非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者术前是否需要常规行IVU检查

Objective To discuss the need for performing intravenous urography(IVU) in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer before surgery. Methods From 1997 to 2008,1968patients were diagnosed as non-muscle invasive carcinoma of the bladder with pathological confirmation. All patients underwent ultrasonography, cystoscopy and IVU prior to surgrey. The x2 test was used for statistical analysis. Results The incidence of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors (UUTUT) was 11. 0% (216 cases). Two hundred and fifteen (13. 6%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detected by IVU in 1528 patients with bladder cancer who had intermittent painless gross hematuria, while only 1 (0.3 %) suffered simultaneous UUTUT in 386 non-symptomatic patients (P＜0.01). Among 120 patients with bladder cancer whose upper tract was abnormal detected by ultrasonography,120 (100. 0%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detected by IVU, and of 1848 patients who were normal in upper tract by ultrasonography, 96 (5. 2%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detected by IVU (P＜0. 01). Of the patients with no abnormalities in upper tract by ultrasound, 37(3. 0%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detcted by 1VU in 1247 patients with single bladder tumor,and 59 (9.8%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT in 601 patients with multiple bladder tumors (P＜0.01). Of the patients with single bladder tumor who had no abnormalities in upper tract by ultrasonography, 2 (0.2%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detected by IVU in 822 patients with the diameter of the tumor＜1.0 cm, and 35 (8. 2 %) suffered simultaneous UUTUT in 425 patients with the diameter≥1. 0 cm (P＜0.01). Of the 1541 patients with histological G1, 48 (3.1%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detected by IVU, and of the 427 patients with histological G2- G3, 168 (39. 3%)suffered simultaneous UUTUT (P ＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusion Patients with the following characters should undergo IVU before surgery: hematuria, abnormal upper urinary tract by ultrasonography,multifocal tumours, the diameter of the single bladder tumor≥1. 0 cm and high gradc tumors.     

非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者术前是否需要常规行IVU检查

Objective To discuss the need for performing intravenous urography(IVU) in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer before surgery. Methods From 1997 to 2008,1968patients were diagnosed as non-muscle invasive carcinoma of the bladder with pathological confirmation. All patients underwent ultrasonography, cystoscopy and IVU prior to surgrey. The x2 test was used for statistical analysis. Results The incidence of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors (UUTUT) was 11. 0% (216 cases). Two hundred and fifteen (13. 6%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detected by IVU in 1528 patients with bladder cancer who had intermittent painless gross hematuria, while only 1 (0.3 %) suffered simultaneous UUTUT in 386 non-symptomatic patients (P＜0.01). Among 120 patients with bladder cancer whose upper tract was abnormal detected by ultrasonography,120 (100. 0%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detected by IVU, and of 1848 patients who were normal in upper tract by ultrasonography, 96 (5. 2%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detected by IVU (P＜0. 01). Of the patients with no abnormalities in upper tract by ultrasound, 37(3. 0%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detcted by 1VU in 1247 patients with single bladder tumor,and 59 (9.8%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT in 601 patients with multiple bladder tumors (P＜0.01). Of the patients with single bladder tumor who had no abnormalities in upper tract by ultrasonography, 2 (0.2%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detected by IVU in 822 patients with the diameter of the tumor＜1.0 cm, and 35 (8. 2 %) suffered simultaneous UUTUT in 425 patients with the diameter≥1. 0 cm (P＜0.01). Of the 1541 patients with histological G1, 48 (3.1%) suffered simultaneous UUTUT detected by IVU, and of the 427 patients with histological G2- G3, 168 (39. 3%)suffered simultaneous UUTUT (P ＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusion Patients with the following characters should undergo IVU before surgery: hematuria, abnormal upper urinary tract by ultrasonography,multifocal tumours, the diameter of the single bladder tumor≥1. 0 cm and high gradc tumors.     

趋化因子受体7在膀胱癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨趋化因子受体7(CXCR7)蛋白在膀胱癌中的表达情况,并分析其与临床生物学行为及复发的关系.方法 选择148例膀胱移行细胞癌标本,30例正常膀胱组织标本:肿瘤标本中非肌层浸润性癌104例,肌层浸润性癌44例;G147例、G2 73例、G3 28例;单发肿瘤89例,多发肿瘤59例;非肌层浸润性癌中未复发40例,复发64例.采用LSAB免疫组织化学方法,检测膀胱癌和正常组织中CXCR7蛋白的表达,并结合临床资料进行分析. 结果正常组织中CXCR7蛋白的表达水平为10.0%(3/30),肿瘤组织为85.1%(126/148);单发及多发肿瘤CXCR7蛋白高表达率分别为49.4%(44/89)和71.2%(42/59),G1、G2、G3膀胱癌CXCR7蛋白高表达阳性率分别为34.0%(16/47)、65.8%(48/73)、78.6%(22/28),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).非肌层浸润性肿瘤和肌层浸润性肿瘤中CXCR7蛋白高表达阳性率为51.9%和72.7%,组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).非肌层浸润性膀胱癌中,复发组与未复发组中CXCR7蛋白高表达阳性率为64.1%和32.5%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).Kaplan-Merier曲线显示,CXCR7蛋白高表达组患者和CXCR7蛋白低表达组患者术后无复发生存率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01). 结论CXCR7蛋白高表达与膀胱移行细胞癌的恶性程度及预后相关,提示CXCR7与膀胱癌的发生发展存在相关性.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the expression of CXCR7 in bladder cancer and analyze its clinical significance and relationship with bladder cancer recurrence. Methods The expressions of CXCR7 protein in 148 specimens of bladder cancer and 30 specimens of normal bladder tissues were detected by immunohistochemical staining and its clinical significance was then analyzed. Results The expression of CXCR7 protein was higher in bladder cancers than in the adjacent normal tissues (P＜0.01). CXCR7 protein expression rates were 49. 4% and 71.2% in mutifocal tumors and unifocal tumors, while 34.0%, 65.8% and 78. 6% in G1, G2, and G3 tumors, respectively (P＜0. 01). Expression of CXCR7 protein was higher in muscle invasive bladder cancers than in non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (72. 7% versus 51.9% ,P＜0.05). In patients followed up for 2-95 months, CXCR7 protein expression was significantly higher in patients with recurrence than with non-recurrence (64. 1% versus 32.5%, P＜0.01). Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rark test showed that the recurrence-free survival was significantly different between the group of lower CXCR7 expression group and the higher expression group (P＜0.01). Conclusions The expression of CXCR7 protein is high in bladder cancer and the analysis of CXCR7 protein expression is potentially valuable in prognostic evaluation of bladder cancers. CXCR7 may play a role in the development of bladder urothelial cell cancer.     

膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中HMGA2蛋白表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨高迁移率族蛋白A2(high mobility group protein A2,HMGA2)在膀胱癌组织中的表达情况,并分析其与临床病理特征及复发的关系.方法 膀胱尿路上皮癌标本148例,正常膀胱组织标本30例,采用免疫组织化学方法检测2组标本组织中HMGA2蛋白的表达,并结合临床资料进行分析.结果 正常膀胱组织中无HMGA2蛋白表达,肿瘤组织中随病理分级和分期增加,HMGA2蛋白相对表达量逐渐增高.HMGA2蛋白在G1、G2、G3组织中表达阳性率分别为21.3%、60.3%、82.1%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌和肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌中HMGA2蛋白表达的阳性率分别为43.3%和72.7%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.003).随访2～95个月,复发64例,复发组与未复发组中HMGA2蛋白表达阳性率分别为54.7%和25.0%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.007).结论 HMGA2蛋白表达在膀胱癌组织中明显高于正常组织,HMGA2蛋白表达与膀胱癌的分级、分期、复发有关;与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤数目无相关性.检测HMGA2蛋白有助于膀胱癌的诊断及预后的评估.

Abstract：

Objective This study was to explore the expression and significance of HMA2 in bladder cancer , analyze its correlations to clinicopathologic and recurrence of bladder cancer. Methods The expression of HMGA2 protein in 148 specimens of bladder cancer and 30 specimens of normal bladder tissues was detected by immunohistochemtry, its correlations to clinicopathologic features was analyzed. Results There was no expression of HMGA2 protein in normal bladder tissues,while the expression level of HMGA2 protein was getting higher with the increase of tumor pathology grade and stage. The positive rate of HMGA2 protein was 21.3% in G1 bladder cancer, 60. 3% in G2 bladder cancer, 82.1% in G3 bladder cancer, its difference is significant (P＜0. 001). It was significantly lower in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer than in muscle invasive bladder cancer (43.3% vs 72. 7%, P=0. 003). The patients were followed up for 2～95 months, patients of recurrence was 64,HMGA2 protein expression was significantly higher in patients with recurrence than with non-recurrence (54.7% vs 25.0%, P=0. 007). Conclusions The expression of HMGA2 protein was highly in bladder cancer, the positive rate of HMGA2 protein expression was related with classification,TMN stage and recurrence, but not with sex, age, tumor number (P＞0. 05). The detection of the expression of HMGA2 protein is in favor of diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of bladder cancer.     

良性前列腺增生患者B超检查发现膀胱小梁形成的临床意义

目的 探讨良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者B超检查发现膀胱小梁形成在判断膀胱出口梗阻程度及膀胱功能状态中的作用.方法 前瞻性比较BPH经腹B超检查显示有膀胱小梁形成与无膀胱小梁形成2组患者临床资料及尿动力学检查参数.结果 有膀胱小梁形成BPH患者36例,无膀胱小梁形成患者68例,年龄分别为(73.7±10.1)岁和(69.6±6.2)岁,国际前列腺症状评分分别为(24.4±6.6)分和(22.8±8.3)分,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);2组最大尿流率时逼尿肌压力分别为(131.7±57.3)cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)和(92.1±47.8)cm H2O,线性被动尿道阻力关系梗阻程度分级分别为4.6±1.1和3.5±1.5,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);72.2%(26/36)的小梁形成患者膀胱顺应性减低,其中23.1%(6/26)出现双肾积水,造成肾功能损害;无小梁形成组分别为42.6%(29/68)和10.3%(3/29),2组比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 BPH患者B超检查发现膀胱小梁形成,提示存在膀胱出口梗阻,上尿路积水风险增大;无尿潴留者,膀胱小梁形成提示膀胱功能尚处于代偿期,应及时解除梗阻,有利于膀胱功能恢复,减少并发症的发生.

Abstract：

Objective To study the role of B-mode ultrasound found bladder trabeculation in evaluating the degree of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and the bladder function in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients.Methods Conducted prospective research to determine differences in clinical data and urodynamic parameters between BPH patients with and without bladder trabeculation diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound.Results Thirty-six BPH patients with bladder trabeculation were compared with 68 BPH patients without bladder trabeculation.The mean age was (73.7 ± 10.1 ) years for the patients with bladder trabeculation and ( 69.6 ± 6.2 ) years without bladder trabeculation, IPSS was 24.4 ± 6.6 and 22.8 ± 8.3 respectively, in which no significant differences were found ( P ＞ 0.05 ).The detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate was ( 131.7 ± 57.3 ) cm H20 and (92.1 ± 47.8 )cm H2O ) respectively.The linearized passive urethral resistance relation was 4.6 :± 1.1 and 3.5 ± 1.5 respectively, showing a significant difference ( P ＜.05 ) between the two groups.Seventy-two point two percent (26/36) of the patients with bladder trabeculation had a low compliance bladder, among whom 23.1% (6/26) of the patients had bilateral hydronephrosis with renal insufficiency.The percentage for the control group was 42.6% (29/68) and 10.3% (3/29) respectively (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The bladder trabeculation found by B-ultrasound in BPH patients suggests the existence of BOO and a high risk of bilateral hydronephrosis.Bladder trabeculation in patients without urinary retention suggests they are in compensation status.Relief of the obstruction is helpful to recovery of bladder function and the reduction of complications.     

窄波成像电子膀胱软镜在膀胱肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

Objective To study the sensitivity and specifity for detection of bladder tumor by Narrow-band imaging flexible cystoscopy compared with WLI flexible systoscopy. Methods Between February 2009 and July 2009, NBI flexible cystoscopy and conventional WLI flexible cystoscopy with the same instrument (Olympus Exera Ⅱ endoscopy system) were both performed on 31 patients highly suspect of bladder neoplasm with same observed time and in a randomized sequenced paradigm. Every suspect mucosa lesion was biopsied in both NBI and WLI image to compare the diagnostic accuracy between them. Results Twenty-eight patients(90%) were pathologically bladder urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). Of 28 patients 3 were Tis, 15 were Ta, 7 were T1, and 3 were T2. Twenty were low grade carcinom, 8 were high grade carcinoma and 16 had multiple tumors, 12 had a single tumor.Of 73 biopsied lesions, 61 were diagnosed UCC under WLI image with 84% sensitivity, while 80 of 91 diagnosed under NBI image with 88% sensitivity. WLI detected 23 patients with bladder UCC while NBI detected all 28 patients. NBI detected 19 additional UCC lesions in 15 of 28 patients, as compared with WLI(P＜0. 05). Conclusion NBI flexible cystoscopy can detect more bladder urothelial cell carcinoma than WLI flexible cystoscopy.     

窄波成像电子膀胱软镜在膀胱肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

Objective To study the sensitivity and specifity for detection of bladder tumor by Narrow-band imaging flexible cystoscopy compared with WLI flexible systoscopy. Methods Between February 2009 and July 2009, NBI flexible cystoscopy and conventional WLI flexible cystoscopy with the same instrument (Olympus Exera Ⅱ endoscopy system) were both performed on 31 patients highly suspect of bladder neoplasm with same observed time and in a randomized sequenced paradigm. Every suspect mucosa lesion was biopsied in both NBI and WLI image to compare the diagnostic accuracy between them. Results Twenty-eight patients(90%) were pathologically bladder urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). Of 28 patients 3 were Tis, 15 were Ta, 7 were T1, and 3 were T2. Twenty were low grade carcinom, 8 were high grade carcinoma and 16 had multiple tumors, 12 had a single tumor.Of 73 biopsied lesions, 61 were diagnosed UCC under WLI image with 84% sensitivity, while 80 of 91 diagnosed under NBI image with 88% sensitivity. WLI detected 23 patients with bladder UCC while NBI detected all 28 patients. NBI detected 19 additional UCC lesions in 15 of 28 patients, as compared with WLI(P＜0. 05). Conclusion NBI flexible cystoscopy can detect more bladder urothelial cell carcinoma than WLI flexible cystoscopy.     

肾移植术后并发双侧自体肾盂和输尿管移行细胞癌16例

目的 总结肾移植术后发生双侧自体肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌的诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析16例肾移植术后发生双侧自体肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌患者的资料.首次发现上尿路肿瘤的时间为移植后(56.2±33.0)个月.2例同时发现双侧上尿路肿瘤,其余14例双侧上尿路肿瘤先后发现的时间间隔为(8.6±6.7)个月.临床症状和检查阳性结果以血尿和自体肾积水为主.均行自体上尿路根治性切除术,术后行膀胱灌注化疗.结果 16例手术均成功.32次自体肾、输尿管的病理检查结果均为移行细胞癌,包括单纯肾盂肿瘤4次,单纯输尿管肿瘤9次,合并肾盂、输尿管肿瘤19次.23次肾盂肿瘤的分级为1级8例,2级11例,3级4例;28次输尿管肿瘤的分级为1级6例,2级10例,3级12例.术后随访(26.8±25.1)个月,1例出现肺部转移后死亡;1例发生腰背部软组织转移性移行细胞癌,局部切除;其他患者未发现肿瘤复发及转移.结论 肾移植后自体上尿路移行细胞癌的常见表现为血尿合并自体肾积水,该肿瘤侵袭性较强,对于膀胱及一侧自体上尿路同时存在移行细胞癌者,应行对侧自体肾上尿路预防性切除术.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical features of bilateral native pelvic and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in renal transplant patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on 16 patients with bilateral native pelvic and ureteral TCC after kidney transplantation.The mean time between transplantation and diagnosis of upper urinary TCC was 56. 2 ± 33. 0 months.Two patients were suffered from bilateral upper urinary TCC at the same time. The mean interval between 2 upper urinary tract operations of the remaining 14 cases was 8. 6 ± 6. 7 months. Hematuria and hydronephrosis of native kidneys were the main symptoms and targets in checkup. Intravesical chemotherapy was postoperatively given. Results All operations were performed successfully. All specimens obtained from the operations were pathologically diagnosed as TCC. The TCC location involved pure native pelvis (n = 4), pure native ureter (n = 9), and pelvis combined with ureter (n = 19). Pelvic TCC pathological grades included grade 1 in 8 cases, grade 2 in 11 cases, and grade 3 in 4 cases; Ureteral TCC grades included grade 1 in 6 cases, grade 2 in 10 cases, and grade 3 in 12 cases.Patients were followed up for 26. 8 ± 25. 1 months. One patient died of lung metastasis. (One case of lumbar soft tissue transfer was given local excision. The remaining patients had no recurrence and metastasis. Conclusion Renal transplant patients with hematuria and native renal hydronephrosis should be highly vigilant of the occurrence of upper urinary tract TCC. TCC after renal transplantation is invasive. Prophylactic contralateral nephroureterectomy should be performed on the recipients having TCC at the bladder and one side of native upper urinary tract.     

MainzⅡ手术治疗青少年膀胱外翻13例报告

目的 探讨MainzⅡ术式治疗青少年膀胱外翻的可行性和技术特点.方法男性膀胱外翻患者13例,平均年龄14(10～19)岁.术前严格检查肛门括约肌功能,确定肠道无其他病变后,行MainzⅡ手术治疗.在直肠、乙状结肠交界处上方将乙状结肠"N"形折叠,切开肠管,缝合肠管内侧缘,形成新膀胱后壁,在囊近侧端,将两侧输尿管在浆膜下肌层抗反流式吻合,关闭肠管外侧缘,形成去管化乙状结肠新膀胱.同时修复患者尿道上裂及采用补片联合逆行皮瓣修补腹部缺损.结果患儿手术顺利.平均随访12(6～36)个月.13例患者均能实现尿粪分流.阴茎均可以正常勃起,无逆向射精症状.泌尿系B超、血气检查、IVU复查未见明显异常.转移皮瓣均成活良好,阴茎外形恢复满意.结论 MainzⅡ手术是青少年膀胱外翻患者一种较好的治疗选择.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the benefit of Mainz Ⅱ surgical management of bladder exstrophy in male-adolescents. Methods Performed Mainz Ⅱ surgery to treat 13 male-adolescent bladder exstrophy patients, restore epispadias at the same time, and repair abdominal-wall defect with a patch. Results All 13 patients who underwent the surgery were followed-up for 1 year, on average.All the patients recovered with normal voiding, normal penile erection, and no retrograde ejaculation was detected after operation. The ultrasonography and IVU had not found any abnormality. Conclusion The outcome of Mainz Ⅱ surgery to treat bladder exstrophy in male-adolescents is ideal.     

欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织风险评分表在非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌中的临床应用初探

目的 评价欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织风险评分表(European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer risk tables,EORTC风险评分表)用于非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者预后评估的可行性.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2009年2月收治的185例非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者临床资料,其中Ta128例、T1 57例;G1 87例、G253例、G345例;肿瘤数目为单发、2～7个、≥8个者分别120、36、29例;肿瘤直径＜3 cm者131例、≥3 cm者54例;伴发原位癌者6例.185例均行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,术后均行常规膀胱灌注化疗.采用电话随访方式,随访6～77个月,平均36个月.应用EORTC风险评分表进行预后风险评分,计算各评分组患者的1年复发率和进展率,并与EORTC评分表的预计值进行比较.结果 185例中1年内复发48例(25.9%),1年内出现肿瘤进展者7例(3.8%).根据患者实际情况计算,0、1～4、5～9、10～17分4组患者1年实际复发率分别为10.4%(5/48)、21.5%(14/65)、35.2%(19/54)、55.6%(10/18);0、2～6、7～13、14～23分患者1年实际进展率分别为0(0/43)、1.5%(1/67)、6.7%(4/60)、13.3%(2/15).经x2检验,结果与评分表的预计值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而低危、中危、高危3组患者1年复发率及进展率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 EORTC风险评分表可用于非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌术后复发和进展风险的短期预测,对长期预测的应用及广泛人群的适用性尚待进一步验证.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk tables in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in Chinese patients.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the data from 185 patients with non-muscle invaaive urothelial bladder cancer from January 2003 to February 2009. Among the 185 patients, 128 patients were stage Ta compared with 57 patients who were stage T1. There were 87, 53 and 45 patients with grade G1, G2 and G3 respectively. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was performed on all the patients and all the patients received routine post-operative intravesical instillation. A telephone interview follow-up was conducted on all the patients, and the average follow-up period was 36 months. EORTC risk tables were used to calculate risk scores for recurrence and progression for each patient. The recurrence and progression rates of different risk groups were recorded and compared with the estimated rates by EORTC risk table. Statistical analysis was used for comparison. ResultsTotal 1-year recurrence rate and progression rate for these patients were 25.9% and 3.8% respectively. According to calculated values of the patients, the 1-year recurrence rates of Group 0, Group 1-4, Group 5-9, Group 10-17 were 10.4%(5/48), 21. 5%(14/65), 35. 2% (19/54), 55.6%(10/18), respectively. The 1-year progression rates of Group 0, Group 2-6, Group 7-13, Group 14-23 were 0% (0/43), 1.5% (1/67), 6. 7% (4/60), 13. 3% (2/15). There was no significant difference between the real rates and estimated rates of the EORTC risk tables (P＞0. 05). However,the 1-year recurrence and progression rates between the low risk group, the medium risk group and the high risk group showed significant differences respectively (P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusions The EORTC risk tables are feasible to evaluate the recurrence and progression risk of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in the present cohort. Nevertheless, the long term value and feasibility need more research to confirm.     

静脉尿路造影和经腹B超对膀胱癌诊断价值的比较

目的：探讨静脉尿路造影（IVU）和经腹B超在原发性膀胱癌和复发性膀胱癌诊断中的价值。方法：对173例原发性膀胱癌和156例复发膀胱癌病例均行病理、膀胱镜检查、IVU与肾输尿管和膀胱B超检查。结果：173例原发性膀胱癌中IVU检出率59．0％,B超检出率92、5％,23例上尿路异常两者均同时检出;156例复发性膀胱癌中IVU检出率66．7％,B超检出率71．8％,26例上尿路异常两者均同时检出。结论：经腹B超可以作为以无痛性血尿为首发症状的膀胱癌的首选筛选方法,对原发性和复发性膀胱癌均有较高的价值;IVU不必列为常规检查,甚至可以省去。     

钬激光治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤的疗效与安全性评价

目的 以TURBt作为对照,评价经尿道钬激光膀胱肿瘤切除术(HoLRBt)治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤的疗效与安全性. 方法 回顾性研究212例原发性膀胱肿瘤患者临床资料.按治疗方式分为HoLRBt组(n=101)和TURBt组(n=111),每组患者按复发风险分为低、中及高危3个亚组.比较2组患者术前、术中和术后相关临床指标,Kaplan-Meier分析比较2组整体及每个亚组的无复发生存率(RFS). 结果 2组患者性别、年龄、肿瘤特点、复发风险等比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).HoLRBt组未发生闭孔神经反射,TURBt组发生闭孔神经反射7例(6.3%)、膀胱穿孔3例(2.7%).HoLRBt组术后需要膀胱冲洗患者比例(23.8%)、留置尿管时间[(1.4±0.5)d]和术后住院时间[(2.9±0.7)d]均＜TURBt组(P＜0.05),后者分别为36.9%、(2.5±0.9)d、(4.4±1.1)d.平均随访34(18～43)个月,Kaplan-Meier分析HoLRBt与TURBt组RFS差异无统计学意义(P=0.283).其中HoLRBt组1、2、3年RFS分别为81.4%、69.5%、56.5%,TURBt组分别为75.6%、60.1%、45.2%.结论 HoLRBt治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤近期RFS与TURBt相近,术中并发症及术后恢复时间优于TURBt.     

Urinary tract ultrasonography in the evaluation of haematuria--a report of over 1,000 cases

Over a 5-year period, 1007 patients with haematuria were investigated, using a protocol based on ultrasonography as the upper tract imaging modality of choice. Intravenous urography (IVU) was only used in selected individuals, including those patients with bladder cancer suspected on cystoscopy, suspicious or malignant cytology, previous investigation for haematuria, on-going haematuria at the time of their clinic visit, a history of flank pain or hydronephrosis on ultrasonography. Of this series, 840 (83%) had visible haematuria, 158 (15%) had microscopic or chemical haematuria and 9 (0.9%) had unspecified haematuria. A total of 133 bladder transitional cell tumours, 21 renal cell cancers and 2 upper tract transitional cell cancers (TCC) were diagnosed. The sensitivity of ultrasound with respect to bladder cancer was 63% and the specificity 99%. The odds ratio of diagnosing cancer in patients with visible haematuria compared to microscopic or unspecified haematuria was 3.3. No upper tract tumours were missed using this investigational protocol. An ultrasonography-based protocol could miss fewer upper tract TCCs than a standard IVU-based service would miss renal cell cancer. Provided there is no history of flank pain, no malignant cytology, no hydronephrosis and no previously investigated haematuria, IVU could be safely omitted.     

慢性肾脏疾病对上尿路尿路上皮癌患者合并膀胱肿瘤风险的影响

目的 探讨慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)对上尿路尿路上皮癌(UUTUC)患者合并膀胱肿瘤风险的影响. 方法 UUTUC患者161例.男61例,女100例.平均年龄67(37～87)岁.既往有尿路移行细胞肿瘤病史者15例(9.3%).均行肾输尿管全长切除或输尿管下段切除术,病理检查证实为UUTUC.采用MDRD方程计算GFR,GFR＜60 ml/min者认为存在CKD.单因素和多因素分析性别、年龄、既往尿路上皮肿瘤病史、病变数目、肿瘤分期、分级、大小、是否合并CKD等临床病理因素对UUTUC患者合并膀胱肿瘤风险的影响. 结果 161例UUTUC患者中合并膀胱肿瘤20例(12.4%),合并CKD 93例(57.8%).单因素分析显示患者合并CKD(P=0.008)和既往尿路移行细胞肿瘤病史(P=0.001)是UUTUC患者合并膀胱肿瘤的危险因素,患者性别、年龄、病变数目、肿瘤分期、分级、大小与UUTUC患者合并膀胱肿瘤无显著相关性(P＞0.05).多因素分析显示CKD(HR 4.907,95%CI 1.206～19.959,P=0.026)和既往尿路上皮肿瘤病史(HR 6.444,95%CI1.699～24.445,P=0.006)是UUTUC患者合并膀胱肿瘤的独立危险因素.结论 UUTUC患者合并存在膀胱肿瘤并不少见.合并CKD和既往尿路上皮肿瘤病史是UUTUC患者合并膀胱肿瘤的独立危险因素.     

Transitional cell carcinoma in renal transplant recipients

We describe our experience in managing transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in renal transplant (RTx) recipients. Nineteen RTx recipients (7 men; 12 women) presented with hematuria or hydronephrosis of native kidneys and were suspected with TCC were reviewed retrospectively; 17 of them proved to have TCC. The mean interval of the occurrence of TCC was 58.7 months (range, 3-144 months) after RTx. The patients with suspected upper tract lesions received bilateral nephroureterectomies (BNU) and bladder cuff resection. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TUR-BT) was performed in patients with concomitant or solitary superficial bladder lesions. Of the 15 patients with upper tract TCC, 8 had bilateral lesions pathologically, but only 2 of them were suspected preoperatively on image study. With a mean follow-up of 28 months (range, 1-57 months) both the overall graft and patient survival rates were 76%; 4 patients with advanced diseases at presentation died. Bladder recurrence was noted in 6 patients (35%). Transplant patients with hematuria warrant detailed study of the whole urinary system and periodic ultrasonography of the native kidneys is recommended in all RTx recipients. Simultaneous BNU for the native kidneys is mandatory if there is any evidence of TCC in either renal/ureteral unit.     

The outcome of patients on dialysis with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common upper urinary tract cancer in Taiwanese patients on dialysis. It is a unique finding compared with Western countries. Unfortunately, the long-term outcomes of patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma on dialysis are largely unknown. This study presents clinical outcome of patients on dialysis with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma who had end stage renal disease and underwent dialysis. Traditional prognostic factors including age, sex, tumor grade, stage and tumor location were analyzed with respect to disease recurrence and survival. RESULTS: A total of 73 patients were included in this study. The major complaints were painless gross hematuria and urethral bloody discharge. Disease relapsed in 40 (54.8%) patients at average time of 15 months (2 to 92). Univariate analysis failed to identify significant prognostic factors for recurrence. The average duration between primary and contralateral metachronous upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma recurrence was 36 months (range 5 to 96). Patients on dialysis with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma who had previous or concurrent bladder tumor, or who had a history of recurrent bladder tumor, had high contralateral upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma recurrence. (p = 0.038) The statistically significant prognostic factor for disease-free survival was pT stage (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Patients on dialysis with painless gross hematuria or bloody urethral discharge must undergo detail urinary system evaluation. Since patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma on dialysis have a high recurrence rate and metachronous or even multiple, early synchronous tumor characteristics that may be missed by imaging, total urinary tract exenteration is a recommended therapeutic option.     

改良全膀胱切除-原位回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌的临床疗效(附12例报告)

目的：评价改良全膀胱切除方法和原位回肠新膀胱术的临床疗效。方法：对12例膀胱癌患者行改良全膀胱切除术．顺行分离膀胱顶部、侧壁上半部、底部,切断输尿管后改逆行分离。示指紧贴前列腺包膜将前列腺与直肠分开后,向上向外将膀胱颈部侧韧带和精囊尾的纤维束钩于示指掌握之中,切断并结扎。女性患者保留内生殖器及尿道内口。尿流改道采用原位回肠新膀胱术,并就手术并发症、术后控尿排尿情况、新膀胱容量、影像学和生化检查进行随访,随访时间8～62个月,平均35个月。结果：切除膀胱时间平均80min,术中平均出血450ml。原位回肠新膀胱控尿、排尿良好,术后静脉尿路造影、B超检查未见上尿路扩张,膀胱造影未发现输尿管反流,血生化检查正常,未发现新膀胱或尿道肿瘤复发。结论：改良膀胱切除术-原位回肠新膀胱术是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法。     

Intravenous urography in evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In 2001, the American Urologic Association Best Practice Policy Panel recommended CT or intravenous urography (IVU) over ultrasonography as the initial imaging modality in patients with asymptomatic microhematuria. We here present results of a study initiated many years ago and completed prior to 2001 that provides information pertinent to the use of IVU as the initial imaging modality for such patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study compared the results of IVU and ultrasonography in patients 40+ years of age who were referred to a single urology department for evaluation of microscopic hematuria between 1994 and 2000. There were 290 patients who agreed to participate by undergoing ultrasonography in addition to IVU; 247 completed both tests. There were 81 men and 166 women with a mean age of 56.4 years (range 40-86 years). Thirty patients (12%) were smokers. RESULTS: A renal lesion or mass suggestive of tumor was found in 8 patients (3.2%); 3 patients had this finding on the IVU examination and 5 on ultrasonography. None of the patients had such a lesion/mass on both examinations. Two patients with suspect lesions were ultimately found to have renal-cell carcinoma. Both of the patients with renal cancer had a suspect lesion on the ultrasound examination but not on the contemporaneous IVU. CONCLUSION: Intravenous urography may miss lesions/masses that lead to a diagnosis of upper-tract neoplasia.