注射用丹参与输液配伍的稳定性考察

目的考察注射用丹参(冻干)与临床常用输液配伍后的稳定性情况.方法模拟临床用药方法,将注射用丹参与0.9%氯化钠注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液配伍,测定配伍后溶液6 h内pH值、不溶性微粒数和丹参素与原儿茶醛的含量.结果注射用丹参与0.9%氯化钠注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液配伍后溶液6 h内pH值变化较小;配伍液不溶性微粒数远远高于原注射液的不溶性微粒数(P<0.01);主要成分丹参素钠和原儿茶醛的含量基本无变化.结论注射用丹参与输液配伍后6 h内质量基本稳定.但配伍后溶液不溶性微粒数比原输液大大增多的现象必须引起重视.     

复方丹参注射液与临床常用溶媒配伍的稳定性

目的 考察复方丹参注射液与临床常用输液配伍后的稳定性. 方法 模拟临床用药方法,将复方丹参注射液与0.9%氯化钠注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液配伍,观察溶液外观、测定配伍后6 h内pH值、不溶性微粒数和丹参素与原儿茶醛的含量. 结果 两种混合液外观无明显变化,复方丹参注射液与0.9%氯化钠注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液配伍后6 h内,pH值变化较小,不溶性微粒数配伍液远远高于原注射液（P＜0.05）;主要成分丹参素钠和原儿茶醛的含量基本无变化. 结论 复方丹参注射液与0.9%氯化钠注射液不宜配伍,与5%葡萄糖注射液配伍后溶液不溶性微粒数比原输液明显增多.     

肾康注射液与5种溶媒配伍的稳定性考察

摘 要 目的： 通过考察肾康注射液与5种常用溶媒配伍的稳定性,选择最佳溶媒配伍方案,以便临床合理用药。方法: 将肾康注射液与5种不同溶媒配伍后,定时考察配伍后溶液的pH、不溶性微粒数、有效物质原儿茶醛的含量变化情况。结果: 5种溶媒按药品说明书比例配伍2 h后不溶性微粒数均有所增加,其中0.9%氯化钠注射液中的不溶性微粒数最多, 且2 h后不溶性微粒数明显增加。5种配伍溶液的pH无明显变化。原儿茶醛的含量随时间的延长而下降,6 h内原儿茶醛的含量变化率：0.9%氯化钠注射液＞5%果糖注射液＞10%转化糖注射液＞5%葡萄糖注射液＞10%葡萄糖注射液,其中0.9%氯化钠注射液中的原儿茶醛含量下降近20%。结论: 肾康注射液在不同溶媒中稳定性不同,用0.9%的氯化钠注射液配伍的注射液中原儿茶醛含量下降明显且不溶性微粒数较多。临床应选择稳定性更好的葡萄糖以及转化糖注射液作为溶媒,配伍后的溶液应尽可能在2 h内用完。     

注射用丹参多酚酸盐成品输液的稳定性

目的 考察注射用丹参多酚酸盐成品输液稳定性.方法 分别考察室温(25℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下,注射用丹参多酚酸盐的3种临床常用成品输液在0~8 h间的有效成分的含量、输液外观、pH值及不溶性微粒的数量的变化.结果 注射用丹参多酚酸盐与胰岛素在5%葡萄糖注射液中混合调配后,无论在室温或冷藏条件下,2 h内成品输液丹酚酸B含量下降均超过10%,溶液pH值超过6,≥10μm不溶性微粒的数量超过25个/毫升,≥25μm不溶性微粒的数量超过3个/毫升.使用5%葡萄糖注射液和0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释的成品输液,室温保存8 h稳定.然而,在冷藏条件下,0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释后的成品输液6 h内不溶性微粒数超出规定范围,而5%葡萄糖注射液稀释后的成品输液2 h内不溶性微粒的数量超出规定范围.结论 注射用丹参多酚酸盐不宜与胰岛素配伍使用.在冷藏条件下,建议采用0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释后的成品输液保存不得超过6 h,采用5%葡萄糖注射液稀释后的成品输液保存不得超过2 h.     

灯盏花素与4种输液配伍的稳定性探讨

目的探讨灯盏花素与4种输液配伍的稳定性。方法室温下将注射用灯盏花素分别与5%、10%葡萄糖注射液,葡萄糖氯化钠注射液,氯化钠注射液配伍,于8h内的不同时间点观察其外观,测定其pH值、含量和不溶性微粒的变化。结果灯盏花素与4种输液配伍后8h内外观、pH值、含量和不溶性微粒均无明显改变。结论室温下灯盏花素与4种输液配伍后,0~8h内性质稳定。     

丹参注射液与输液配伍的稳定性研究

目的 考察多因素对丹参注射液与输液配伍后稳定性的影响,优选出最佳配伍方案.方法 采用正交试验,以溶液中微粒、原儿茶醛含量为观察指标,用GWF-5J型微粒分析仪测定溶液中不溶性微粒数,用HPLC法测定溶液中原儿茶醛含量.结果 配伍温度、放置时间对溶液中原儿茶醛的含量有显著性影响;剂量对溶液中微粒的含量有显著性影响.结论 丹参注射液最佳配伍条件为25℃、剂量20mL、放置2h、与100 mL氯化钠注射配伍.     

注射用丹参多酚酸盐与12种溶剂的配伍稳定性考察

目的：考察注射用丹参多酚酸盐与临床常用溶剂的配伍稳定性,为临床应用提供参考。方法：模拟临床用药情况,将注射用丹参多酚酸盐与12种常用溶剂配伍,观察配制溶液外观,测定配伍后8h内pH、不溶性微粒和吸光度变化。结果：注射用丹参多酚酸盐与极化液、20％甘露醇注射液、复方氯化钠注射液、木糖醇注射液、右旋糖酐40葡萄糖注射液、5％葡萄糖氯化钠注射液、乳酸钠林格注射液配伍后8h内不溶性微粒超出或接近《中国药典》标准。与碳酸氢钠注射液配伍后溶液pH超出注射用丹参多酚酸盐的厂家质量标准。注射用丹参多酚酸盐与5％葡萄糖注射液、10％葡萄糖注射液、甘油果糖注射液、0．9％氯化钠注射液的配伍液8h内外观、pH、不溶性微粒、吸光度等皆符合规定。结论：注射用丹参多酚酸盐适宜上述4种溶液配伍在8h内基本稳定。     

注射用硫酸头孢噻利与6种输液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用硫酸头孢噻利与6种输液的配伍稳定性。方法:在25℃下,将注射用硫酸头孢噻利分别与0.9%氯化钠注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液、复方氯化钠注射液、木糖醇注射液、转化糖注射液配伍,在24 h内考察配伍液的外观、pH值、不溶性微粒变化,用高效液相色谱法测定硫酸头孢噻利的含量。结果:硫酸头孢噻利与6种输液配伍在24 h内含量>97%,溶液外观、pH值无明显变化,不溶性微粒符合《中国药典》(2005年版)规定。结论:硫酸头孢噻利与6种输液在25℃、24 h内配伍稳定。     

注射用盐酸兰地洛尔与4种溶液的配伍稳定性考察

目的 研究盐酸兰地洛尔粉针剂与0.9%氯化钠注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液、10%葡萄糖注射液以及葡萄糖氯化钠注射液配伍后的稳定性.方法 采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定注射用盐酸兰地洛尔与4种常用输液于室温（25℃）配伍4h内的含量,并测定不溶性微粒及pH值变化.结果 注射用盐酸兰地洛尔与上述4种输液配伍放置4h后,pH值、不溶性微粒、含量均无明显改变.结论 注射用盐酸兰地洛尔在上述4种输液中4h内稳定性良好.     

复方丹参注射液与右旋糖酐-40葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性

目的：考察复方丹参注射液与右旋糖酐－40葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性。方法：将配伍液室温放置6h，观察其外观、pH值、不溶性微粒以及复方丹参注射液中的活性成分原儿茶醛和右旋糖酐－40葡萄糖注射液中4的右旋糖酐－40的含量变化。结果：配伍液pH值、外观、含量均无明显变化。但2，5μ以上微粒数在考察时间内随着配伍液放置时间的增加而增多，10μm以上,25μm以上微粒数基本不变。结论：复方丹参注射液与右旋糖酐－40葡萄糖注射液配伍室温放置6h内稳定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.