intensity physical activity were 72.7% and 83.8%, respectively, among the population aged 18—64 years old; the compliance rates of moderate intensity physical activity and high intensity physical activity were 82.3% and 85.7%, respectively, among the population aged≥65 years old; the proportions of light intensity physical activity in people aged 18—64 and ≥65 years old were 65.2% and 87.6%, respectively. There was a correlation between whether the patients had respiratory diseases and whether they were troubled by respiratory diseases for a long time and their determination to quit smoking (all P<0.05); the rate of common misconceptions about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among Chinese adults was between 13.0% and 38.0%, and the rate of misconceptions among people with college education or above who believed that even if the cognition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was improved and the diagnosis and treatment were standardized, the treatment of the disease was still ineffective was as high as 30.3%; in addition, the rate of two cognitive misunderstandings (when the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were mild, no intervention was needed; the medication can be discontinued when the symptoms were relieved) of people with college education or above were 24.2% and 25.8%, respectively, which were higher than those with primary school education and junior high school education (all P<0.05). Conclusions The cognition of Chinese adults on early screening of respiratory diseases, reduction of exposure to risk factors, prevention and control of tuberculosis, and acquisition of scientific knowledge in the Healthy China Initiative (2019—2030) is generally poor. The participation of people <65 years old in high‑intensity physical activities is insufficient, and the cognition of people with high education level does not show advantages. © 2021 Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. All rights reserved.     

湖北省农村地区社会支持与老年人虐待关系的研究

目的 研究湖北省麻城市农村地区老年人虐待发生情况,探讨社会支持与老年人虐待间的关系.方法 采用横断面调查研究方法,整群抽取麻城市农村地区3个办事处17个行政村≥60岁的老年人,调查过去一年内虐待发生情况及相关因素.调查内容包括一般情况、社会支持以及老年人虐待情况等.结果 麻城市农村地区老年人总虐待、身体虐待、情感虐待、疏于照顾和经济剥削的发生率分别为36.2％、4.9％、27.3％、15.8％和2.0％.控制性别、年龄等混杂因素后,需要家人生活或经济上的支持和帮助是总虐待的危险因素(OR=1.28,95％CI:1.01～1.63),而需要时得到家人生活或经济(OR=0.76,95％CI:0.58～0.98)、精神(OR=0.63,95％CI:0.49～ 0.82)和朋友在精神(OR=0.73,95％CI:0.59～ 0.90)上的支持和帮助是虐待的保护因素.身体虐待、情感虐待、疏于照顾和经济剥削的保护因素分别是需要时得到家人生活或经济上的支持和帮助(OR=0.59,95％CI:0.35～0.99)、需要时得到家人(OR=0.67,95％CI:0.51～0.89)及朋友(OR=0.67,95％ CI:0.54～0.84)精神上的支持和关心、需要时得到家人生活或经济上的支持和帮助(OR=0.63,95％CI:0.45～0.88)、需要时得到家人生活或经济(OR=0.38,95％CI:0.14～0.98)上以及朋友或其他人精神( OR=0.42,95％CI:0.20～0.87)上的支持和帮助.结论 麻城农村地区老年人受虐待现状不容乐观,社会支持是老年人虐待发生的一个重要影响因素.     

童年期被虐待经历对大学生恋爱暴力发生的影响

目的 了解大学生恋爱暴力的发生情况及童年期被虐待经历对大学生恋爱暴力发生的影响。方法 采用滚雪球抽样的方法,对北京市7所大学的1 130名大学生进行不记名自填式问卷调查。结果 1 130名大学生中50.8%最近一年有过恋爱经历,其中遭受和实施恋爱暴力的比例分别为16.9%和11.1%。遭受肢体暴力、情感虐待和性暴力的比例分别为14.1%、10.6%和9.9%,实施肢体暴力、情感虐待和性暴力的比例分别为8.0%、7.1%和3.7%。有509名(45.0%)大学生在童年期曾有被父母虐待的经历,其中被用力徒手打、用物品打、在其他人面前遭到羞辱和目睹父母打架或父母打兄弟姐妹的比例分别为41.6%、24.9%、13.1%和24.5%。具有童年期被虐待经历的大学生遭受和实施恋爱暴力的比例均高于童年期没有被虐待经历的大学生,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.005)。结论 大学生恋爱暴力问题不容忽视,童年期遭受父母虐待经历对大学生恋爱暴力的发生具有一定影响。     

问题少年儿童受虐待经历调查及影响因素分析

目的调查了解山西省某未成年教管所学员的儿童期受虐待情况,分析其儿童期虐待经历发生的影响因素。方法采用现场自填式问卷,对研究对象山西省某未教所89名学员及对照组152名在校初中学生就其儿童期躯体虐待、情感虐待、性虐待、忽视进行无记名调查,应用SPSS 10.0软件进行统计分析。结果两组儿童在儿童期躯体虐待、情感虐待、性虐待、忽视、心理状况的情况均有差异,而且未教所学员虐待发生率均比初中学生高13.7%。经多元逐步回归分析表明:父母工作变动、婚姻状况是躯体(t值分别为-3.325和0.130,P<0.05)、情感(t值分别为-2.573和2.604,P<0.05)、性虐(t值分别为-2.101和3.009,P<0.05)发生的危险因素,与谁生活与忽视、情感、性虐待有关。文化程度高低与性虐待发生有关。结论儿童虐待影响青少年成长,有关部门应制定针对性的干预措施。     

Sociodemographic associations of physical, emotional, and sexual intimate partner violence in Spanish women

PURPOSE: To measure the lifetime prevalence of physical, emotional, and sexual Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in women attending general practice in Spain and to assess sociodemographic factors associated with the different types of abuse. METHODS: The sample included 1402 randomly selected women, aged 18 to 65 years, attending general practice in three Spanish regions. A self-administered structured questionnaire specifically developed for the study was used. Given the overlap between the different types of lifetime abuse, various categories were created by combining the different types. Multiple logistic regression models were developed to identify the sociodemographic factors independently associated with the different categories of abuse. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of IPV was 32%, and 14.4% referred having experienced emotional abuse alone. Factors independently associated with all categories of abuse included being separated/divorced/widowed, having three or more children, and lacking social support. Increasing age was protective for physical and emotional abuse (odds ratio = 0.96; 95% confidence interval = 0.93-0.99). Women with the lowest monthly family income (< 600 euro) (1 euro = 1.32 euro) were most likely to experience all IPV categories, except for emotional abuse alone. CONCLUSIONS: IPV is a common problem in general practice. The identification of factors associated with this public health problem is essential for its prevention and treatment.     

Women's experience of intimate partner violence in Haiti

This study examined individual, partner, and community characteristics associated with the occurrence of intimate partner violence among ever-married women of reproductive age, using data from the 2000 Haiti Demographic and Health Survey. Separate logistic regressions were analyzed to assess women's risks of experiencing emotional, physical and sexual violence and multiple forms of intimate partner violence in the past 12 months. Twenty-nine percent of women in the sample experienced some form of intimate partner violence in the past 12 months, with 13 percent having experienced at least two different forms of violence. Significant positive associations with all forms of violence were found for lack of completion of primary school, history of violence exposure in women's families of origin either through witnessing violence between parents while growing up or direct experience of physical violence perpetrated by family members, partner's jealousy, partner's need for control, partner's history of drunkenness, and female-dominated financial decision-making. Significant positive associations were found between men's physical abuse of children at the community level and women's risk of experiencing emotional and physical violence. Neighborhood poverty and male unemployment, number of children living at home, women's attitudinal acceptance of wife beating, and male-dominated financial decision-making were additional risk factors for sexual violence. Women's economic independence was a protective factor for emotional and physical violence, while relationship quality was protective for all forms of violence and multiple victimizations.     

Adolescents with learning disabilities: risk and protective factors associated with emotional well-being: findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

PURPOSE: To identify differences in emotional well-being among adolescents with and without learning disabilities and to identify risk and protective factors associated with emotional distress. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of adolescent in-home interview data of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. A total of 20,780 adolescents were included in this study of whom 1,301 were identified as having a learning disability. Initially, emotional distress, suicidal behaviors, and violence involvement were compared among those adolescents with and without learning disabilities using Student's t-test for the continuous or semicontinuous variables and Chi-square for the dichotomous variables. Subsequently, logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify which variables were most strongly associated with risk and protective factors for emotional distress. RESULTS: Adolescents with learning disabilities had twice the risk of emotional distress, and females were at twice the risk of attempting suicide and for violence involvement than their peers. While educational achievement is below that of peers, connectedness to school is comparable. So, too, is connectedness to parents. Connectedness to parents and school was identified as most strongly associated with diminished emotional distress, suicide attempts, and violence involvement among adolescents with learning disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Given the increased association with emotional distress, suicidal attempts, and violence involvement, clinicians need to assess social and emotional as well as educational and physical functioning of these young people. We also need to be aware of the role protective factors play in the lives of young people with learning disabilities.     

Child abuse and smoking among young women: the importance of severity, accumulation, and timing.

PURPOSE: We examined the association between severity, accumulation, and timing of abuse in childhood and adolescence and smoking status among young women. METHODS: Retrospective self-reported childhood abuse was ascertained with the modified Conflict Tactics Scale from 91,286 Nurses Health Study II participants in 2001 (68,505 returned; 75.0% response rate). Childhood abuse was categorized by severity (mile/moderate/severe), type (physical/sexual), and timing (childhood/adolescence). Smoking status during adolescence was reported at baseline (1989). Logistic regression was used to predict smoking initiation by age 14 and smoking status between the ages of 15 and 19. RESULTS: A graded association between severity of abuse and early initiation of smoking (by age 14 years) was demonstrated (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-2.1 for severe physical violence). Young women with both physical and sexual abuse were two times more likely to start smoking by age 14 than were those reporting no abuse (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.8-2.3). Although abuse during childhood increased risk for adolescent smoking (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.8-2.1) for those with childhood physical and sexual abuse, inclusion of adolescent physical and sexual abuse (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 2.1-2.4) diminished the impact of childhood abuse (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.1-1.2). The degree of familial emotional support was protective against smoking, and reduced the impact of abuse by 40% among those with high emotional support versus those without (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: A strong and graded association was observed between both severity and accumulation of abuse and the risk of early initiation of smoking among girls. Smoking status during late adolescence was more strongly associated with adolescent abuse than childhood abuse. Early smoking onset is associated with both heightened risk for disease in adolescence but also increased morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Identifying and intervening in potentially modifiable risk factors for smoking onset in young women, such as early-life physical and sexual abuse, and building familial strengths, such as emotional support, may have significant public health implications.     

社区老年男性寂寞感现状及其影响因素分析

目的 调查社区老年男性寂寞感现状并对其影响因素进行分析,为改善老年男性寂寞感,提高晚年生活质量提供依据.方法 选取唐山市10个社区卫生服务中心辖区居民中年龄≥75岁的老年男性,使用加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校孤独量表(UCLA)测评老年男性寂寞感现状,通过x2检验和多因素logistic回归分析进行老年男性寂寞感的影响因素...     

1762名大专学生童年期虐待经历及影响因素分析

目的 了解大学生儿童期虐待发生情况及其影响因素,为制定干预策略提供科学依据.方法 用自填式问卷,对1 762名大专学生就有关儿童时期受虐待经历进行不记名回顾性调查.结果 在被调查的1 762名大学生中,76.2％的人在儿童期有遭受虐待经历,儿童期躯体虐待发生率为59.4％,男生为76.0％,女生为49.2％;精神虐待为61.5％,男生为69.0％,女生为57.0％;性虐待为10.2％,男生为8.1％,女生为11.5％.男生躯体虐待(x2=124.139,P=0.000)和精神虐待(x2=25.338,P=0.000)发生率均高于女生,女生性虐待发生率高于男生(x2=5.387,P=0.020).多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示:父母婚姻状况不良是发生儿童虐待的危险因素(OR=2.407),女童(OR=0.409)、母亲文化程度高(OR=0.718)是儿童虐待发生的保护因素.结论 儿童虐待现象比较普遍,应加强对儿童虐待问题的重视,促进学生健康成长.     

广州市儿童家庭虐待现状及其影响因素分析

【目的】 了解广州市儿童家庭虐待发生情况及其影响因素,为制定干预策略提供科学依据。 【方法】 用自填式问卷对7 475名儿童就家庭虐待问题进行回顾性调查。 【结果】 在被调查的7 475名儿童中,情感虐待、躯体虐待、性虐待发生率分别为59.41%、31.51%、17.94%,女生情感虐待分量表得分及发生率高于男生(t=4.755,H=24.410),男生躯体虐待、性虐待分量表得分及发生率均高于女生(t=8.356,H=82.211;t=8.784,H=52.452),差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。性别、年龄、家庭结构、居住环境、父母亲饮酒频率是儿童情感虐待、躯体虐待和性虐待共同的影响因素。 【结论】 广州市儿童虐待问题并不少见,儿童虐待的发生受到多种因素的影响,不同类型虐待的影响因素存在差异,家庭环境在儿童期虐待的发生中起重要作用。