Durability of the resin bond strength to zirconia ceramic after using different surface conditioning methods.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this in vitro study was the evaluation of the bond strength and its durability of two composite resins to zirconia ceramic after using different surface conditioning methods. METHODS: Plexiglas tubes filled with composite resin were bonded to zirconia ceramic discs (Cercon) which were either in their original state as supplied by the manufacturer only cleaned in isopropanol or were cleaned with an air-powder-water spray with sodium hydrocarbonate solution or were air abraded (50 microm Al(2)O(3)). Groups of 20 specimens each were bonded either with a conventional composite resin (Variolink II) or with a phosphate monomer (MDP)-containing resin (Panavia F) to the ceramic discs. Subgroups of 10 bonded specimens were stored in distilled water (37 degrees C) for either 3 days or for 150 days. Additionally, the 150 days specimens were thermal cycled 37,500 times. Statistical analyses were conducted with the Wilcoxon rank sum test adjusted by Bonferroni-Holm. RESULTS: The initial tensile bond strength (TBS) for Variolink II ranged from 9.0 to 16.6 MPa and were significantly lower (p< or =0.05) than for Panavia F ranging from 18.7 to 45.0 MPa. Air abrasion resulted in significantly higher TBS (p< or =0.01) than the two other surface conditioning methods. After 150 days storage, only the air abraded specimens bonded with Panavia F showed high bond strengths of 39.2 MPa, whereas most other specimens debonded spontaneously or showed very low bond strengths. SIGNIFICANCE: The use of the MDP-containing composite resin Panavia F on air abraded zirconia ceramic can be recommended as promising bonding method.     

The effect of silica coating on the resin bond to the intaglio surface of Procera AllCeram restorations.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the influence of a silica-coating method on the resin bond of two different resin composite cements to the intaglio surface of Procera AllCeram densely sintered, high-purity, alumina ceramic restorations after long-term storage and thermocycling. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Densely sintered alumina ceramic specimens were fabricated with the intaglio surface of the Procera AlICeram coping and randomly divided into five adhesive groups (100 total specimens). Resin composite cylinders were bonded either to the untreated or to the tribochemical silica/silane-coated ceramic surface with either a conventional Bis-GMA resin cement or a resin composite containing an adhesive phosphate monomer (Panavia 21) in combination with their corresponding bonding/silane coupling agents. Panavia was also used without silanization to the untreated ceramic surface (control). Subgroups of 10 specimens were stored in distilled water for either 3 (baseline) or 180 days prior to shear bond strength testing. The 180-day samples were subjected to repeated thermocycling for a total of 12,000 cycles. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison. RESULTS: Silica coating significantly increased overall bond strength to Procera AllCeram. RelyX ARC and silica coating revealed the highest bond strength at baseline. Long-term storage and thermocycling significantly decreased overall bond strength. Two groups revealed the significantly highest bond strength values after artificial aging: Panavia 21 with its silane/bonding agent to the original ceramic surface and Panavia 21 to the silica-coated ceramic surface. CONCLUSION: The use of a resin composite containing an adhesive phosphate monomer either in combination with a silane coupling/bonding agent or after tribochemical silica/silane coating revealed the highest long-term shear bond strength to the intaglio surface of Procera AllCeram restorations.     

Durability of resin bonding to lithium disilicate using different self-etching and conventional ceramic primers after long-term aging

ObjectivesTo evaluate the bonding durability after artificial aging provided by a self-etching and a no-etching ceramic primer compared to primers, which are applied by the etch and rinse method.MethodsLithium disilicate blocks were bonded to a composite resin (Clearfill Core, Kuraray) using 5 bonding methods (N = 24). Specimens of group MEP were bonded using a self-etching primer and the corresponding luting resin (Monobond Etch&Prime/Variolink Esthetic, Ivoclar Vivadent) Specimens of group UBE were bonded using a two-bottle silane solution (Universal Primer/Estecem, Tokuyama) without hydrofluoric acid ceramic etching. Specimens of the other 3 groups were bonded using etch and rinse bonding systems with prior hydrofluoric acid ceramic etching (MPV: Monobond Plus/Variolink Esthetic, Ivoclar Vivadent; SUR: Scotchbond Universal/RelyX Ultimate, 3 M; GML: G-Multi Primer/G-CEM LinkForce, GC). Each group was divided into 3 subgroups (n = 8) according to the storage conditions (3 days water storage (37 °C), 30 days water storage, 7,500 thermal cycles (5–55 °C) and 150 days water storage, 37,500 thermal cycles). The tensile bond strength (TBS) was measured and the data was statistically analyzed.ResultsAfter 3 days the median TBS ranged from 14.6 to 41.7 MPa, after 30 days from 4.2 to 39.0 MPa and after 150 days from 0 to 29.7 MPa. Both bonding systems utilizing a self-etching primer showed a significantly lower TBS than group MPV using a conventional ceramic bonding system.SignificanceEspecially after long-term storage with additional thermal cycling the bonding systems using primers without hydrofluoric acid ceramic etching do not provide a high bond strength.     

Effect of a new metal primer on the bond strength between a resin cement and two high-noble alloys

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: With the development of new adhesive resin cements, the question of surface treatment of noble metal castings with primers has become an important issue. PURPOSE: This study compared the tensile bond strength and its durability of a new metal primer (Alloy Primer, Kuraray) to 2 noble metal alloys (Au-Ag-Cu-Pt and Au-Pt-Pd-Ag-In). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty cast disk specimens of each alloy were polished, grit blasted with 50 microm Al(2)O(3), and ultrasonically cleaned in 96% isopropanol. Then, they were either nonprimed or primed only with the Alloy Primer or Alloy Primer combined with ED Primer (Kuraray). Plexiglas tubes filled with self-curing composite resin (Clearfil FII, Kuraray) were bonded to the metal samples with the use of an alignment apparatus and a self-curing luting cement (Panavia 21 Ex). The samples were stored in water, either for 3 days with no thermal cycling or for 150 days with 37,500 thermal cycles. After the different storage conditions, the tensile bond strengths of the specimens were determined. RESULTS: The mean bond strengths increased over storage time for all groups, except for the grit-blasted Au-Pt-Pd-Ag-In group. However, only in the grit-blasted and the primed groups for the Au-Ag-Cu-Pt alloy was this increase significantly different (P<.01). After 150 days of storage, the mean bond strength to Au-Ag-Cu-Pt alloy was 38.8 MPa without priming, whereas it was 40.6 to 40.8 MPa with the use of the primers. After the same time, the mean bond strength to the Au-Pt-Pd-Ag-In alloy was 20.6 MPa without priming, whereas it was 31. 9 to 37.8 MPa with the use of the primers. When comparing the different bonding methods and different storage times for the alloys, the superiority of the usage of both primers in combination was determined. Conclusion. The tested Alloy Primer significantly improved the bond strength of the dental adhesive resin cement (Panavia 21 Ex) to noble alloys. However, this effect depended on the alloy composition and was much greater for the Au-Pt-Pd-Ag-In alloy than for the Au-Ag-Cu-Pt alloy.     

In vitro evaluation of long-term bonding of Procera AllCeram alumina restorations with a modified resin luting agent

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Bonded densely sintered aluminum oxide ceramic restorations such as Procera AllCeram laminates rely on a strong and long-term durable resin bond. Air particle abrasion and a phosphate-modified resin luting agent have the potential to provide such bonds to aluminum oxide ceramics, but their efficacy on the Procera AllCeram intaglio surface is unknown. The inherent microroughness of this surface may influence bond strengths, because micromechanical interlocking is a main contributor for adhesion of resins to ceramic materials. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the bond strength of a phosphate-modified resin luting agent with and without silanization to an air particle-abraded Procera AllCeram intaglio surface compared with a conventional resin-bonding system before and after artificial aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty square (10 x 10 x 2 mm) specimens of Procera AllCeram alumina ceramic with the Procera intaglio surface were air particle abraded with aluminum oxide. Composite cylinders (2.9 mm in diameter and 3.0 mm in width) were fabricated with Z-250 composite and bonded to the ceramic specimens with either Panavia 21 TC or Rely X ARC (control) and their corresponding bonding/silane coupling agents. In addition, Panavia was used without silanization as suggested in similar studies. Subgroups of 10 specimens were stored in distilled water for either 3 or 180 days before shear bond strength was tested with a universal testing machine (MPa) until fracture. The 180-day specimens were subjected to thermocycling at 2000 cycles every 30 days (12,000 cycles total). Data were analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison (alpha=.05). Failure modes were examined with a light microscope (original magnification x 25). RESULTS: Differences between short-term and long-term groups were highly significant (P=.000). Bond strength with Rely X ARC and its silane coupling agent (22.75 +/- 4 MPa) decreased significantly (P=.000) after artificial aging (3.32 +/- 3.62 MPa). Panavia 21 after silanization revealed significantly different (P=.003) early (21.42 +/- 4.3 MPa) and late (16.09 +/- 2.37 MPa) bond strengths but achieved the highest bond strength after artificial aging. Bond strengths of Panavia without silanization both early (8.06 +/- 2.1 MPa) and late (6.91 +/- 2.49 MPa) were not significantly different. Failure modes were mainly adhesive at the ceramic surface for all groups. CONCLUSION: Panavia 21 in combination with its corresponding bonding/silane coupling agent can achieve an acceptable resin bond to the air particle-abraded intaglio surface of Procera AllCeram restorations after artificial aging, which had mixed effects on the other investigated groups. The conventional resin luting agent revealed the most dramatic decrease in bond strength.     

Durability of Resin Cement Bond to Aluminium Oxide and Zirconia Ceramics after Air Abrasion and Laser Treatment

Purpose: The erbium laser has been introduced for cutting enamel and dentin and may have an application in the surface modification of high‐strength aluminum oxide and zirconia ceramics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the durability of the bond of conventional dual‐cured resin cements to Procera Al₂O₃ and zirconium oxide ceramics after surface treatment with air abrasion and erbium laser. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty Al₂O₃ and 120 zirconia specimens measuring 3 × 3 × 0.7 mm³ were divided equally into three groups, and their surfaces treated as follows: either untreated (controls), air abraded with Al₂O₃ particles, or erbium‐laser‐treated at a power setting of 200 mJ. The surface of each specimen was then primed and bonded with one of two dual‐cured resin cements (either SCP‐100 Ceramic Primer and NAC‐100 or Monobond S and Variolink II) using a 1‐mm thick Tygon tube mold with a 0.75‐mm internal bore diameter. After 24 hours and 6 months of water storage at 37°C, a microshear bond strength test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Surface morphology was examined using a confocal microscope, and failure modes were observed using an optical microscope. The data were analyzed using the Kaplan‐Meier nonparametric survival analysis. Results: In the case of zirconia, air abrasion and Erbium:yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet (Er:YAG) laser treatment of the ceramic surface resulted in a significant reduction in the bond strengths of both resin cements after 6 months water storage; however, when the zirconia surface was left untreated, the SCP‐100/NAC‐100 group did not significantly reduce in bond strength. In the case of alumina, no treatment, air abrasion and Er:YAG laser treatment of the surface led to no significant reduction in the bond strengths of the three SCP‐100/NAC‐100 groups after 6 months water storage, whereas all three Monobond S/Variolink II groups showed a significant reduction. Conclusion: Er:YAG laser treatment of the zirconia surface did not result in a durable resin cement/ceramic bond; however, a durable bond between a conventional dual‐cured resin cement and Procera All Ceram and Procera All Zirkon was formed using a ceramic primer containing the phosphate monomer, MDP, without any additional surface treatment.     

In vitro evaluation of shear bond strengths of resin to densely-sintered high-purity zirconium-oxide ceramic after long-term storage and thermal cycling

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The few available studies on the resin bond to zirconium-oxide ceramic recommend airborne-particle abrasion and modified resin luting agents containing adhesive monomers for superior and long-term durable bond strengths. It is unknown whether this regimen can also be successfully applied to the intaglio surface of a commercial zirconia-based all-ceramic system. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare bond strengths of different bonding/silane coupling agents and resin luting agents to zirconia ceramic before and after artificial aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Composite cylinders (2.9 mm x 3.0 mm) were bonded to airborne-particle-abraded intaglio surfaces of Procera AllZirkon specimens (n=80) with either Panavia F (PAN) or Rely X ARC (REL) resin luting agents after pretreatment with Clearfil SE Bond/ Porcelain Bond Activator (Group SE). In another group, Rely X ARC was used with its bonding/silane coupling agent (Single Bond/Ceramic Primer, Group SB). PAN without any bonding/silane agent (Group NO) was the control. Subgroups of 10 specimens were stored in distilled water for either 3 or 180 days before shear bond strength was tested. One hundred eighty-day-old specimens were repeatedly thermal cycled for 12,000 cycles between 5 and 60 degrees C with a 15-second dwell time. Data were analyzed with 1- and 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey multiple comparisons test (alpha=.05). Failure modes were examined under original magnification x25. RESULTS: After 3 days, SE-REL (25.15 +/- 3.48 MPa) and SE-PAN (20.14 +/- 2.59 MPa) groups had significantly superior mean shear bond strengths (P=.0007) compared with either NO-PAN (17.36 +/- 3.05 MPa) or SB-REL (16.90 +/- 7.22 MPa). SE-PAN, NO-PAN, and SB-REL groups were not significantly different. Artificial aging significantly reduced bond strengths. After 180-day storage, SE-PAN (16.85 +/- 3.72 MPa), and SE-REL (15.45 +/- 3.79 MPa) groups demonstrated significantly higher shear bond strengths than NO-PAN (9.45 +/- 5.06 MPa) or SB-REL (1.08 +/- 1.85 MPa) groups. The modes of failure varied among 3-day groups but were 100% adhesive at the ceramic surfaces after artificial aging. CONCLUSION: Artificial aging significantly reduced bond strength. A bonding/silane coupling agent containing an adhesive phosphate monomer can achieve superior long-term shear bond strength to airborne-particle- abraded Procera AllZirkon restorations with either one of the 2 resin luting agents tested.     

Long-term resin bond to densely sintered aluminum oxide ceramic

Background: Densely sintered aluminium oxide ceramic is a popular material for ceramic copings and all‐ceramic restorations. A strong, predictable, and long‐term durable resin bond is key for long‐term clinical success of bonded alumina‐based restorations. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure and compare in vitro shear bond strengths of three resin cements with and without their corresponding silane coupling/bonding agent to air particle‐abraded densely sintered aluminum oxide ceramic after long‐term water storage and thermocycling. Materials and Methods: Composite resin cylinders were bonded to air particle‐abraded samples of densely sintered aluminum oxide ceramic with Noribond DC® (Noritake Dental Supply, Inc., Aichi, Japan), Panavia 21® EX (Kuraray, Osaka, Japan), and Variolink II® (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), which were used with and without their corresponding silane coupling and bonding agents (n= 15). All specimens (N= 90) were stored for 180 days in water and subjected to repeated thermocycling for a total of 12,000 cycles before shear bond strength was tested. Data were analyzed with the Kruskal‐Wallis test and the Wilcoxon two‐sample rank sum test at the 5% level of significance. Results: Most groups had no or only minimal bond strength to densely sintered alumina after simulated aging. Panavia had the highest bond strength without silane/bonding agent application. Noribond with its silane/bonding agent revealed the highest overall bond strength, which was significantly greater than that of either Variolink or Panavia after silanization. Conclusions: Resin cements revealed significantly different bond strengths, and the use of silane coupling and bonding agents had various effects on the resin bond to pure densely sintered alumina. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Selection of the proper cement/bonding system is fundamental to clinical long‐term success of bonded alumina‐based restorations. Noribond with its bonding agent and ceramic primer seem to fulfill these requirements under clinically relevant testing conditions.     

Bond Strength of Resin Cements to Co‐Cr and Ni‐Cr Metal Alloys Using Adhesive Primers

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adhesive primers (APs) applied to Co‐Cr and Ni‐Cr metal alloys on the bond strength of resin cements to alloys. Materials and Methods: Eight cementing systems were evaluated, consisting of four resin cements (Bistite II DC, LinkMax, Panavia F 2.0, RelyX Unicem) with or without their respective APs (Metaltite, Metal Primer II, Alloy Primer, Ceramic Primer). The two types of dental alloys (Co‐Cr, Ni‐Cr) were cast in plate specimens (10 × 5 × 1 mm³) from resin patterns. After casting, the plates were sandblasted with aluminum oxide (100 μm) and randomly divided into eight groups (n = 6). Each surface to be bonded was treated with one of eight cementing systems. Three resin cement cylinders (0.5 mm high, 0.75 mm diameter) were built on each bonded metal alloy surface, using a Tygon tubing mold. After water storage for 24 hours, specimens were subjected to micro‐shear testing. Data were statistically analyzed by two‐way ANOVA and Tukey's studentized range test. Results: The application of Metal Primer II resulted in a significantly higher bond strength for LinkMax resin cement when applied in both metal alloys. In general, the cementing systems had higher bond strengths in Co‐Cr alloy than in Ni‐Cr. Conclusions: The use of AP between alloy metal surfaces and resin cements did not increase the bond strength for most cementing systems evaluated.     

Influence of light irradiation condition on microshear bond strength of dual-cured resin luting agents

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microshear bond strength and bond durability between ceramic and two dual-cured resin luting agents irradiated by different light intensities. Ceramic specimens were bonded with two resin bonding systems: Ceramic Primer and Linkmax HV (CP/LMHV) and Monobond S and Variolink IIHV (MBS/VLIIHV), and were either irradiated by 800, 310, 160, 80, and 40 mW/cm2 light or not irradiated. Bond strength was measured after 24-hour water storage at 37 degrees C and after subsequent 10,000 times of thermal cycling. Failure modes were determined by stereomicroscopy. After 24-hour water storage, there were no significant differences among the various irradiation conditions for both MBS/VLIIHV and CP/LMHV. However, regardless of light intensity, MBS/VLIIHV showed higher bond strength than CP/VLIIHV at each thermal cycling, except for no irradiation condition at 10,000 thermal cycles. In conclusion, thermal cycling significantly reduced the bond strength for all groups.     

Resin bond strength to densely sintered alumina ceramic

PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the resin bond strength and durability of adhesive bonding systems to densely sintered, pure aluminum oxide ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acrylic glass tubes filled with composite resin were bonded to industrially manufactured alumina ceramic disks with an ultrasonically machined surface. Groups of 20 samples were bonded in an alignment apparatus using five different bonding methods. Subgroups of 10 bonded samples were tested for tensile strength following storage in distilled water at 37 degrees C for either 3 or 150 days. In addition, the 150-day samples were thermocycled 37,500 times. The statistical analyses were made by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by multiple pairwise comparison of the groups using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The mean bond strength of a bis-GMA composite resin to sandblasted alumina ceramic was relatively high after 3 days, at 20 MPa. Additional silanization or tribochemical silica coating and silanization did not enhance the bond strength (18 to 20 MPa) and failed spontaneously over long-term storage. However, using a composite resin containing a special adhesive phosphate monomer, a statistically significantly higher and durable bond strength to the sandblasted alumina ceramic surface was achieved after 3 days (50 MPa) and after 150 days of storage (46 MPa). CONCLUSION: A durable bond strength to pure alumina ceramic was achieved only by using a composite resin containing an adhesive phosphate monomer after sandblasting the ceramic surface.     

Effect of acidic primers on adhesive bonding of tri-n-butylborane initiated adhesive resin to alumina

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of acidic primers on adhesive bonding to sintered alumina. Alumina disk specimens were primed with one of the following acidic materials: Acryl Bond, All Bond II Primer B, Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, Eye Sight Opaque Primer, M.L. Primer, MR. Bond, and Super-Bond Liquid. The disks were bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond) initiated with a tri-n-butylborane (TBB) derivative, and bond strengths were determined. Average bond strength before thermocycling varied from 42.9 to 44.3 MPa, whereas post-thermocycling bond strength ranged from 22.0 to 42.8 MPa. Of the nine groups assessed, reduction of bond strength after thermocycling was not significant in three: Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, and Eye Sight Opaque Primer. It can be concluded that phosphate-based primers are recommended for bonding sintered alumina with Super-Bond resin.     

Laboratory evaluation of a metal-priming agent for adhesive bonding.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this laboratory study was to determine the bond strength of a base metal alloy to a high-noble alloy and amalgam when a new chemical adhesion promoter was used in conjunction with a resin cement. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Specimens of high-noble alloy and amalgam were prepared in epoxy-filled rings. Base metal cylinders were cast. The ends of the cylinders and the metal bonding substrates were wet ground and air abraded with aluminum oxide. The base metal cylinders were cemented with Panavia 21 resin cement after application of 1 of the following to the high-noble and amalgam metal surfaces: (1) Alloy Primer, (2) ED Primer, (3) Alloy Primer and ED Primer, or (4) tin plating. Bond values were determined after 24 hours' storage and after 3 months' storage and thermocycling. RESULTS: At both 24 hours and 3 months, tin plating yielded the highest bond strengths to a high-noble alloy, but the value for the Alloy Primer groups was not significantly lower. There was no statistically significant difference between the 24-hour and 3-month values within the 4 treatment regimens. CONCLUSION: Treatment of amalgam or high-noble alloy with either tin plating or Alloy Primer before bonding with Panavia 21 resin cement yielded equivalent bond strengths to a base metal alloy. ED Primer was not an effective metal primer. There was no advantage to combining Alloy Primer and ED Primer.     

An investigation into the effects of metal primer and surface topography on the tensile bond strength between cobalt chromium alloy and composite resin

This study examined the influence of surface preparation and metal primer on the tensile bond strength between cobalt chromium alloy and composite resin. The bond strength between 168 cobalt chromium alloy dumb-bells with one of three test surfaces (beaded, machined or sandblasted) to composite resin were tested. Half of each group were treated with metal primer. The weakest bond strength was produced by the unprimed machined surface, many specimens failing before testing. The metal primer increased the bond strengths of all groups tested. The greatest bond strengths were achieved with the primed beaded and sandblasted surfaces. Within the limits of the study it has been shown that the surface preparation of the cobalt-chromium alloy did influence tensile bond strengths with composite resin and Metal Primer II increased the tensile bond strengths for all groups tested. The sandblasted surface treated with Metal Primer II is recommended for the bonding of composite resin to cobalt chromium alloy.     

Influence of silanization on early bond strength to sandblasted densely sintered alumina.

OBJECTIVE: The increased popularity of alumina-based restorations has resulted in an interest in proper adhesive techniques to assure a strong and predictable bond to these restorations. This study investigated the early bond strength of three different resin-cement systems to densely sintered alumina (aluminum-oxide ceramic) with and without the use of their corresponding silane coupling agent (silanization). METHOD AND MATERIALS: Ninety samples of densely sintered high-purity aluminum-oxide ceramic were randomly divided into three groups. Composite cylinders were bonded to the ceramic samples with three resin-cement/bonding-agent systems: Noribond DC (NOR), Panavia 21 EX (PAN), and Variolink II (VAR). Each resin-cement/bonding-agent system was used with and without their corresponding silane (SIL) coupling agent (n = 15). After fabrication, the specimens were stored in distilled water for 3 days at room temperature, and shear bond strength was tested. RESULTS: Application of the silane-coupling agent on sandblasted densely sintered alumina did not significantly influence bond strengths with PAN. Silanization significantly improved shear bond strengths with NOR and VAR. NOR-SIL and VAR-SIL revealed the statistically highest values, with NOR-SIL showing the highest mean bond strength of all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Silanization of sandblasted densely sintered alumina had mixed effects on the applied resin cements: It had no effect on the performance of the phosphate-modified resin cement PAN, but significantly improved shear bond strength of the Bis-GMA composite resin cements VAR and NOR. NOR-SIL revealed the highest overall mean bond strength.     

Bond strength of adhesive luting systems to human dentin and their durability

Statement of problemThe durability of adhesive bonding systems to dentin is of importance for restoration longevity; therefore, new adhesive systems should be tested in vitro with long-term artificial aging before clinical application.PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the bonding durability of 3 dual-polymerizing resins and 1 autopolymerizing resin to human dentin with their specific self-etching primers or adhesives.Material and methodsAcrylic resin tubes filled with composite resin were bonded to human dentin disks using either an autopolymerizing resin system (Panavia 21) or dual-polymerizing resin systems (Panavia V5, RelyX Ultimate, and Variolink Esthetic DC) together with the system-specific primer or adhesive. Tensile bond strength was tested after 3 days of water storage or after 150 days of water storage with 37 500 thermocycles (5 °C to 55 °C). The failure mode was evaluated by using a light microscope. In addition, representative specimens were examined by using a scanning electron microscope.ResultsAfter 3 days, the median tensile bond strengths ranged from 18.8 to 29.1 MPa. After artificial aging for 150 days, the median tensile bond strengths ranged from 14.7 to 25.6 MPa. The dual-polymerizing resins showed significantly higher bond strength than the autopolymerizing resin (P≤.05). Artificial aging with thermocycling had no statistically significant influence on tensile bond strength for the adhesive resin systems tested (P>.05). The failure mode was mainly adhesive for the autopolymerizing resin, whereas it was mainly cohesive for the dual-polymerizing resins.ConclusionsThe 3 tested dual-polymerization resin systems provided durable bond strengths to dentin which were higher than those of the autopolymerizing resin.     

Evaluation of two thione primers and composite luting agents used for bonding a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the bond strength and durability of two metal adhesive systems bonded to a silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd) alloy. Disk specimens were cast from an Ag-Pd alloy (Castwell M.C. 12), air-abraded with 50 micro m grain-sized alumina, and they were bonded with two primer-cement bonding systems (Alloy Primer and Panavia Fluoro Cement; Metaltite and Bistite II). For each cement, unprimed specimens were also prepared as experimental controls. Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (4-60 degrees C, 1 min each, 100 000 cycles). The average post-thermocycling bond strengths in MPa (n=8) were: 39.0 for the Metaltite-Bistite II system, 32.2 for the Alloy Primer-Panavia Fluoro Cement system, 23.1 for the Bistite II material and 21.0 for the Panavia Fluoro Cement material. The use of proprietary primers, both of which contain thione functional monomer, enhanced the post-thermocycling bond strengths of both cements (P < 0.05). After thermocycling, however, the difference in bond strength between the two cements was not significant regardless of the use of the primers (P > 0.05). It is concluded that the combined use of the thione primer and the luting agent is necessary for bonding the Ag-Pd alloy examined.     

Bonding between resin luting cement and glass infiltrated alumina-reinforced ceramics with silane coupling agent

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths of three dual-cured resin luting cements (Linkmax HV, Panavia Fluoro Cement, and RelyX ARC) to glass-infiltrated alumina-reinforced ceramic material and the effect of four silane coupling agents (Clearfil Porcelain Bond, GC Ceramic Primer, Porcelain LinerM, and Tokuso Ceramic Primer) on the bond strength. The two type-shaped of In-Ceram alumina ceramic glass-infiltrated specimens were untreated or treated with one of the four ceramic primers and then cemented together with one of the three dual-cured resin luting cements. Half of the specimens were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 h and the other half thermocycled 20,000 times before shear bond strength testing. Surface treatment by all silane coupling agents improved the shear bond strength compared with non-treatment. The specimens treated with Clearfil Porcelain Bond showed significantly greater shear bond strength than any of the other three silane coupling agents regardless of resin luting cements and thermocycling except for the use of Panavia Fluoro Cement at 20,000 thermocycles. When the alumina-reinforced ceramic material was treated with any silane coupling agent except GC Ceramic Primer and cemented with Linkmax HV, no significant differences in bond strength were noted between after water storage and after 20,000 thermocycles. After 20,000 thermocycles, all specimens except for the combined use of Clearfil Porcelain Bond or GC Ceramic Primer and Linkmax HV and GC Ceramic Primer and Panavia Fluoro Cement showed adhesive failures at the ceramic-resin luting cement interface.     

冷热循环对不同金属与树脂粘接剂粘接强度的影响

目的：冷热循环对不同金属与树脂粘接剂粘接强度的影响。方法：铸造直径分别为4mm和5mm的镍铬合金和纯钛,切割成长度为3mm的标本。2种规格的同种金属标本配对,金属表面经50μmAlzO3喷砂,涂布Al—loy Primer,使用Super—BondC＆B和PanaviaF2种粘接剂粘接。固化后经37℃恒温水浴24h以及10000次冷热循环,测试剪切粘接强度。用spssl7．0统计软件进行统计分析。结果：10000次冷热循环后,镍铬合金与Super—BondC＆B、纯钛与PanaviaF粘接强度显著提高（P〈O．01）,其余各组没有统计学差异。结论：粘接剂的种类对冷热循环前后的粘接强度没有明显影响,金属的种类对冷热循环前后的粘接强度没有明显影响,但是不同金属和不同粘接剂的配伍组合在冷热循环前后的粘接强度变化有统计学意义。     

氢氟酸处理时间对玻璃陶瓷与树脂粘接耐久性的影响

目的 评价不同氢氟酸处理时间对玻璃陶瓷表面与树脂粘接耐久性的影响,以期为玻璃陶瓷表面氢氟酸处理时间的正确选择提供临床参考.方法 可切削玻璃陶瓷(PmCAD)表面接受4.8%氢氟酸处理0 s(对照组)、30 s(30 s氢氟酸处理组)和60 s(60 s氢氟酸处理组),每组32个陶瓷片.使用三维激光共聚焦显微镜测量陶瓷片表面粗糙度参数(Ra)和表面积.陶瓷片与4种粘接套装(硅烷偶联剂和树脂粘接剂:A:Monobond S和Variolink Ⅱ;B:Clearfil Ceramic Primer和Clearfil Esthetic Cement;C:GC Ceramic Primer和Linkmax HV;D:Porcelain Liner M和SuperBond)粘接形成粘接试件,每组16个陶瓷片直接测量粘接强度,16个陶瓷片经30 000次冷热循环后测量粘接强度.结果 对照组、30和60 s氢氟酸处理组Ra值[分别为(3.89±1.94)、(12.53±0.80)、(13.58±1.10)μm]及表面积[分别为(7.81±2.96)、(30.18±2.05)、(34.16±1.97)mm2]随着氢氟酸处理时间的延长而显著增加(P<0.05).同种粘接套装相同氢氟酸处理时间下冷热循环后试件的粘接强度均显著低于冷热循环前(P<0.05).冷热循环后粘接套装A、B的粘接强度随着氢氟酸处理时间的延长而显著增加[A:分别为(3.59±3.51)、(16.18±2.62)、(20.33±2.45)Mpa;B:分别为(4.74±2.08)、(7.77±1.55)、(13.45±3.75)Mpa];粘接套装D 30 s氢氟酸处理组的粘接强度[(22.00±1.64)Mpa]显著高于相应对照组[(12.96±4.17)Mpa],但与60 s氢氟酸处理组[(20.42±3.01)Mpa]相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);氢氟酸处理时间未对粘接套装C的粘接强度产生显著影响.结论 氢氟酸处理能提高玻璃陶瓷与树脂的粘接耐久性,氢氟酸处理时间的选择不仅取决于陶瓷表面结构的变化,也取决于所使用的粘接套装.