Effect of isoflurane on expression of IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA In the hippocamapus of immature rats

Obiective To investigate the effect ofisoflurane on expression of IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA in the hippocampus of immature rats.Methods sixty-four 7-clay-old SD rats were randomly assigned into 2 groups(n=32 each):control group(group C)and isoflurane group(group S).group S was exposed to 1.5% isoflurane for 6 h while group C to air.Fore animals were killed before anesthesia(T0,baseline),at 2,4,6 h(T1-3)of isoflurane anesthesia and 4,6,12 and 24 h after anesthesia(T4-7).The hippocampi were immediately removed for determimation of the expression of IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA by RT-PCR.Results Compared with group C,the expression of IL-1β mRNA at T1-5,IL-6 mRNA at T2.3 and TNF-α mRNA at T1-6 in the hippocampus was upregulated in group S.Conclusion The expression of IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-β mRNA was elevated in the hippocampus of immature rats after being exposed to isoflurane.     

Effect of isoflurane on expression of IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA In the hippocamapus of immature rats

Obiective To investigate the effect ofisoflurane on expression of IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA in the hippocampus of immature rats.Methods sixty-four 7-clay-old SD rats were randomly assigned into 2 groups(n=32 each):control group(group C)and isoflurane group(group S).group S was exposed to 1.5% isoflurane for 6 h while group C to air.Fore animals were killed before anesthesia(T0,baseline),at 2,4,6 h(T1-3)of isoflurane anesthesia and 4,6,12 and 24 h after anesthesia(T4-7).The hippocampi were immediately removed for determimation of the expression of IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA by RT-PCR.Results Compared with group C,the expression of IL-1β mRNA at T1-5,IL-6 mRNA at T2.3 and TNF-α mRNA at T1-6 in the hippocampus was upregulated in group S.Conclusion The expression of IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-β mRNA was elevated in the hippocampus of immature rats after being exposed to isoflurane.     

硝酸甘油控制性降压对异氟醚麻醉下鼻内镜术后老年病人认知功能的影响

Objective To evaluate the effect of nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced hypotension on cognitive function after endoscopic sinus surgery performed under isoflurane anesthesia in elderly patients.Methods Forty ASAⅠ or Ⅱ patients aged 65-85 yr weighing 40-75 ks undergoing endoscopic nasal sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis under isoflurane anesthesia were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=20 each):control group(group C) and controlled hypotension group(group H).Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane inhalation in both groups.In group H controlled hypotension was induced and maintained with continuous iv infusion of NTG at function was assessed 1 day before(baseline)and at 6,12,24 and 72h after surgery using Minimental State examination (MMSE) and scored.Results The MMSE scores were significantly decreased after surgery from 6h to 24h in both groups and were significantly lower in group H than in group C.There was no significant difference in MMSE scores between the 2 groups at 72h after surgery.The incidence of cognitive deficit was significantly higher in group H(55%) than in group C(25%).Conclusion Controlled hypotension induced by NTG may aggravate transient cognitive deficit after isoflurane anesthesia in elderly patients.     

硝酸甘油控制性降压对异氟醚麻醉下鼻内镜术后老年病人认知功能的影响

Objective To evaluate the effect of nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced hypotension on cognitive function after endoscopic sinus surgery performed under isoflurane anesthesia in elderly patients.Methods Forty ASAⅠ or Ⅱ patients aged 65-85 yr weighing 40-75 ks undergoing endoscopic nasal sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis under isoflurane anesthesia were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=20 each):control group(group C) and controlled hypotension group(group H).Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane inhalation in both groups.In group H controlled hypotension was induced and maintained with continuous iv infusion of NTG at function was assessed 1 day before(baseline)and at 6,12,24 and 72h after surgery using Minimental State examination (MMSE) and scored.Results The MMSE scores were significantly decreased after surgery from 6h to 24h in both groups and were significantly lower in group H than in group C.There was no significant difference in MMSE scores between the 2 groups at 72h after surgery.The incidence of cognitive deficit was significantly higher in group H(55%) than in group C(25%).Conclusion Controlled hypotension induced by NTG may aggravate transient cognitive deficit after isoflurane anesthesia in elderly patients.     

孕期吸入异氟醚对子代大鼠海马神经元突触可塑性的影响

目的 探讨孕期吸入异氟醚对子代大鼠海马神经元突触可塑性的影响.方法 孕14 d的SD大鼠10只,体重220～250 g,采用随机数字表法,将孕鼠随机分为对照组和异氟醚组,每组5只.对照组大鼠每天单纯机械通气2 h,异氟醚组大鼠每天吸入1.3%异氟醚2 h,至大鼠分娩.子代大鼠出生后4周,采用Morris水迷宫实验测定认知功能,测定结束后处死子代大鼠取脑,分离海马,采用透射电镜观察海马CA1区神经元突触的超微结构,计数海马神经元突触数量,测定突触后致密物质厚度.结果 与对照组相比,异氟醚组子代大鼠逃避潜伏期延长,穿越平台次数减少,海马神经元突触数量减少,突触后致密物质厚度降低(P<0.05).结论 孕期吸入异氟醚可通过抑制子代大鼠海马神经元突触的可塑性而降低其认知功能.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of isoflurane inhalation during gestation period on plasticity of hippo-campal synapses in offspring rats. Methods Ten healthy pregnant SD rats at 14 day gestation were randomly divided into 2 gorups ( n = 5 each): control group (group C) and isoflurane group (group I). The rats in group C were mechanically ventilated with O2 while in group I the rats inhaled 1.3% isoflurane in O2 for 2 h a day until labor. Four weeks after birth 4 offspring rats from each pregnant rats (2 male, 2 female) were tested for learning and memory abilities using Morris water maze. Then the offspring rats were sacrificed and hippocampi isolated. The synaptic structure of hippocampal CA1 area was examined by trans-electron microscopy. Results Morris water maze test showed that the escape latency was significantly shorter and the number of times of spanning flat roof greater in group C than in group I. The structure of hippocampus was intact in group C but incomplete in group I. Meanwhile the thickness of synaptic density was significantly decreased in group I. Conclusion Isoflurane anesthesia of pregnant rats may induce learning and memory disabilities in offspring rats by inhibiting the plasticity of synaptic structure in hippocampus.     

吸入七氟醚对不同性别大鼠长期认知功能的影响

目的 评价吸入七氟醚对不同性别大鼠长期认知功能的影响.方法 健康成年SD大鼠42只,雌性大鼠22只(体重180～220 g),采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=11):雌性对照组(Fc组)和雌性麻醉组(Fs组),雄性大鼠20只(体重380～440 g),采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=10):雄性对照组(Mc组)和雄性麻醉组(Ms组).Fs组和Ms组吸入3%七氟醚2 h,Fc组和Mc组吸入95%氧气2 h,氧流量4 L/min.分别于停止给药后1、30、60、90 d时进行自发活动实验;分别于停止给药后2、30、60、90 d时进行避暗实验;分别于停止给药后3～7 d、31～35 d、61～65 d和91～95d时进行Morris水迷宫实验.结果 与Fc组比较,Fs组停止给药后1 d时活动总路程缩短,平均速度减慢,停止给药后3、31 d时逃避潜伏期和游泳总路程延长(P<0.05).与Mc组比较,Ms组停止给药后1 d时活动总路程缩短,平均速度减慢,停止给药后3～6 d、31～34 d、61 d时逃避潜伏期和游泳总路程延长(P<0.05).与Fs组比较,Ms组停止给药后4～6 d、34 d时逃避潜伏期和,游泳总路程延长(P<0.05).结论 吸入七氟醚可导致大鼠长期认知功能障碍,且对雄性大鼠的影响更明显.     

吸入七氟醚对不同性别大鼠长期认知功能的影响

目的 评价吸入七氟醚对不同性别大鼠长期认知功能的影响.方法 健康成年SD大鼠42只,雌性大鼠22只(体重180～220 g),采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=11):雌性对照组(Fc组)和雌性麻醉组(Fs组),雄性大鼠20只(体重380～440 g),采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=10):雄性对照组(Mc组)和雄性麻醉组(Ms组).Fs组和Ms组吸入3%七氟醚2 h,Fc组和Mc组吸入95%氧气2 h,氧流量4 L/min.分别于停止给药后1、30、60、90 d时进行自发活动实验;分别于停止给药后2、30、60、90 d时进行避暗实验;分别于停止给药后3～7 d、31～35 d、61～65 d和91～95d时进行Morris水迷宫实验.结果 与Fc组比较,Fs组停止给药后1 d时活动总路程缩短,平均速度减慢,停止给药后3、31 d时逃避潜伏期和游泳总路程延长(P<0.05).与Mc组比较,Ms组停止给药后1 d时活动总路程缩短,平均速度减慢,停止给药后3～6 d、31～34 d、61 d时逃避潜伏期和游泳总路程延长(P<0.05).与Fs组比较,Ms组停止给药后4～6 d、34 d时逃避潜伏期和,游泳总路程延长(P<0.05).结论 吸入七氟醚可导致大鼠长期认知功能障碍,且对雄性大鼠的影响更明显.     

Effect of methanol extract of Ricinus communis seed on reproduction of male rats

Aim:To investigate the effect of methanol extract of Ricinus communis seed(RCE)on male rats reproductivefunctions.Methods:Thirty-two male albino rats were divided into four groups.Groups 1,2 and 3 were gavagedwith 0.2 mL of 2.5% tween 80(RCE vehicle;control)or 20 mg/(kg·d)and 40 mg/(kg·d)of RCE,respectively,for30 days,and group 4 was also gavaged with 40 mg/(kg·d)of RCE,but was allowed a recovery periold of 30 days.Five untreated female rats were cohabited with male rats in each group from day 25 of RCE treatment for 5 days,except group 4,where cohabitation began on day 25 of the recovery period.All male rats were sacrificed 24 h afterthe experiments.The female rats were laparatomized on day 19 of pregnancy and the number and weight of litterswere recorded.Results:There was a significant decrease(P<0.01)in the weight of the reproductive organs,sperm functions and serum levels of testosterone in RCE treated rats.There was disorganization in the cytoarchitec-ture of the testes,disruption of the seminiferous tubules and erosion of the germinal epithelium.The number andweight of litters of rats in groups 2 and 4 decreased significantly(P<0.05)but no changes were observed in group3.RCE caused no changes in liver,kidney,heart or body weights in male rats.Conclusion:RCE has a reversiblenegative impact on male reproductive functions,which appears to be mediated via gonadal disruption in testosteronesecretion.(Asian J Androl 2006 Jan;8:115-121)     

小儿和成年患者全麻时瑞芬太尼药代动力学的比较

Objective To compare the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil during general anesthesia in children and adults.Methods Eight children(4 male,4 female)and 8 adults(4 male,4 female),undergoing elective operation under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=8 each):group adults(aged 19-60 yr,weighing 45-81 kg)and group children(aged 10 months-7 yr,weighins 7.2-21.0 kg).Remifentanil 5μg/kg was injected intravenously during induction of anesthesia.Arterial blood samples 1.0 ml were taken at 1,2,3,5,7,10,15,20,25,30,45 and 60 min after injection for determination of the plasma concentrations of remifentanil.The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using software 3P97.Results Elimination half-life was significantly shorter and apparent volume of distribution and clearance were significantly greater in children than in adults(P<0.05),while no significant change was found in the other pharmacokinetic parameters between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion There is difference in the pharmacokineties of remifentanil during general anesthesia between children and adults.The plasma concentration of remifentanil is lower in children than in adults after using the same dose,and the dose should be increased appropriately.     

小儿和成年患者全麻时瑞芬太尼药代动力学的比较

Objective To compare the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil during general anesthesia in children and adults.Methods Eight children(4 male,4 female)and 8 adults(4 male,4 female),undergoing elective operation under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=8 each):group adults(aged 19-60 yr,weighing 45-81 kg)and group children(aged 10 months-7 yr,weighins 7.2-21.0 kg).Remifentanil 5μg/kg was injected intravenously during induction of anesthesia.Arterial blood samples 1.0 ml were taken at 1,2,3,5,7,10,15,20,25,30,45 and 60 min after injection for determination of the plasma concentrations of remifentanil.The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using software 3P97.Results Elimination half-life was significantly shorter and apparent volume of distribution and clearance were significantly greater in children than in adults(P<0.05),while no significant change was found in the other pharmacokinetic parameters between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion There is difference in the pharmacokineties of remifentanil during general anesthesia between children and adults.The plasma concentration of remifentanil is lower in children than in adults after using the same dose,and the dose should be increased appropriately.     

七氟醚对不同性别大鼠海马神经元p-CREB1表达的影响

目的 评价七氟醚对不同性别大鼠海马神经元磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白1(p-CREB1)表达的影响.方法 健康成年雌性SD大鼠30只,3月龄,体重180～220 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为2组(n＝15):对照组(Fc组)和七氟醚组(Fs组);健康成年雄性SD大鼠28只,3月龄,体重380-440 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为2组(n＝14):对照组(Mc组)和七氟醚组(Ms组).Fc组和Mc组吸入95％氧气(流量4 L/min)2 h,Fs组和Ms组吸入3％七氟醚2h.于停止吸入七氟醚后2d时行避暗实验;于停止吸入七氟醚后3～7d时行Morris水迷宫实验,第7天认知功能测定结束后处死大鼠,取脑组织,剥离海马,采用Western blot法检测海马组织p-CREB1及Bcl-2、caspase-8的表达水平.结果 与Fc组比较,Fs组停止吸入七氟醚后3d时逃避潜伏期延长,游泳总路程增加,海马组织p-CREB1和Bcl-2表达下调,caspase-8表达上调(P<0.05);与Mc组比较,Ms组停止吸入七氟醚后3～6d时逃避潜伏期延长,游泳总路程增加,海马组织p-CREB1和Bcl-2表达下调,caspase-8表达上调(P<0.05);与Fs组比较,Ms组停止吸入七氟醚后4～6d时逃避潜伏期延长,游泳总路程增加,海马组织p-CREB1和Bcl-2表达下调(P<0.05).结论 七氟醚可通过抑制海马神经元CREB1蛋白磷酸化,上调caspase-8蛋白表达,下调Bcl-2蛋白表达,促进神经元凋亡,导致大鼠认知功能减退,且对雄性大鼠的效应更明显.     

异氟醚对大鼠海马高级糖基化终末产物受体表达的影响

目的 探讨异氟醚对大鼠海马高级糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)表达的影响.方法 雄性老龄SD大鼠45只,月龄24月;雄性成年SD大鼠45只,月龄4月,分为老龄组和成年组(n=45),每组再分为3个亚组(n=15):老龄对照组(OC组)和成年对照组(AC组)吸入含30%氧气的空氧混合气体;老龄单次吸入异氟醚组(OS组)和成年单次吸入异氟醚组(AS组)吸入1.5%异氟醚2 h;老龄多次吸入异氟醚组(OR组)和成年多次吸入异氟醚组(AR组)吸入1.5%异氟醚3次,2 h/次,每天1次.吸入异氟醚后1 d各组随机取8只大鼠行Morris水迷宫实验测定认知功能,余大鼠处死取海马,采用RT-PCR法检测RAGE mRNA的表达水平,免疫组织化学法检测RAGE蛋白的表达水平.结果 与OC组比较,OS组和OR组认知功能减退,海马RAGE mRNA及其蛋白的表达上调(P＜0.05);与AC组比较,AS组和AR组认知功能减退,AR组海马RAGE mRNA及其蛋白的表达上调(P＜0.05);与OS组比较,OR组认知功能减退,海马RAGE mRNA表达上调(P＜0.05);与AS组比较,AR组认知功能减退,海马RAGE mRNA及其蛋白的表达上调(P＜0.05).结论 异氟醚可导致老龄和成年大鼠认知功能降低,尤其对老龄大鼠影响明显,可能与其上调海马RAGE表达有关.     

孕期吸入异氟醚对子代大鼠海马神经元突触可塑性的影响

目的 探讨孕期吸入异氟醚对子代大鼠海马神经元突触可塑性的影响.方法 孕14 d的SD大鼠10只,体重220～250 g,采用随机数字表法,将孕鼠随机分为对照组和异氟醚组,每组5只.对照组大鼠每天单纯机械通气2 h,异氟醚组大鼠每天吸入1.3%异氟醚2 h,至大鼠分娩.子代大鼠出生后4周,采用Morris水迷宫实验测定认知功能,测定结束后处死子代大鼠取脑,分离海马,采用透射电镜观察海马CA1区神经元突触的超微结构,计数海马神经元突触数量,测定突触后致密物质厚度.结果 与对照组相比,异氟醚组子代大鼠逃避潜伏期延长,穿越平台次数减少,海马神经元突触数量减少,突触后致密物质厚度降低(P<0.05).结论 孕期吸入异氟醚可通过抑制子代大鼠海马神经元突触的可塑性而降低其认知功能.     

孕期吸入异氟醚对子代大鼠海马神经元突触可塑性的影响

目的 探讨孕期吸入异氟醚对子代大鼠海马神经元突触可塑性的影响.方法 孕14 d的SD大鼠10只,体重220～250 g,采用随机数字表法,将孕鼠随机分为对照组和异氟醚组,每组5只.对照组大鼠每天单纯机械通气2 h,异氟醚组大鼠每天吸入1.3%异氟醚2 h,至大鼠分娩.子代大鼠出生后4周,采用Morris水迷宫实验测定认知功能,测定结束后处死子代大鼠取脑,分离海马,采用透射电镜观察海马CA1区神经元突触的超微结构,计数海马神经元突触数量,测定突触后致密物质厚度.结果 与对照组相比,异氟醚组子代大鼠逃避潜伏期延长,穿越平台次数减少,海马神经元突触数量减少,突触后致密物质厚度降低(P<0.05).结论 孕期吸入异氟醚可通过抑制子代大鼠海马神经元突触的可塑性而降低其认知功能.     

异氟醚对老年大鼠脑组织神经元凋亡的影响

目的 探讨异氟醚对老年大鼠脑组织神经元凋亡的影响.方法 健康雌性老年SD大鼠90只,月龄22～24月,体重497～593 g,随机分为对照组(C组)、1.2%异氟醚组(Ⅰ1组)和1.8%异氟醚组(Ⅰ2组),每组30只.C组吸入含40%O2的空氧混合气体3 h;Ⅰ1组和Ⅰ2组分别吸入1.2%、1.8%异氟醚3 h维持麻醉.待翻正反射消失时各组随机取3只大鼠股动脉置管监测血液动力学,于股动脉置管后5 min、吸入异氟醚1、2、3 h时抽股动脉血行血气分析;大鼠苏醒后24 h时各组随机取12只行Morris水迷宫实验测试认知功能,历时7 d,记录逃避潜伏期;分别于苏醒后24、72 h及7 d时各组随机取5只大鼠断头处死取脑,采用TUNEL法检测海马及皮层区凋亡神经元,计算神经元凋亡率.结果 三组各时点血液动力学指标及血气分析结果 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与C组比较,Ⅰ1组和Ⅰ2组第2、3天逃避潜伏期延长(P<0.05或0.01),第4～6天差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),苏醒后24、72 h及7 d时皮层区神经元凋亡率升高(P<0.05或0.01).结论 吸入异氟醚可导致老年大鼠认知功能一过性降低,可能与其诱发大脑皮层区神经元凋亡有关.     

异氟醚对新生大鼠认知功能的影响

目的 观察异氟醚对新生大鼠认知功能的影响。方法 新生1周Wistar大鼠40只，雌雄不拘，随机分为5组（n=8）：对照组（A组）吸入空气，B、C组分别吸入1．8％和1．2％异氟醚6h，D、E组分别吸入1．8％、1．2％异氟醚3次，1次／日，2h／次。吸入异氟醚后3周进行认知功能测试，包括旷场实验和Morris水迷宫测试，认知功能测试完毕后立即处死大鼠，取海马组织，进行免疫组织化学染色，测定N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体-2（NMDAR2）及谷氨酸转运体（GLAST）的表达。结果 吸入异氟醚可导致大鼠认知功能降低，海马NMDAR2和GLAST表达增加，吸入高浓度异氟醚后海马NMDAR2和GLAST表达增加更明显，单次吸入和多次吸入异氟醚后海马NMDAR2和GLAST表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 异氟醚可降低新生大鼠认知功能，与上调海马NMDAR2及GLAST表达有关。     

吸入不同浓度异氟醚对老龄大鼠海马细胞色素c表达的影响

目的 评价吸入不同浓度异氟醚对老龄大鼠海马细胞色素c(Cyt c)表达的影响.方法 健康雄性老龄SD大鼠63只,月龄20月,体重500～600 g,随机分为3组(n=21),对照组(C组):吸入30%氧气2 h;0.75%异氟醚组(L组):吸入0.75%异氟醚和30%氧气的混合气体2 h;1.5%异氟醚组(I2组):吸入1.5%异氟醚和30%氧气的混合气体2 h.分别于麻醉30 min、1和2 h时,各组取5只大鼠,取动脉血样行血气分析.于麻醉结束后24 h时,各组取8只大鼠,测定认知功能;取8只大鼠,分别采用免疫组化法和Western blot法测定海马Cyt c 的表达水平.结果 与C组比较,Ⅰ1组和Ⅰ2组逃避潜伏期延长,原平台象限停留时间缩短,穿越原平台次数减少,海马Cyt c表达上调(P＜0.05);与Ⅰ1组比较,Ⅰ2组逃避潜伏期、原平台象限停留时间缩短和穿越原平台次数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),海马Cyt c表达上调(P＜0.05).结论 吸入异氟醚可通过上调海马Cyt c的表达导致老龄大鼠认知功能障碍.