双侧肾输尿管结石同期或分期经皮肾镜取石术的选择

目的 探讨双侧肾输尿管结石同期或分期经皮肾镜取石术的选择.方法 2008年1-12月收治双侧肾输尿管结石患者60例.其中双侧肾结石30例、一侧肾结石合并对侧输尿管结石12例、双侧输尿管结石8例、双侧肾结石并一侧输尿管上段结石10例.结石直径1.0～6.5 cm,平均2.0 cm.根据手术时间、血红蛋白及血压变化、血气分析结果 和患者耐受程度等判定是否同期行双侧手术.根据手术完成情况分为同期组51例和分期组9例,分期组二期手术在3～6周后进行.比较2组患者一般情况、结石特征及手术情况.结果 手术分期原因:首侧手术时间＞3 h 4例,血红蛋白＜100 g/L或下降＞30 g/L 3例,收缩压＜90 mm Hg或下降＞30 mm Hg 2例,动脉血pH值＜7.35或动脉氧饱和度＜95% 2例,患者不耐受3例.同期组首侧结石负荷、总结石负荷分别为(480.4±375.3)mm2及(858.8±426.0)mm2,分期组分别为(1271.7±928.1)mm2及(1667.0±811.2)mm2,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).同期组首侧平均手术时间、总手术时间分别为(119.3±25.1)min及(212.7±25.5)min,分期组分别为(153.7±42.4)min及(254.8±44.9)min,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组患者性别、年龄、体质指数、术前血红蛋白、总血红蛋白降低值、手术开始侧别、结石数量、第二侧结石负荷等差异均无统计性意义(P＞0.05).2组总结石清除率分别为87.3%与88.9%,并发症发生率分别为17.6%与16.7%,2组差异均无统计性意义(P＞0.05).同期组术后出现发热(体温＞38.5 ℃)4例、迟发出血4例、肾盂穿孔1例;分期组术后发热1例、迟发出血1例、尿外渗1例.结论 首侧手术时间过长、术中出血及患者不耐受是双侧结石经皮肾镜取石分期手术的主要因素.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the of the decision process to perform staged or synchronous bilateral percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) in the treatment of bilateral upper urinary tract calculi. Methods Patients with an indication for bilateral PCNL were enrolled in the study from Jan. 2008 to Dec. 2008. The decision to perform staged or synchronous bilateral PCNL was based on the initial side operative time, the changes of hemoglobin level and systolic arterial pressure, the results of blood gas analysis and the patient′s tolerance at the end of initial side operation. The patients were divided into two groups, patients who underwent synchronous bilateral PCNL were in group one. Patients where the PCNL procedure was stopped after the initial side and subsequently underwent staged bilateral PCNL three to six weeks later were placed in group two. The success and complication rates of two groups were compared and analyzed. Results Of 60 planned simultaneous bilateral PCNLs, nine were stopped after the initial side, due to prolonged operative time in four cases, a hemoglobin level ＜100 g/L or the decrease of more than 30 g/L in three cases, a systolic arterial pressure lower than 90 mm Hg or the decrease more than 30 mm Hg in two cases, an arterial blood pH lower than 7.35 or the arterial oxygen saturation lower than 95% in two cases or the patients were intolerant to the surgery in three cases. Between the two groups, the differences of patient gender, age, BMI, preoperative hemoglobin level, the total hemoglobin decrease, the side initiated operation, stone number and second side stone burden were insignificant. However, there were significant differences in the first operative side stone burden, total stone burden, the first operative side operative time and total operative time. The stone-clearance rate was 87.3% in group one and 88.9% in group two. There was no difference in complication rate of two groups. Conclusions Prolonged operative time, large blood loss during the first operation side and patient intolerance are the main causes of staged bilateral PCNL.     

重症溃疡性结肠炎手术治疗分析

Objective To evaluate the role of different procedures in the treatment of severe ulcerative colitis (UC) requiring colectomy. Methods A total of 29 UC inpatients who underwent colectomy at the West China Hospital between January 1996 and December 2008 were included in this study. Except two cases who underwent partial colectomy,patients were divided into total colectomy group(TC group,n=7) and total proctocolectomy group(TPC group,n=20), meanwhile divided into ileal pouch-anal anstomosis (IPAA,n=8) group,straight end-to-end anastomosis (ileoanal or ileorectal and ileostomy)group (n=14)and ileostomy group (n=5). Quality of life (QOL) was assessed using the Cleveland Global Quality of Life (CGQL) instrument. Results The complication rate was 60.0% in TPC group and 57.1% in TC group (P＞0.05). The recurrence rate was 15.0% in TPC group and 57.1% in TC group (P＜0.05). The complication rate was 6/8 in IPAA group and 50.0%(7/14) in straight end-to-end anastomosis group(P＞0.05). The frequency of daily bowel movements in IPAA group was significantly lower than that in straight end-to-end anastomosis group at 1 year after the surgery(5.6±1.7 versus 9.1±2.9,P＜0.05). QOL was significantly improved postoperatively for all the patients (P＜0.01 ). Patients who underwent IPAA had a better QOL than those of straight end-to-end anastomosis group (P＞0.05). Conclusions TPC-IPAA is the ideal procedure of severe UC with acceptable complication rate, satisfactory quality of life and functional outcome.     

Acetabular components with or without screws in total hip arthroplasty

AIM To compare the operation time, blood loss, and early outcomes of acetabular components with and without the screw.METHODS Thirty patients who underwent cementless acetabular component with or without screw and whose follow-up exceeded one year period in total hip arthroplasty were evaluated. A posterior approach was used in all surgical procedures by one experienced surgeon. Demographic data, operation time, intra-and postoperative blood loss volume, follow-up clinical score, cup migration, and osteolysis were recorded. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed for testing the normality of study data. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the intergroup differences. A P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS Acetabular components were used in 16(53.3%) patients with screw and 14(46.7%) without screw. After one year of follow-up, an osteolytic lesion of 3 mm was found in only one patient in the screw group. No cup migrationwas encountered. Intra-group mean Harris hip score significantly increased, but there was no significant intergroup difference. While the mean operation time of the screw group was 121.8 min(range; 95-140), it was 102.7 min(range; 80-120) in the no-screw group, and this difference was statistically significant(P = 0.002). The mean intraoperative/postoperative, and total blood loss were 556.6 mL(range: 350-800)/423.3 mL(range: 250-600), and 983.3 mL(range: 600-1350), respectively in the screw group; and 527 mL(range: 400-700)/456 mL(range: 230-600), and 983 mL(range: 630-1250), respectively in the no-screw group. The blood loss difference between the two groups was not significant. In the screw group, the operation time was 19.1 min longer than the no-screw group, and this difference was statistically significant.CONCLUSION Acetabular components with or without screw have similar results, but the use of screw increases the operation time significantly, while not changing the blood loss volume.     

重症溃疡性结肠炎手术治疗分析

Objective To evaluate the role of different procedures in the treatment of severe ulcerative colitis (UC) requiring colectomy. Methods A total of 29 UC inpatients who underwent colectomy at the West China Hospital between January 1996 and December 2008 were included in this study. Except two cases who underwent partial colectomy,patients were divided into total colectomy group(TC group,n=7) and total proctocolectomy group(TPC group,n=20), meanwhile divided into ileal pouch-anal anstomosis (IPAA,n=8) group,straight end-to-end anastomosis (ileoanal or ileorectal and ileostomy)group (n=14)and ileostomy group (n=5). Quality of life (QOL) was assessed using the Cleveland Global Quality of Life (CGQL) instrument. Results The complication rate was 60.0% in TPC group and 57.1% in TC group (P＞0.05). The recurrence rate was 15.0% in TPC group and 57.1% in TC group (P＜0.05). The complication rate was 6/8 in IPAA group and 50.0%(7/14) in straight end-to-end anastomosis group(P＞0.05). The frequency of daily bowel movements in IPAA group was significantly lower than that in straight end-to-end anastomosis group at 1 year after the surgery(5.6±1.7 versus 9.1±2.9,P＜0.05). QOL was significantly improved postoperatively for all the patients (P＜0.01 ). Patients who underwent IPAA had a better QOL than those of straight end-to-end anastomosis group (P＞0.05). Conclusions TPC-IPAA is the ideal procedure of severe UC with acceptable complication rate, satisfactory quality of life and functional outcome.     

肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术的疗效与安全性探讨

目的 评价经肾上盏入路行PCNL的疗效及安全性.方法 2007年10月至2009年10月行经肾上盏入路PCNL治疗肾结石患者42例.其中鹿角形结石10例,肾盂结石22例,肾上盏结石7例,下盏多发结石3例;合并输尿管上段结石4例,合并肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(UPJO)2例;结石长径2.0～6.5 cm,平均3.4 cm.B超引导下选取肾上盏穿刺,穿刺点选在第10或11肋间,建立经皮肾通道(16～26 F).经皮肾镜或输尿管镜下气压弹道或钬激光碎石. 结果 42例均一期成功建立经皮肾通道并碎石.单通道取石36例(85.7%),双通道取石6例(14.3%).手术时间30～140 min,平均65 min.术后发热4例(9.5%),输血1例(2.4%),肾盂穿孔1例(2.4%).无气胸、血胸、腹腔脏器损伤.一期结石清除率88.1%(37/42),3例(7.1%)行二次肾镜取石,2例(4.8%)辅助体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗. 结论经肾上盏入路PCNL活动范围大,对于部分复杂性肾结石碎石取石方便,是一种安全有效的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)guided by ultrasonography through upper pole access. Methods From October 2007 to October 2009, 42 patients with upper urinary tract calculi underwent PCNL through upper pole access.Among these cases, there were 10 cases of staghorn calculi, 22 cases of renal pelvis calculi, 7 cases of the upper calyx calculi, 3 cases of the lower calyx calculi, 4 cases combined with ureter calculi and 2 cases combined with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The stone measured from 2.0 to 6.5 cm (average: 3.4 cm) in length. Working tunnels (F16-F26) were established through the 10th or llth intercostals. Pneumatic or holmium laser lithotripsy was used to disintegrate and remove stones by nephroscopy or ureteroscopy. Clinical data including operation time, complications and stone free rate were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the operations were completed in one session, single tract was used in 36 cases(85.7%), double tracts were used in the other 6 cases(14.3%). The stonefree rate after one session was 88.1% (37/42), 3 cases(7.1%) received a second-session PCNL, 2 cases (4.8%)underwent ESWL after operation. The mean operative time was 65 min(30- 140 min).Postoperative surgery-related infection rate was 9. 5% (4/42). One patient (2. 4%)required blood transfusion. Perforation of the pelvis occurred in 1 patient(2.4 %). No pleural or important organ injury occurred. Conclusion The upper pole access for PCNL can be convenient to remove stones,this method is a highly efficient and safe technique.     

改良胆肠袢式吻合术的疗效分析

Objective To evaluate the long-term efficacy of modified loop choledochojejunostomy (MLC). Methods The clinical data of 259 patients who had underwent choledochojejunostomy in First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2000 to December 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. Of all the patients, 130 underwent MLC (MLC group) and 129 underwent Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostemy (RYC, RYC group). The changes in incidence of cholangitis and liver function between the 2 groups were compared. All the data were analyzed by t test, chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Results The levels of alaninetransa-minase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase were (63±42) U/L and (147±147) U/L in MLC group, and (84±52)U/L and (256±201)U/L in RYC group, with statistical difference between the 2 groups (t=1.634, 1.655, P>0.05). The level of gamma-glutamyl transferase in MLC group was (116±91)U/L, which was signifieandy lower than (169±96)U/L in RYC group (t=2.461, P<0.05). Three patients (2.3%) in MLC group and 9 (7.0%) in RYC group suffered from acute cholangitis after operation, with no statistical difference in the incidence between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Of the 12 patients with acute cholangids, 1 in MLC group and 7 in RYC group were hospitalized, with statistical difference between the 2 groups (P<0.05). Conclusions The incidence of acute cholangitis in patients who underwent MLC is comparable to that of RYC. However, the procedure of MLC is simpler than RYC, and patients have milder symptom and lesser frequency of reflux cholangitis onset after MLC.     

改良胆肠袢式吻合术的疗效分析

Objective To evaluate the long-term efficacy of modified loop choledochojejunostomy (MLC). Methods The clinical data of 259 patients who had underwent choledochojejunostomy in First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2000 to December 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. Of all the patients, 130 underwent MLC (MLC group) and 129 underwent Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostemy (RYC, RYC group). The changes in incidence of cholangitis and liver function between the 2 groups were compared. All the data were analyzed by t test, chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Results The levels of alaninetransa-minase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase were (63±42) U/L and (147±147) U/L in MLC group, and (84±52)U/L and (256±201)U/L in RYC group, with statistical difference between the 2 groups (t=1.634, 1.655, P>0.05). The level of gamma-glutamyl transferase in MLC group was (116±91)U/L, which was signifieandy lower than (169±96)U/L in RYC group (t=2.461, P<0.05). Three patients (2.3%) in MLC group and 9 (7.0%) in RYC group suffered from acute cholangitis after operation, with no statistical difference in the incidence between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Of the 12 patients with acute cholangids, 1 in MLC group and 7 in RYC group were hospitalized, with statistical difference between the 2 groups (P<0.05). Conclusions The incidence of acute cholangitis in patients who underwent MLC is comparable to that of RYC. However, the procedure of MLC is simpler than RYC, and patients have milder symptom and lesser frequency of reflux cholangitis onset after MLC.     

局麻下经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石1363例报告

目的 探讨局麻下经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)的可行性及安全性.方法 局麻B超引导下行PCNL 1363例,其中复杂性肾结石475例,肾盂结石520例,输尿管上段结石368例.采用1%～2%盐酸利多卡因10～20 ml自穿刺点皮肤开始沿穿刺方向行浸润麻醉,深达肾筋膜区域.术中采用"0～10"疼痛强度量表评估疼痛程度.结果 1363例均一次穿刺成功并行一期PCNL,其中5通道2例,4通道4例,3通道9例,2通道25例,单通道碎石1323例.肾盂结石取净500例(96.2%),输尿管上段结石均取净(100.0%),复杂性肾结石取净428例(90.1%).疼痛评分0～3分者818例(60.0%),4～6分者409例(30.0%),7～9分者136例(10.0%).10%疼痛评分≥7分者局部予1%～2%盐酸利多卡因5～10 ml或盐酸哌替啶50～75 mg肌肉注射后缓解,无一例因疼痛难以忍受而变动体位或停止手术者,术中未发生肝、脾、胸腔、肠管损伤等严重并发症.结论 局麻B超引导下行PCNL术简单安全有效,值得临床推广运用.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the feasibility of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for treating upper urinary calculi under local anesthesia.Methods One thousand three hundred and sixty-three patients who suffered with upper urinary calculi were treated with PCNL, the puncture and tracts were created using local anesthesia and guided through ultrasound.Of the 1363 patients, 475 patients had complicated renal caluli, 520 patients had kidney pelvic calculi and 368 had upper uretere calculi.Results All of the patients successfully received PCNL under the local anesthesia.Of the 1363 patients five tracts were used in two patients, four tracts were used in four patients, three tracts were used in nine patients, double tracts were used in 25 patents and one tract was used in the remaining patients.The stone-free rate was 96.0% in the kidney pelvic calculi patients, 100.0% in the upper uretere calculi patients, and 90.1% in the complicated renal caluli patients.90.0% patients were find well throught the operation, 10.0% patients find a little pain and solved by another more 5 - 10 ml lidocaine local injection or 50 - 75 mg pethidine hydrochloride intramuscular injection.No case stop operation because of pain or position changed.All without any severe complications such as damaged of liver, spleen, thorax and intestine.Conclusion The PCNL handled under local anesthesia was simple safe and effective, deserved clinical popularizing use.     

改良胆肠袢式吻合术的疗效分析

Objective To evaluate the long-term efficacy of modified loop choledochojejunostomy (MLC). Methods The clinical data of 259 patients who had underwent choledochojejunostomy in First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2000 to December 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. Of all the patients, 130 underwent MLC (MLC group) and 129 underwent Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostemy (RYC, RYC group). The changes in incidence of cholangitis and liver function between the 2 groups were compared. All the data were analyzed by t test, chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Results The levels of alaninetransa-minase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase were (63±42) U/L and (147±147) U/L in MLC group, and (84±52)U/L and (256±201)U/L in RYC group, with statistical difference between the 2 groups (t=1.634, 1.655, P>0.05). The level of gamma-glutamyl transferase in MLC group was (116±91)U/L, which was signifieandy lower than (169±96)U/L in RYC group (t=2.461, P<0.05). Three patients (2.3%) in MLC group and 9 (7.0%) in RYC group suffered from acute cholangitis after operation, with no statistical difference in the incidence between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Of the 12 patients with acute cholangids, 1 in MLC group and 7 in RYC group were hospitalized, with statistical difference between the 2 groups (P<0.05). Conclusions The incidence of acute cholangitis in patients who underwent MLC is comparable to that of RYC. However, the procedure of MLC is simpler than RYC, and patients have milder symptom and lesser frequency of reflux cholangitis onset after MLC.     

改良胆肠袢式吻合术的疗效分析

Objective To evaluate the long-term efficacy of modified loop choledochojejunostomy (MLC). Methods The clinical data of 259 patients who had underwent choledochojejunostomy in First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2000 to December 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. Of all the patients, 130 underwent MLC (MLC group) and 129 underwent Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostemy (RYC, RYC group). The changes in incidence of cholangitis and liver function between the 2 groups were compared. All the data were analyzed by t test, chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Results The levels of alaninetransa-minase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase were (63±42) U/L and (147±147) U/L in MLC group, and (84±52)U/L and (256±201)U/L in RYC group, with statistical difference between the 2 groups (t=1.634, 1.655, P>0.05). The level of gamma-glutamyl transferase in MLC group was (116±91)U/L, which was signifieandy lower than (169±96)U/L in RYC group (t=2.461, P<0.05). Three patients (2.3%) in MLC group and 9 (7.0%) in RYC group suffered from acute cholangitis after operation, with no statistical difference in the incidence between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Of the 12 patients with acute cholangids, 1 in MLC group and 7 in RYC group were hospitalized, with statistical difference between the 2 groups (P<0.05). Conclusions The incidence of acute cholangitis in patients who underwent MLC is comparable to that of RYC. However, the procedure of MLC is simpler than RYC, and patients have milder symptom and lesser frequency of reflux cholangitis onset after MLC.     

标准通道与微通道经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗肾结石的疗效分析(附视频)

目的 探讨标准通道经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)与微通道经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗肾结石的临床疗效及其优缺点.方法 回顾性分析323例肾结石患者,其中178例采用MPCNL,145例采用标准通道PCNL,对两组手术时间、一期手术成功率、结石清除率、手术并发症、肾功能、输血率、住院时间等指标进行比较分析.结果 两组患者分别成功建立了18 F和24 F肾穿刺通道并一期行碎石术.MPCNL组手术时间较PCNL组延长(P＜0.05),但肾盏多发性结石患者结石清除率高于标准通道PCNL组(P＜0.05),而单纯肾盂结石患者结石清除率则低于标准通道PCNL组(P＜0.05).两组鹿角型结石患者一期结石清除率比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组术后手术并发症、肾功能、输血率、住院时间等均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 MPCNL与标准通道PCNL均具有术中损伤小、住院时间短、结石清除率高、并发症低、对肾功能无明显影响等优点.标准通道PCNL较适合处理较大的肾盂结石,MPCNL较适合治疗肾盏多发结石,两者联合应用可提高鹿角型结石的治疗疗效.     

既往结石干预对微创经皮肾镜碎石术的影响

目的：探讨既往开放取石术、经皮。肾镜碎石术和ESWL对微创经皮肾镜碎石术（mini—PcNL）的影响。方法：收集2002年7月～2006年10月收治的885例1156例次接受mini—PCNL术患者的临床资料。将患者分为四组：既往行开放取石术组（A组）、经皮肾镜术组（B组）、单纯ESWL组（C组）、无结石干预史组（D组）。对比分析各组手术时间、结石清除率、出血量、输血率、平均住院日及并发症。结果：各组最终结石清除率未见明显差异（X^2=0．584,p=0．900）。A组的出血量为（10．5±9．3）g／L,明显低于其他各组（F=12．879,P〈0．001）。各组手术时间、平均住院日差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。各组输血率、并发症也未见明显差别。结论：有既往结石干预史的患者行miniPCNL是安全、有效的。     

微创和标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效比较

目的:比较微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)和标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效及安全性。方法:采用MPCNL和标准通道PCNL分别治疗复杂性肾结石患者59例(微创组)和37例(标准组),并对两种方法的手术时间、结石清除率及手术并发症进行对比分析。结果:两组患者均一期成功建立F_(16)和F_(22)皮肾通道。手术时间标准组短于微创组(P0.05),结石清除率差异两组无统计学意义(P0.05),穿刺通道的损伤、出血两组差异也无统计学意义(P0.05),术后发热微创组高于标准组(P0.05)。结论:MPCNL和标准通道经皮肾镜取石术均是治疗复杂性肾结石的有效方法;采用标准通道能缩短手术时间;随着手术时间的延长,MPCNL因高压冲洗引起的并发症相应增多。     

Bilateral renal calculi: assessment of staged v synchronous percutaneous nephrolithotomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous stone removal has replaced open renal surgery and has become the treatment of choice for large or complex renal calculi. However, patients with large bilateral stone burdens still present a challenge. Simultaneous bilateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has been demonstrated to be a well-tolerated, safe, cost-effective, and expeditious treatment. We present what is, to our knowledge, the first large retrospective series comparing synchronous and asynchronous bilateral PCNL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A chart review was performed on 26 patients undergoing 57 PCNLs for bilateral renal calculi over a 7-year period. Seven patients received synchronous PCNL (same anesthesia; Group 1), and 19 patients underwent asynchronous PNL (procedures separated by 1-3 months; Group 2). Complete surgical and hospital records were available on all patients. The average stone burden for Group 1 was 8.03 cm(2) on the left and 9.18 cm(2) on the right v 10.1 cm(2) on the left and 14.23 cm(2) on the right for Group 2 (P> 0.05). Variables of interest included anesthesia time, operative time, blood loss, transfusion rates, length of hospital stay, and complication rates. Each variable was evaluated per operation and per renal unit. Follow-up imaging with stone assessment was available on 20 patients. RESULTS: Group 1 required 1.14 access tracts per renal unit to attempt complete clearance of the targeted stones v 1.88 tracts per renal unit in Group 2 (P> 0.05). The average operative time per renal unit was significantly less in Group 1 (83 minutes) than in Group 2 (168.5 minutes) (P< 0.0001), as was blood loss (178.5 mL v 307.4 mL, respectively; P= 0.02). However, blood loss per operation was similar at 357 mL in Group 1 and 282 mL in Group 2. Comparable transfusion rates of 28.6% and 36.8%, respectively, were noted. Forty percent of the patients in Group 1 were completely stone free compared with 36% of the patients in Group 2; however, an additional 50% and 57%, respectively, had residual stone burden <4 mm (P> 0.05). Complications occurred in 2 of 7 operations (28%) in Group 1 and 8 of 42 operations (19%) in Group 2. The total length of hospital stay was nearly doubled for patients undergoing staged PCNL (P= 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate similar stone-free rates, blood loss per operation, and transfusion rates for simultaneous and staged bilateral PCNL. The reduced total operative time, hospital stay, and total blood loss, along with the requirement for only one anesthesia, makes synchronous bilateral PCNL an attractive option for select individuals. However, in patients with larger, less easily accessible stones, excessive bleeding may be encountered more frequently on the first side, thereby delaying management of the second side to a later date. Synchronous bilateral PCNL should be considered in patients in whom the first stage of stone removal is accomplished quickly and safely.     

标准通道与微通道经皮肾镜治疗感染性肾结石的对比研究

目的研究经皮肾镜标准通道与微通道碎石术治疗感染性肾结石疗效和安全性。方法回顾分析2006年1月至2010年6月我院138例（149例次）应用经皮肾镜术治疗肾脏感染性结石患者的资料。其中采用标准通道83例次,采用微通道66例次。对两组患者结石清除率、手术时间和手术并发症等指标进行比较分析。结果两组患者均分别成功建立24F和18F肾穿刺通道。两组清石率比较：标准通道组与微通道组I期单通道结石清除率分别为71．08％（59／83）、48．48％（32／66）,P〈0．05;I期结石总清除率分别为80．72％（67／83）、60．60％（40／66）,P〈0．05;两组的手术时间分别为（95±16）min和（120±15）min,P〈0．05。术后并发症方面：两组术中出血量分别为（136±9．6）ml、（139±8．9）ml,P〉0．05;两组术后血细菌培养阳性分别为18例、24例,P〈0．05;两组术后发热（体温〉39℃）分别为10例、13例,P〉0．05。结论标准通道经皮肾镜术具有手术时间短、清石效率高、低压灌注及感染率低,术后菌血症发生率低等优点,在处理感染性肾结石方面优于微小通道经皮肾镜术。     

组合式输尿管软镜和经皮肾镜治疗〈2cm肾和输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的：比较组合式输尿管软镜（PolyScope）和经皮肾镜（PcNL）治疗〈2cm肾和输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法：分别采用输尿管软镜和经皮。肾镜取石术治疗〈2cm的肾和输尿管上段结石患者26例和47例,统计比较两种方法的手术时间、术后住院时间、并发症、住院费用及一次碎石成功率。结果：输尿管软镜组和经皮肾镜组的手术时间分别为（70．2±14．7）min和（49．2±11．9）min,术后住院时间分别为（3．7±1_1）d和（6．5±2．1）d,住院费用分别为（21318±1171）元和（13474±1428）元,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。经皮肾镜组有7例出现感染、出血等不同程度并发症,输尿管软镜组无明显并发症,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。输尿管软镜组一次碎石成功率为80．8％,经皮肾镜组为95．7％,两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。但对于下盏结石,前者一次碎石成功率仅44．4％,后者达88．2％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：组合式输尿管软镜治疗〈2cm肾和输尿管上段结石,在并发症、住院时间上依然具有优势,但在处理肾下盏结石时,一次碎石成功率不如经皮肾镜。建议在术前对病例进行选择,。肾下盏漏斗肾盂角过小的下盏结石不宜选择输尿管软镜治疗。     

Ureteroscopic versus percutaneous treatment for medium-size (1-2-cm) renal calculi

PURPOSE: To compare the outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and ureterorenoscopy (URS) for 1- to 2-cm renal calculi with specific reference to the stone clearance rate and morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 27 patients who underwent either PCNL (N = 15) or URS (N = 12) by standard techniques over an 8-month period for renal calculi between 1 and 2 cm were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative data were accrued and compared to identify any statistically significant differences. The median stone burden was slightly but not significantly higher in the PCNL group (1.8 cm v 1.25 cm; P = 0.19). Postoperative plain films were used to confirm stone clearance. RESULTS: The procedure was technically successful in all 27 patients. No patient in either group required a repeat session or ancillary procedure. All 15 PCNL procedures were completed through a single percutaneous tract. The PCNL and URS groups were equivalent with respect to operative time (79.0 minutes v 68.5 minutes) and incidence of complications (2 v 0). No patient in either group had significant hemorrhage or required blood transfusion. The overall stone-free rate was 87% for PCNL and 67% for URS (P = 0.36). CONCLUSIONS: Both PCNL and URS are effective options for renal calculi between 1 and 2 cm. The stonefree and complication rates for PCNL are higher, but the differences were not statistically significant in our series. The operative times are statistically equivalent, despite the potentially longer fragmentation times required for URS. The choice of treatment ultimately depends on the individual surgeon's preference and level of expertise.     

组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜与经皮肾镜治疗肾盂结石的比较

目的探讨组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜在治疗2～3 cm肾盂结石中的临床应用价值。 方法回顾性分析云浮市中医院2014年4月至2016年4月收治的87例2～3 cm肾盂结石患者的临床资料,分为组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜组（40例）和经皮肾镜组（47例）,对两组手术时间、结石清除率、平均住院时间及并发症发生率进行观察对比。 结果纳入研究的两组患者术前一般资料比较差别无统计学意义。组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜组和经皮肾镜组在结石清除率方面差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;但组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜组在手术时间,平均住院时间明显优于经皮肾镜组（P<0.05）;而且组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜组术中出血量及术后发热率少于经皮肾镜组（P<0.05）。 结论组合式输尿管硬镜结合软镜治疗2～3 cm肾盂结石是安全有效的,具有手术时间短、创伤小,康复快,严重并发症少等优点,值得临床上推广和应用。     

CT三维重建辅助鹿角形肾结石经皮肾镜取石术中穿刺定位

目的探讨螺旋CT三维重建技术辅助鹿角形肾结石经皮肾镜取石术中穿刺定位的可行性及临床效果。方法本组82例鹿角形肾结石均行经皮肾镜取石术,术前随机分为CT三维重建组（3DCT实验组）37例和静脉泌尿系造影组（IVU对照组）45例。观察手术时间、术中失血量、穿刺通道数目和结石清除率。结果全部手术均取得成功,无严重并发症发生。3DCT实验组手术时间98±27.3min,术中失血量127.1±34.5ml,穿刺通道数目1.3±0.2个,结石清除率92.8％;IVU对照组手术时间127.3±26.7min,术中失血量131.2±36.5ml,穿刺通道数目1.7±0.3个,结石清除率84.2％。两组的失血量差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而实验组结石清除率高于对照组,手术时间和穿刺通道数目少于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论CT尿路造影可提供肾盂肾盏集合系统的清晰图像,并可发现结石和明确结石与肾盂肾盏集合系统关系,与静脉泌尿系造影相比较,三维CT重建更有利于确定经皮肾穿刺的部位。因此,对于鹿角形。肾结石,CT三维重建应该成为经皮肾镜取石术前一种常规的影像学定位方法。     

经皮肾镜与输尿管软镜治疗肾盏憩室结石的比较

目的探讨经皮肾镜超声碎石取石术与输尿管软镜钬激光碎石取石术治疗肾盏憩室结石的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2010年6月至2017年7月,我院采用经皮肾镜治疗的20例肾盏憩室结石患者及输尿管软镜治疗的18例肾盏憩室结石患者的资料,比较两种术式在手术时间、术中出血量及术后住院时间、并发症发生率、碎石成功率及憩室改善情况等。 结果输尿管软镜手术组的手术时间、术中出血量及术后住院时间等指标明显优于经皮肾镜组（P<0.05）;而在手术并发症、碎石成功率及完全清石率方面结果差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术后6个月随访发现,两组肾盏憩室融合或是明显减小者比例差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论经皮肾镜及输尿管软镜在肾盏憩室结石治疗方面均可取得满意疗效。