中国肢体残疾人口预期寿命研究

目的 估算中国肢体残疾人口预期寿命.方法 基于2007-2010年监测肢体残疾人口平均死亡率,使用生命表方法 估算不同特征人口预期寿命及其标准误(s-x).结果 (1)肢体残疾人口女性预期寿命高于男性,女性和男性0岁预期寿命分别是63岁(s-x=2.6)和55岁(s-x=3.1);(2)35～50岁人口预期寿命城镇高于农村;(3)轻度肢体残疾人口预期寿命高于重度残疾人口,0岁预期寿命分别为62.5岁(s-x=2.4)和42岁(s-x=5.4);(4)肢体残疾人口预期寿命低于中国普通人群,男性和女性0岁预期寿命差距分别为17.1岁和12.7岁.结论 中国肢体残疾人口死亡水平较高,需要采取措施提高其预期寿命.

Abstract：

Objective To estimate the life expectancy of persons with physical disabilities in China based on data related to representative national disability.Methods Life table technique was used to estimate the life expectancy and its standard error by various characteristics on the basis of average mortality rates from the monitoring cases during 2007-2010.Results (1)Females were expected to live longer than males.The life expectancy at birth for females was 63 years with standard error(SE)=2.6 while for males it was 55 years(SE=3.1).(2)Persons aged 35-50 in urban areas had higher life expectancy than those in rural areas.(3)Life expectancy of persons with mild disability [62.5 years(SE=2.4)] was higher than that of persons with severe disability[42 years(SE=5.4)].(4)Life expectancies of persons with physical disability were much lower than that of the Chinese general population.Gaps of male and female life expectancy at birth were 17.1 years and 12.7 years,respectively.Conclusion Persons with physical disability had higher mortality and actions should be taken to improve their life expectancy,accordingly.     

湖南省人群死亡率与死因谱30年变化趋势分析

目的 了解湖南省人群死亡水平、死因谱变化趋势,分析影响居民健康的主要疾病.方法 采用回顾调查方法,抽样调查湖南省2004-2005年居民死亡原因及其相关信息,与湖南省1973-1975年、1990-1992年2次死因回顾调查资料进行比较.结果 1973-1975年、1990-1992年、2004-2005年湖南省居民粗死亡率分别为901.59/10万、588.64/10万、608.27/10万;标化死亡率分别为865.14/10万、537.42/10万、413.67/10万.30年间标化死亡率下降了52.18%,农村下降幅度大于城市,女性大于男性.感染性疾病、母婴疾病及营养缺乏性疾病死亡构成比随着年代推移而显著下降(P＜0.01),慢性非传染性疾病(慢病)死亡构成比显著上升(P＜0.01),变化幅度均为农村大于城市.各年代损伤和中毒死亡构成比均以5岁组为最高,25岁组位居第二(P＜0.01).2004-2005年湖南省居民感染性疾病、母婴疾病及营养缺乏性疾病死亡构成比为8.01%,慢病为80.66%,损伤和中毒为11.33%.30年间,三大类疾病标化死亡率均明显下降,其中,下降幅度最大的是感染性疾病、母婴疾病及营养缺乏性疾病,下降幅度最小的是慢病.在慢病死亡病例中,脑血管病、恶性肿瘤、心脏病标化死亡率均呈上升趋势,死亡顺位分别提前到2004-2005年的第一位、第二位和第四位.结论 湖南省城乡居民标化死亡率均呈下降趋势.心脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤已成为影响湖南省人群健康的重要疾病.损伤和中毒是湖南省儿童青少年的首位死因.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the changing trend of mortality and the spectrum regarding causes of death in the population of Hunan, and to analyze the health-related major diseases.Methods With retrospective study method, a sample survey on causes of death and the related information was carried out from 2004 to 2005 among the residents in Hunan province. Results were compared with the data from a retrospective survey on causes of death in Hunan during 1973-1975 and 1990-1992, respectively. Results The crude mortality rates and the standardized mortality ratios (SMR) of the reisidents in Hunan were 901.59/100 000 and 865.14/100 000 during the period of 1973-1975 while 588.64/100 000 and 537.42/100 000 druing the period of 1990-1992, and 608.27/100 000 and 413.67/100 000 during the period of 2004-2005, respectively. During the past 30 years, the SMR of the residents in Hunan decreased by 52.18% and the descending range from the rural areas was more than that of the urban areas, and higher in females than in males. The death proportion of infectious diseases, maternal and perinatal diseases, nutritional deficiencies decreased significantly (P＜0.01), but the death proportion of chronic non-communicable diseases increased significantly (P＜0.01). The changing ranges of the former two proportions were both larger in the rural areas than those in the urban areas. The highest proportions of deaths due to injury and poisoning during the past 30 years were both seen in the 5 year olds, followed by the age groups of 25 year olds (P＜0.01). During the period of 2004-2005, the death proportion of all the infectious diseases,maternal/perinatal diseases and nutritional deficiencies was 8.01% altogether, and those of chronic non-communicable diseases, injury and poisoning were 80.66% and 11.33%, respectively. During the past 30 years, the SMR of the three kinds of diseases all significantly decreased, more significantly seen in infectious diseases, maternal and perinatal diseases, and nutritional deficiencies but less in chronic non-communicable diseases. Among the death cases of chronic non-communicable diseases,the SMR of cerebrovascular disease, malignant tumor, and heart disease showed an increasing tendency and the sequences of them had been advanced to the first, the second, and the fourth in the death ranking during the period of 2004-2005, respectively. Conclusion The SMRs of the residents in the urban and rural areas from Hunan province showed a declining tendency.Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases and malignant tumors had become the important diseases affecting the health of the people, while injury and poisoning had otherwise topped the causes of death among children and adolescents in Hunan province.     

湖北省部分地区农民工生活质量及相关影响因素调查

Objective The aim of the study was to understand the quality of life and the related factors of farmer workers in the countryside of Hubei province. Methods Purposive sampling was used to select 529 farmer workers and another 326 government workers were served as controls.'Group investigation' method was used in this study, t-test was used to compare the quality of life among farmer workers and the Chinese norm. SF-36 was used to measure the quality of life. Generalized linear regression model(GLM)and structural equation model(SEM)were applied to test the related factors. Results Quality of life among farmer workers in Hubei was significantly different from the norm of residents in Hangzhou. The quality of life among migrant workers was significantly lower than the government staff(PRP＜0.05, PBP＜0.05, PVT＜0.05)after controlling the confounding factors. Factors as age(B=-0.33), sex(B=-0.07), marital status(B=-0.10),sleeping habits(B=-0.16), fatigue(B=-0.12), life style(B=-0.05)and social status(B=0.93)etc. were related to the quality of life. Conclusion The quality of life among farmer workers was poor, and mainly affected by age, sex, marital status, sleeping habits, fatigue, lifestyle and social status. It is important to reduce the work load and making the work status and life style reasonable to better the quality of life among the farmer workers.     

湖北省部分地区农民工生活质量及相关影响因素调查

Objective The aim of the study was to understand the quality of life and the related factors of farmer workers in the countryside of Hubei province. Methods Purposive sampling was used to select 529 farmer workers and another 326 government workers were served as controls.'Group investigation' method was used in this study, t-test was used to compare the quality of life among farmer workers and the Chinese norm. SF-36 was used to measure the quality of life. Generalized linear regression model(GLM)and structural equation model(SEM)were applied to test the related factors. Results Quality of life among farmer workers in Hubei was significantly different from the norm of residents in Hangzhou. The quality of life among migrant workers was significantly lower than the government staff(PRP＜0.05, PBP＜0.05, PVT＜0.05)after controlling the confounding factors. Factors as age(B=-0.33), sex(B=-0.07), marital status(B=-0.10),sleeping habits(B=-0.16), fatigue(B=-0.12), life style(B=-0.05)and social status(B=0.93)etc. were related to the quality of life. Conclusion The quality of life among farmer workers was poor, and mainly affected by age, sex, marital status, sleeping habits, fatigue, lifestyle and social status. It is important to reduce the work load and making the work status and life style reasonable to better the quality of life among the farmer workers.     

Health fitness and its influencing factors among urban elderly residents in Lanzhou cityCSCD

Objective To analyze the health fitness and its influencing factors among urban elderly residents in Lanzhou city. Methods A multi-stage sampling method was used to survey urban elderly residents in Lanzhou city with self-designed questionnaire from July 17th to August 3rd, 2020. The questionnaire included general information, life habits and Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale Version 1.0 (HFMS V 1.0), a total of 1 124 questionnaires were distributed and 1 124 were collected, including 1 043 valid questionnaires (92.8%). The HFMS V 1.0 was scored with Likert 5-point scale, positive and negative scoring method. The health fitness status of the subjects was divided into low, medium and high levels according to the norms of HFMS V 1.0 for Chinese urban elderly residents. The influencing factors were analyzed by using the chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression. Results The conversion score of HFMS V 1.0 for the urban elderly residents in Lanzhou city was 61.99±14.20, and the physical fitness score was the lowest (57.84± 16.98); of the 1 043 subjects, 332 (31.83%), 360 (34.52%) and 351 (33.65%) subjects were classified with low, medium, and high health fitness levels, respectively. Chronic diseases and poor dietary habits were the risk factors for the health fitness of urban elderly residents in Lanzhou city (both P<0.05); more adequate sun exposure, physical exercise, sufficient sleep, high self-health concern and high frustration quotient were protective factors for health fitness in those subjects (all P<0.05). Conclusion The overall level of health fitness in urban elderly residents in Lanzhou city is moderate, and chronic disease, dietary habits, sun exposure, physical exercise, length of sleep, self-health concern and frustration quotient are the main influencing factors. © 2021 Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. All rights reserved.     

2004-2005年中国西部农村地区居民慢性阻塞性肺部疾病的死亡负担

目的 分析2004-2005年我国西部农村地区居民慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)的死亡负担.方法 COPD死亡及人口资料均来自2004-2005年全国第3次死因回顾抽样调查.其中,西部农村地区有42个监测县(区),覆盖西部12个省,调查人年数为28 621 276.根据调查收集的人口资料和死亡个案数据计算西部农村地区居民COPD的死亡率、潜在寿命损失年数(YPLL)率、潜在工作损失年数(WYPLL)率、COPD造成的YPLL率/全死因造成的YPLL率,与其他农村地区比较.标化死亡率、标化潜在工作损失年数(SYPLL)率、标化潜在工作损失年数(SWYPLL)率的计算以2000年人口为标准人口,以2004-2005年全国期望寿命为标准期望寿命.结果 西部农村地区居民年龄越大,COPD的粗死亡率、YPLL率水平越高;不同性别居民COPD的粗死亡率、YPLL率水平不同,男性YPLL率为15.47‰,女性为15.73‰.西部农村地区居民COPD的粗死亡率、YPLL率、WYPLL率、COPD造成的YPLL率/全死因造成的YPLL率均较高,分别为:109.53/10万、15.76‰、2.82‰、11.23%.西部农村经济落后地区COPD的粗死亡率、YPLL率、WYPLL率、COPD造成的YPLL率/全死因造成的YPLL率均是最高,分别为:122.04/10万、27.47‰、4.26‰、13.44%.结论 2004-2005年我国西部农村地区COPD的死亡负担比其他农村地区严重,且经济落后地区死亡负担较高.

Abstract：

Objective To study the death burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) in west rural areas of China in 2004-2005. Methods The data from 2004-2005 the Third National Mortality Retrospective Sampling Survey were used in the study. A total of 28 621 276 person years were investigated in west rural areas, which covered 12 provinces, and consisted of 42 surveillance districts. Based on the data of death cause and population, mortality of COPD, years of potential life lost (YPLL) rate,working YPLL(WYPLL) rate, YPLL rate due to COPD/YPLL rate due to all deaths in west rural areas were calculated and compared with other rural areas. Standardized death rate,standardized YPLL (SYPLL) rate,standardized working YPLL(SWYPLL) rate were calculated from census data in 2000 as standard population and 2004-2005 national life expectance as standard life expectance. Results The elder has the higher crude death rate and YPLL rate of COPD in survey districts of west rural areas. And the crude death rate of COPD and YPLL rate were different in different genders. The YPLL rate was 15.47‰ in male and 15.73‰ in female. The crude death rate, YPLL rate, WYPLL rate, the ratio of YPLL rate due to COPD/YPLL rate due to all deaths in survey districts of west rural areas were: 109. 53/100 000,15. 76‰,2. 82‰, 11. 23% ,which were high. While crude death rate, YPLL rate, WYPLL rate,the ratio of YPLL rate due to COPD/YPLL rate due to all deaths in the poorest survey districts of west rural areas were:122. 04/100 000,27.47‰, 4. 26‰, 13.44%, which were higher than other stratifications of west rural areas. Conclusion The death burden of COPD in west rural areas in 2004-2005 was the heaviest one in China which experienced the feature that the poorer the rural regions,the heavier the death burden.     

Analysis on the trend of smoking prevalence and main causes of death of dead residents in Tianjin from 2010 to 2019CSCD

Objective To evaluate the change trend of smoking prevalence and the composition of main causes of death in Tianjin from 2010 to 2019. Methods The study was based on the data collected in the Tianjin All Cause of Death Surveillance System from 2010 to 2019. A total of 699 372 cases were included in the study. The smoking prevalence, ex‑smoking and never smoking prevalence were calculated according to different death years and gender. The proportion of smoking status was calculated according to the year of birth and gender. The distribution of smokers dying of smoking related diseases were calculated by different age‑group. The change trend of smoking rate was analyzed by Joinpoint regression 4.9.0.0 statistical software. The diseases that smokers died of were expressed by proportion. Results From 2010 to 2019, the smoking rate of dead residents decreased from 28.7% to 21.4%, and the average annual change percentage (AAPC) was -3.0% (95%CI: -3.9%, -2.2%). The same trend was shown in dead residents of different genders. The proportion of ex‑smokers showed an upward trend, from 10.5% in 2010 to 14.7% in 2019; The proportion of light smokers increased with the postponement of birth year. The proportion of light smokers born at and before year 1950 was 14.7%, while the proportion of light smokers born at and after year 1981 was as high as 85.9%; the proportion of heavy smokers decreased with the year of birth. Lung cancer and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were the main causes of death of smokers and quitters. 13.86% of quitters died of lung cancer, which was slightly lower than that of smokers (16.39%) and significantly higher than that of non‑smokers (5.55%). With the increase of smoking degree, the proportion of smokers who died of lung cancer also increased gradually, from 9.19% to 19.11%. Conclusions From 2010 to 2019, the smoking prevalence of dead residents in Tianjin shows a downward trend, which is consistent with the change trend of the overall smoking prevalence of residents in Tianjin. Lung cancer, acute myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease rank among the top three causes of death among smokers. © 2021 Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. All rights reserved.     

山东省蓬莱市2006-2007年道路交通伤害疾病负担分析

目的 综合评价蓬莱市道路交通伤害的健康和社会经济负担.方法 以蓬莱市2006-2007年居民死亡原因登记系统中数据和伤害抽样调查资料为基础,估计道路交通事故导致的死亡和伤残现状,按照全球疾病负担研究中伤残调整寿命年(DALY)公式,利用直接法测算疾病健康负担,并评价道路交通伤害的经济负担.结果 蓬莱市平均每年因道路交通伤害造成31 373.04个健康寿命年损失,相当于每1000人损失70.59个健康寿命年;男性健康寿命年损失高于女性;15～44岁年龄段青壮年健康寿命年损失最高,占全部寿命损失的一半以上;DALY主要由失能所致的寿命损失年(YLD)构成(占79.45%).两年间总经济损失为21.85亿元,占同期GDP总量的4.89%,其中间接经济损失达21.52亿元,占全部损失的98.45%,男性造成经济损失明显高于女性,15～59岁年龄段经济损失占全部损失的97.65%.结论 道路交通伤害严重影响蓬莱市居民身体健康,给个人、家庭和社会带来沉重的负担.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the burden of road traffic injury (RTI) from perspectives both on the health of population and on social economic status so as to provide scientific evidence for policy making. Methods The status of mortality and disability caused by traffic accident in Penglai county was estimated, based on data from death registration and a sampling survey from 2006 to 2007.Together with the disability weights gained from global burden of disease (GBD) , health burden (DALY) was measured with GBD formula. The economic burden of RTI was evaluated. Results Average loss of the health life years (HLY) related to RTI was 31 373.04 per year. 70.59 HLY were lost per 1000 persons. Loss among the males was higher than females. The loss of DALY among the age group 15-44 years ranked the first place (39 209.71 HLY) which accounted for 62.42% of the total DALY. 79.45% of the total DALY were caused by disability. In 2006 and 2007 ,the economic loss caused by RTI was as high as 2.19 billion RMB, which accounted for 4.89% of the total amount of GDP while the indirect economic costs (2.15 billion RMB) accounted for 98.45% of the total costs in Penglai city. The economic loss of the males was obviously higher than the females and the loss by the group aged 15-59 years old accounted for 97.65% of the total. Conclusion RTI had severely influenced the health of the residents in Penglai city and brought heavy burden to the individuals,families as well as the society.     

江苏省海门市1993-2006年肝癌死亡率时间趋势分析

Objective To predict the trend of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mortality and investigate the features of its mortality including age, period, and birth cohort in males living in Haimen city of Jiangsu province, China. Methods Grey model (GM) was modeled using standardized mortality rate (SMR) of HCC from 1993 to 2006, and was applied to predicting SMR until 2012. Based on the mortality density (MD) for a four-year period, the goodness-of-fit of models and comparisons between models were evaluated so as to obtain the best one among these models including the effects of intercept, age-period-cohort (APC) , age-period (AP), age-cohort (AC),period-cohort(PC), and APC. Both APC full model and the best model were used to estimate effects of age, period, and cohort on HCC mortality. In addition, MD from 2005 to 2012 was predicted by the best model. Results Predictions based on GM (1,1 )showed that SMR was 48.578 per 100 000 population (relative error=-1.267% ) in 2007 year, which declined between 2008 and 2012. The lowest value was 45.578 per 100 000 people (in the 2012 year). The results of fitted models and comparisons between models showed that AP model was the best one (△G2=9.065,AIC=202.544). The curvatures of the effects of the three factors from APC model suggested that significances existed in changes of curvatures of 36.5-40.5 years old- (-0.368) and 64.5-68.5 years old-(-0.489) as well as in the change of 1956-1959 birth cohort (C21949.5. 1967.5=-0.492). The estimation of relative risks for AP model showed that the age effects were upward to 64.5-68.5 years old-, then downward; and that the period effects were found to be declined between 1993 and 2004. Predictions based on AP model suggested the decrease of HCC mortality. Conclusion The slightly decreasing trend of HCC mortality for males might be explained by age, period and a minor birth cohort effects in Haimen of China.     

湘潭市2011年城乡居民死亡原因分析

目的分析湘潭市居民2011年死亡原因。方法利用2011年湘潭市居民死亡原因监测资料,用死亡率、死因顺位、居民期望寿命、去死因期望寿命、减寿年数等指标评价该市居民健康状况。结果 2011年湘潭市居民死亡率为5.88‰,城区为5.67‰,乡村为5.98‰,男性为6.85‰,女性为4.88‰;前5位死因为心脏病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、呼吸系统病和损伤与中毒,传染病位居第9位,且死亡率仅为0.4‰。居民期望寿命为78.07岁,城区为77.12岁,乡村为78.38岁,男性为75.8岁,女性为80.59岁。去心脏病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管疾病、损伤与中毒、呼吸系统病后,居民寿命有0.05～8.93岁的增长,减寿年数为16 401.36～21 800.50年。结论传染病危害降低,慢性非传染性疾病、损伤与中毒已成为主要的公共卫生问题。     

浙江省居民健康期望寿命分析

目的 分析浙江省居民1998、2003和2008年健康期望寿命以及年龄、性别和城乡之间的差异.方法 利用浙江省死因监测资料和浙江省卫生服务调查家庭户成员相关健康资料,采用Sullivan法计算健康期望寿命.结果 浙江省居民期望寿命、健康期望寿命和健康期望寿命比值,1998年为73.89岁、58.09岁和78.62%,2003年为75.91岁、57.76岁和76.08%,2008年为76.70岁、59.57岁和77.66%.浙江省居民期望寿命、健康期望寿命和健康期望寿命比值均随着年龄的上升而下降.女性期望寿命高于男性,男性健康期望寿命比值高于女性.城市居民期望寿命高于农村居民,但是农村居民健康期望寿命和健康期望寿命比值均高于城市居民.结论 浙江省居民期望寿命随着年份递增而递增,不同年龄、不同性别和不同地区的健康期望寿命存在差异,应采取不同卫生政策.     

辽宁省城乡居民1975-2004年脑血管疾病死亡变化分析

目的分析辽宁省1975-2004年城乡居民脑血管疾病死亡水平及健康危害变化。方法应用死亡率、死因构成和顺位、去死因寿命表、减寿年数及减寿率、死亡率差别等指标分析辽宁省1973-1975年,2002-2004年7城市市区、7县乡镇居民脑血管疾病死亡数据。结果脑血管疾病仍为城市居民第二位死因,占全死因死亡的22.8%;县乡居民脑血管疾病死亡上升为第一位死因,死因构成比由12.0%增加至27.7%。结论辽宁省城乡居民脑血管病死亡率上升,农村居民脑血管病死亡率已高于城市,应给予充分重视。     

2012年四川省居民主要死因去死因期望寿命和减寿分析

目的分析各类死因对四川省居民期望寿命的影响,为政府就提高期望寿命、促进居民健康制定措施提供依据。方法采用DeathReg2005软件收集、整理2012年四川省居民死因监测数据,采用Excell软件、SPSS软件编制蒋氏简略寿命表、去死因寿命表,计算粗死亡率、标化死亡率、平均期望寿命、去死因期望寿命、潜在减寿年数、减寿率等。结果 2012年四川省居民粗死亡率621.78/10万,标化死亡率621.49/10万,平均期望寿命校正值75.22岁;去死因期望寿命分析显示循环系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、肿瘤、损伤和中毒、消化系统疾病所致期望寿命损失年居前5位,去掉该死因,分别可增加4.51年、3.42年、3.34年、1.13年、0.39年。去单病种死因期望寿命分析,增值前5位为恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、慢性下呼吸道疾病、心脏病、机动车辆交通事故。潜在寿命分析,减寿率顺位为肿瘤、损伤和中毒、循环系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、消化系统疾病,其导致每千人寿命缩短的人年数分别为18.67人年、12.21人年、10.35人年、5.44人年、2.55人年。不同性别和城市与农村间各类分析顺位略有差异。结论四川省居民期望寿命的提高需要加强对肿瘤、心脑血管疾病、呼吸道疾病及意外伤害等慢性非传染性疾病的预防和控制。     

辽宁省城乡居民1973-1975年与2004-2005年伤害死亡率变化分析

目的 分析1973-1975年与2004-2005年间辽宁省城乡居民伤害死亡率的变化特点,为制定有效的预防措施,降低伤害死亡提供科学依据.方法 使用1973-1975全国死因回顾调查和2004-2005年辽宁省城乡居民病伤死因登记报告系统资料,计算不同年代、地区、性别和年龄别伤害死亡率和变化幅度.结果 30年间,城市居民伤害标化死亡率由51.03/10万降至28.36/10万,农村由44.55/10万升至55.43/10万,城乡呈相反的变化趋势;男性伤害死亡率明显高于女性,农村明显高于城市,目前农村居民溺水、自杀、机动车交通事故和火灾的死亡率分别为城市的4.03倍、3.66倍、2.90倍和2.75倍.结论 30年间城乡伤害死亡率的变化趋势相反,农村亟待加强道路安全意识教育及加大必要的监管力度,同时关注农村老年居民的生存环境问题,从而采取有针对性的干预措施降低农村伤害死亡率.     

1990—2010 年疾病谱变化对上海市居民期望寿命增长的影响

目的］ 比较上海市1990—2010 年不同时期人群期望寿命变化趋势,探讨疾病谱变化对期望寿命的影响,确定疾病干预的优先领域。 ［方法］ 利用1990—2010 年上海市居民死亡登记系统的死亡数据和上海市公安系统的人口数据,应用简略寿命表法、期望寿命分解法、死因分解法,比较年龄和不同死因对期望寿命的影响。 ［结果］1990—2010 年上海市男性和女性期望寿命分别增加了6.91 岁和6.94 岁,年均增寿均达0.35 岁。65 岁以上老年人口对期望寿命增长的贡献最大,男女分别占增寿总量的52.97%和51.44%。呼吸系统疾病、循环系统疾病和肿瘤死亡率的降低是期望寿命增加的主要原因,他们对男女性期望寿命的贡献分别为2.13 岁和1.98 岁、1.42 岁和1.89 岁、1.35 岁和0.67岁。 ［结论］ 上海市现阶段,居民的死亡大部分是疾病造成,提高人群期望寿命,重点是关注中老年人健康状况。近20年慢性病死亡率虽大幅下降,但仍是上海市主要死因,建立健全慢病防治体系,提高慢性病防治效果,是进一步提高上海市人口健康水平,增加上海市居民期望寿命的有效途径。     

2011年长春市居民死亡原因调查分析

目的了解长春市全死因监测点死因分布特点,计算长春市5城区居民期望寿命以及重要死因对期望寿命的影响,为慢性病的预防、控制提供依据。方法利用死亡率、构成比及期望寿命对2011年五城区居民死亡资料进行统计分析。结果 2011年5城区居民总死亡率5.23‰,男性高于女性。前5位死因依次是心脏病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、呼吸系统疾病及其他疾病,占总死因的83.43%。本市5城区居民期望寿命78.56岁,女性期望寿命高于男性。如果去除主要死因,长春市期望寿命将有提高。结论慢性病在总死亡中所占比例最高,是目前危害本市居民健康的主要疾病和死因,预防和控制慢性病是当务之急。     

2010年成都市户籍人口主要死因

目的分析居民死因顺位、减寿顺位居前列的死亡原因在城乡、性别的分布差异。方法利用2010年成都市死因监测资料,和成都市公安局公布的同期户籍人口数,编制寿命表和去死因寿命表,采用直接标化法计算城乡、性别标化死亡率后,比较其差异。结果居民死因顺位前5位、减寿前5位、去死因期望寿命增加最多前5位疾病是恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、脑血管病、心脏病和损伤和中毒。恶性肿瘤以肺癌、肝癌、胃癌为首,死亡率男性高于女性,肺癌死亡率城市高于农村,肝癌、胃癌死亡率农村高于城市。慢性下呼吸道疾病、脑血管病死亡率都是农村高于城市,男性高于女性。心脏病死亡率城市高于农村,男性高于女性。损伤和中毒死亡率男性高于女性,农村高于城市,在顺位和构成上农村和城市、男性和女性有差异。结论成都市居民影响期望寿命的主要疾病为恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、脑血管病、心脏病和损伤和中毒,不同地区和性别人群应对不同的重点疾病采取的措施,降低死亡率,提高期望寿命。     

2005--2010年中国城市居民期望寿命性别差异的分析

目的了解2005--2010年中国城市居民期望寿命的性别差异及其受年龄和死因的影响, 并探讨影响期望寿命年龄差异变化的主要因素。方法利用2005--2010年《中国卫生统计年鉴》中城市居民年龄别死亡率及死因等死亡数据, 采用绘制寿命表法、期望寿命性别差异及其年龄分解和死因分解法, 进行城市居民期望寿命性别差异的分析比较。结果自2005年中国城市人群期望寿命开始呈上升趋势, 女性期望寿命始终高于男性; 2007年期望寿命性别差异显著增加(相差5．3岁)并呈现-个尖峰, 其中以60～79岁年龄组男女性别死亡率的差异最为显著, 是导致性别期望寿命差异的主要因素(42%～47%)。2005-2007年期望寿命性别差异增大, 主要为0～1岁婴幼儿和>75岁老年组; 2007-2008年该差异缩小, 仅表现为1-15岁和50～55岁年龄组; 2009--2010年差异增大, 主要为60-70岁年龄组。影响期望寿命性别差异的主要死因为肿瘤(1．638-2.019岁)、循环系统疾病(1.271～1.606岁)、呼吸系统疾病(0．551～0.800岁)。肿瘤中以肺癌对期望寿命的影响最大, 每年有约0．6岁的差异; 而肝癌导致男女性死亡差异不断缩小。损伤和中毒等原因也影响期望寿命的性别差异(10．60% 15.78%)。结论缩小中国城市居民健康的性别差距, 重点应关注男性>/60岁老年人; 肿瘤、循环系统疾病和呼吸系统疾病是导致中国城市人群期望寿命性别差异的主要疾病, 同时不可忽视外伤、自杀等对期望寿命差异的影响。     

成都市近20年户籍人口期望寿命变化

目的分析成都市户籍人口期望寿命的变化,探讨不同年龄和死因对期望寿命变化产生的影响。方法利用1990-2010年成都市死因监测户籍人群的死亡数据,和公安局公布的同期同范围人口数,采用寿命表法计算户籍人口期望寿命,采用期望寿命的年龄分解法、期望寿命的死因分解法计算年龄别死亡率和死因别死亡率的变化对期望寿命变化的影响。结果成都市户籍人口期望寿命在提高,男女性别差异扩大;低年龄组死亡率的变化对期望寿命变化的影响逐渐减小,高年龄组死亡率变化对期望寿命变化影响增大;对期望寿命变化影响较大的疾病主要是如呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、心脏病等。结论降低高年龄组死亡率,加强对呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、心脏病的控制,降低其死亡率,有助于提高期望寿命。