Intraoperative device closure of large secundum atrial septal defects; a safe alternative to transcatheter closure

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to report our short and mid-term results of intraoperative device closure (IODC) in large secundum atrial septal defects (ASD), to evaluate its safety and to determine the impact of 'short' rim on the results. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients with an ASD underwent IODC through a right minithoracotomy. Patients were divided into two groups: 37 patients in group I with one short rim (< or =5 mm) and 31 in group II with sufficient rims. A 2.5-3 cm parasternal incision was made in the right third or fourth intercostal space. A specially designed plastic sheath loaded with the device was inserted through the purse-string sutures placed on the right atrium. Under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance, it was advanced through the ASD into the left atrium and the device was deployed in place. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in all patients. The maximum diameter of the ASD ranged from 20 to 37 mm (mean 25+/-5 mm). There were 16 patients with the diameter of ASD more than 30 mm. The mean size of implanted devices was 29+/-4mm. Redeployment with larger device occurred in seven patients in group I and three in group II (p>0.05). Intracardiac manipulation time was 22+/-10 min in group I and 16+/-11 min in group II (p<0.01). The total occlusion rate was 84% immediately after operation, 97% at 3 months, 98% at 1 year, and 100% at 2-, 3-, 4-year follow-up. There were no other late complications during the follow-up period of 3-63 months (mean 27+/-18 months). CONCLUSIONS: IODC is a safe and feasible technique in closing large ASDs. It has the advantages of cost savings, cosmetic results, and less trauma. Early and mid-term results are encouraging. In patients with ASD of a short rim, a larger device is recommended which does not influence the success rate of IODC.     

Migraine-like headaches associated with nickel allergy requiring removal of atrial septal defect closure device

There is a deficit of literature regarding the association between nickel allergy–induced symptoms and implanted devices. This report describes a case of nickel allergy causing debilitating migraine-like symptoms, failing to resolve with medical therapy, requiring surgical removal of the device and repair of the defect.     

Right postero-lateral thoracotomy for atrial septal defect closure; a comparative analysis with median sternotomy

Introduction In a low risk procedure like ASD closure Right Posterolateral thoracotomy approach aims at the cosmetic results as compared to median sternotomy. This paper illustrates our approach for a standardised Right Posterolateral thoracotomy in ostium secundum ASD repair and the analysis of the outcome. Methods Right Posterolateral thoracotomy (RPLT) was offered as a cosmetic alternative for atrial septal defect (ASD) closure in children, and selected adult patients below 30 years with lean body build. A retrospective study comparing these patients with median sternotomy approach during the same period (2000–2003) was performed. Exclusion criteria included preoperative diagnosis of complex ASD, obesity and chest wall deformity. Common variables were considered for analysis. Results There were 96 patients (66 females and 30 males) with an average age of 13yrs (range 3 to 27 years) in RPLT group and 225 patients (95 females and 130 males) with average age of 36 years (range 2 to 46 years) in sternotomy group. Extra corporeal time was 32 minutes (28 to 45) and aortic cross clamp time was 14 minutes (8 to 36) in RPLT while the values were 46 minutes (37 to 90) and 22 minutes (18 to 36) in Median sternotomy approach. Blood loss in postoperative period was 160 ml (20 ml to 400 ml) in thoracotomy group compared to 210 ml (40ml to 600 ml) in sternotomy group. There was no mortality or recurrence after repair of ASD during the follow-up. Significant postoperative morbidity was persisting pain and shoulder movement restriction in 12 patients. The scar was cosmetic in RPLT. Conclusion In selected patients with lean body build Right posterolateral thoracotomy is suitable for ostium secundum atrial septal defect closure. The final appearance has definite cosmetic advantage over sternotomy. Presented at the 50^th Annual Meeting of IACTS, New Delhi, Feb., 2004.     

介入治疗继发孔房间隔缺损及合并畸形428例临床报告

目的探讨继发孔房间隔缺损(ASD)合并畸形的介入治疗适应证、操作原则及临床效果。方法继发孔型ASD住院患者428例,其中单一ASD 416例,多发型ASD 12例,合并畸形70例。介入术中导入球囊导管测量最大ASD伸展直径,用TTE或TEE测量ASD直径及确定ASD位置、大小及数目。用注入球囊中的混合造影剂抽出在体外卡尺测量ASD直径,据此选择合适的闭合器。结果428例ASD患者成功介入425例,介入技术成功率99.3%。介入手术并发症总发生率2.1%。本组合并畸形介入治疗成功率100%。结论ASD及合并畸形的介入治疗,主要掌握ASD及合并畸形疾病的适应证,操作规范化,成功率很高,而且安全有效。     

Surgical closure of atrial septal defect

Background: Closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) vis median sternotomy (MS) is a simple procedure for most cardiac surgeons. Minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) has recently been applied in the management of intracardiac lesions. Methods: We report our experience in surgical closure of isolated ASD via MICS in 60 patients and via MS in 58 patients. There was no difference between these two groups in gender, age, body weight, ratio of systemic to pulmonary blood flow, and pulmonary arterial pressure. Results: The duration of cardiopulmonary bypass was significantly longer in the MICS group than in the MS group [27 to 126 min (42 ± 12) and 14 to 158 min (27 ± 11), respectively; (p < 0.001]. However, the length of incision, incidence of temporary pacemaker wire insertion rate, duration of endotracheal intubation, timing of oral intake, postoperative day drainage amount, incidence of parenteral analgesic injection, postoperative length of stay, and return to normal activity interval were significant shorter and lower in patients of the MICS group than in those of the MS group. All the patients recovered rapidly from the surgery. Follow-up was complete in all patients, with no late complications and no residual shunt. Conclusion: Our results suggest that MICS is a good option for surgical closure of ASD. Received: 4 June 1997/Accepted: 29 October 1997     

复合技术治疗低龄低体重病儿房间隔缺损

目的 介绍一种房间隔缺损(ASD)"复合"技术介入封堵方法,并探讨该手术方法的优缺点.方法 2007年6月至2008年3月,27例婴幼儿房间隔缺损者接受新"复合"技术治疗.其中男15例,女12例.年龄3个月-4岁,平均(2.00±O.22)岁.采用浅镇静加局部麻醉,非气管插管单纯面罩吸氧或喉罩下辅助通气支持,胸骨旁第4肋间小切口,保留胸膜,经胸膜外进入心包腔显露右心房壁,切开右房壁置入ASD封堵器及输送器.心前区或剑突下超声引导进行ASD介入封堵术.结果 全部病儿3d后康复出院,随访0.5-9.5个月,平均(5.9±0.5)个月,仅l例病儿因心包压塞行心包穿刺引流术,余无异常.超声检查没有残余分流或其它并发症.结论 该手术方法创伤小、疗效好,费用低,是婴幼儿ASD病例一种较为理想手术方法.     

微创小切口手术修补与介入封堵治疗单纯继发孔型房间隔缺损

目的比较微创小切口手术修补与介入封堵治疗房间隔缺损(atrial septal defect,ASD)的优缺点。方法回顾分析2004年1月～2006年6月采用微创方法治疗单纯继发孔型ASD69例资料,其中行小切口心脏不停跳下手术修补37例(小切口组),行介入封堵32例(介入组)。结果两组均无死亡病例。小切口组37例手术全部成功,手术时间(145.86±27.84)min,体外循环时间(35.11±8.45)min,住院时间(15.46±3.09)d,发生主要并发症2例、次要并发症6例,住院费用(2.19±0.36)万元。介入组2例封堵失败,余30例成功,手术时间(88.59±7.75)min,住院时间(10.81±5.02)d,发生主要并发症1例、次要并发症2例,住院费用(2.78±0.39)万元。小切口组随访3～12个月20例、12～30个月17例,介入组随访3～12个月16例、12～30个月14例,均无残余分流。结论两种微创方法均可安全有效地用于单纯继发孔型ASD的治疗,微创小切口方法的费用低,成功率高,适应证广,而介入封堵方法的住院时间短,创伤更小,美容效果更好。     

完全性房室通道的外科治疗

目的总结94例完全性房室通道(com p lete atrioven tricu lar cana l defect,CAVCD)的外科治疗经验。方法一期手术矫治CAVCD 94例,房、室间隔缺损修补用双片法(涤纶片+心包片)65例,单片法29例,术中行房室瓣成形,并同期修补合并畸形。结果全组死亡10例(10.6%),其中<6个月者4例。4例术后出现二尖瓣中至大量反流,心肺功能衰竭死亡,3例因肺动脉高压危象死亡,3例分别死于低心排血量、脑并发症和气胸。随访84例,随访时间3~6个月,超声心动图复查二尖瓣轻度反流18例,轻至中度反流12例。结论严重二尖瓣关闭不全和肺动脉高压危象是CAVCD矫治术后主要的死亡原因,早期手术矫治和确切的房室瓣成形可获得较好的手术效果,术中常规使用食管超声心动图对提高手术疗效具有重要的作用。     

Atrial septal defect closure in young females by an anterolateral thoracotomy

There are many approaches for closure of atrial septal defects. We used an anterolateral thoracotomy for closure of atrial septal defects in 140 young females for cosmetic considerations. The technique was relatively simple and no extra equipment was needed. The outcome was excellent however breast development will need to be followed up as many of these were pre pubertal children.     

经食管超声在室间隔缺损小切口封堵术中的应用

目的评价TEE在室间隔缺损（VSD）外科小切口封堵术中的价值。方法 25例VSD患者接受外科小切口封堵术,其中膜周型缺损19例,嵴内型缺损6例;缺损直径3～9mm,平均（5.25±3.47）mm。所有患者术前均接受TTE检查评估VSD。气管插管全身麻醉后,在TEE引导下,经右心室游离壁置入VSD封堵器,并于术后即刻评价手术效果。结果 25例均封堵成功,19例使用等边封堵器,6例使用偏心封堵器。25例术后即刻超声及术后超声观察,室间隔水平均无分流信号。结论 TEE在VSD小切口封堵术术中监测及术后评价中具有重要价值。     

经右胸—右心房途径微创室间隔缺损封堵术

目的 探讨经右胸—右心房途径微创封堵室间隔缺损(VSD)的可行性、安全性和优势.方法 2011年5月至2012年7月,采用经右胸—右心房途径微创封堵VSD 47例(经右心房组),分年龄段随机选取同期经胸骨正中—右心室途径行微创封堵术的膜周部VSD 47例作为对照(经右心室组).经右心房组手术于胸骨右缘第4或第3肋间、长1.5 ～2.0 cm的切口进胸,于右心房表面缝荷包,穿刺,插入特殊构型的中空探条,经三尖瓣入右心室.在食管超声引导下将探条对准VSD,沿探条孔送入导丝,再送入输送管和封堵器完成封堵.结果 两组均封堵成功.经右心房组VSD出口直径2.0～7.0mm,置入封堵器型号4～12 mm.心内操作时间[经右心房组(15 ±13) min,经右心室组(8±5)min]和手术时间[经右心房组(56±24) min,经右心室(72±16) min]组间差异均有统计学意义,P＜0.01.随访1 ～12个月,两组均无封堵器脱落等并发症.结论 经右胸—右心房途径微创封堵VSD安全、可行,创伤更小,手术时间更短.     

经胸骨旁途径嵴内型嵴上型室间隔缺损微创封堵术

目的 探讨经胸骨旁途径微创封堵嵴内型和嵴上型室间隔缺损(VSD)的可行性、安全性和效果.方法 全组49例,于胸骨左缘第2或第3肋间作长1.5 ～3.0 cm的切口,不进入胸膜腔,剪开心包.于右心室流出道前壁缝荷包,穿刺,插入携带相应封堵器的特制输送管,在经食管超声引导下,经VSD进入左心室,依次推出封堵器左、右伞,卡闭VSD.结果 本组成功封堵47例(96％),其中嵴内型26例,嵴上型21例.VSD平均直径嵴内型(4.4±1.7) mm,嵴上型(2.7±0.9)mm.置入封堵器型号:嵴内型(7.0±2.3) mm,嵴上型(4.8±1.1)mm.心内操作平均(17±16) min.随访3～ 24个月,无封堵器脱落、主动脉瓣受累等并发症.结论 经胸骨旁途径微创封堵直径8 mm以下的嵴内型和5 mm以下的嵴上型VSD是简单、安全、可行的.     

右胸小切口封堵缺乏边缘的Ⅱ孔型房间隔缺损

目的 评估右胸小切El封堵缺乏边缘房间隔缺损的可行性和安全性.方法 2005年11月至2007年11月.25例1-2个边缘完全缺乏的病人行右胸小切口房间隔缺损封堵手术,女15例,男lO例;年龄5.64岁,平均28.8岁.其中单纯前边缘缺乏11例,前边缘合并下边缘缺乏3例,前边缘合并后边缘缺乏4例,后边缘缺乏l例,前边缘合并上边缘缺乏l例.单纯上边缘缺乏4例,静脉窦型房间隔缺损1例.后边缘和下边缘缺乏者使用4-o pmlene线在心脏外面贯穿缝合固定封堵器;后边缘缺乏在房间沟偏右房侧缝合2针固定;下边缘缺乏者在右心房靠下腔静脉和右下肺静脉处缝合l针固定;静脉窦型房间隔缺损在左心房顶以4-o prolene线作2针间断缝合,在上腔静脉后壁作1针间断缝合,释放封堵器后,推拉试验检查是否牢固.以5-4例Ⅱ孔型房间隔缺损有充分边缘者(>5衄)行右胸小切El房间隔缺损封堵治疗者作为对照组,其中女36例.男18例,平均年龄31.9岁(5-72岁).结果 无边缘组房间隔缺损直径10-38衄,平均(23.3±8.5)mm.封堵器大小为(27.9±7.8)mm(14-42衄).对照组房间隔缺损直径9.38衄,平均(23.6±7.0)mm,封堵器大小为(29.4-I-7.3)r唧(12-42m).两组房间隔缺损直径和所用封堵器大小差别无统计学意义(P>O.05).平均手术时间分别为(30±7)min和(15 4-4)rain.差别有统计学意义(P<0.c15).25例缺乏边缘者100%(25,25例)封堵成功,对照组96%(52,54例)封堵成功,2例存在轻度残余分流.随访6个月,两组封堵成功率均为100%,均无严重并发症.结论 右胸小切口可以成功封堵边缘缺乏的房间隔缺损,但需要更长期的随访评估长期的安全性和有效性.     

Results of surgical closure of isolated secundum atrial septal defect

Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing surgical closure of an isolated secundum atrial septal defect, at the Postgraduate Institute, Chandigarh between January 1974 and June 2000 was performed. 740 patients were divided into two groups. Group I. Included 435 patients under 20 yrs of age (223 male), 315 (72%) were asymptomatic, 265(61%) were in sinus rhythm. Group II. included 305 patients between 21 and 53 years (96 males), 27 patients (9%) were asymptomatic, 102(33%) were in sinus rhythm. Cardiopulmonary bypass with fibrillatory arrest and/or cold blood cardioplegia were used. In group I 291 patients (67%0 and in group II 64 patients (54%) underwent direct closure of the defect. In the remaining a patch was used for closure. Results There was 1 early death in group I (0.2%) and four in group II (1.3%) 96% of symptomatic patients in group I and 87% of patients in group II were improved. There were no instances of residual shunt. Follow up ranged from 6 months to 25 years (mean 8.3 yrs) and was 89% complete. Conclusions Closure of isolated secundum ASD is best performed before the patient attains adulthood.     

Amorphous cardiac tumor of right atrium late after atrial septal defect closure

We describe an unusual case of calcified cardiac mass in a patient seventeen years after Dacron patch closure of atrial septal defect. Presenting symptom was prolonged fever and after surgical excision the patient remains afebrile at one year of follow up. The clinical course and histopathological features were consistent with cardiac calcified amorphous tumor (cardiac CAT) Amorphous cardiac tumors are rare non-neoplastic cardiac masses, which are often indistinguishable clinically from true neoplasms. The surgical excision of these tumors is curative and recurrence is unknown.     

应用新型输送系统经胸微创封堵膜周部室间隔缺损

目的 观察应用新型输送系统经胸微创封堵膜周部室间隔缺损（VSD）效果。方法 11例膜周VSD患儿，年龄11月-12岁（中位年龄3．2岁），体重（15．8±6．4）kg，接受经胸微创非体外循环室间隔缺损封堵术。根据经食道超声心动图（TEE）选择合适的封堵器类型，然后自胸骨下端3～5cm小切口入胸，TEE引导和实时监测下穿刺右心室前壁，建立轨道，释放封堵器关闭VSD。TEE评估封堵器的位置、对主动脉瓣、房室瓣的影响以及有无残存分流。结果 11例患儿均1次封堵成功，超声引导下释放封堵器的时间为5—12min，无残余分流和主动脉瓣反流，心电监测无明显心律失常。术后3～5d出院，随访5个月以上无残余分流、主动脉瓣反流以及周围组织卡压。结论 应用新型输送系统经胸微创非体外循环下置入室间隔缺损封堵器是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，有较大临床推广价值。     

Surgical closure of an apical ventricular septal defect through a septal ventriculotomy

Here we report a 3-year and 7-month-old boy with a muscular ventricular septal defect at the apex. At age 7 months, pulmonary artery banding was performed. Surgical treatment consisted of double patch closure via septal ventriculotomy and a main pulmonary artery plasty by an end-to-end anastomosis with cardiopulmonary bypass. There was no residual leak of the ventricular septal defect or ventricular aneurysm and the postoperative course was good. This technique could be a useful surgical option for repair of apical muscular ventricular septal defects.     

双心房或单纯右心房射频消融术治疗成人先天性心脏病房间隔缺损合并心房颤动的对比研究

目的分析双心房射频消融术与单纯右心房射频消融术治疗成人先天性心脏病房间隔缺损合并心房颤动（房颤）的效果。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2012年12月47例房间隔缺损合并心房颤动接受房间隔缺损修补联合射频消融术治疗患者的临床资料,其中男20例,女27例;年龄35～76岁;房颤病程3个月至15年;持续性房颤18例,长程持续性房颤29例。合并二尖瓣轻度至中度以上关闭不全10例,三尖瓣轻度至中度以上关闭不全28例。根据手术方式不同将47例患者分为两组,单纯右心房消融组（n=19）：行房间隔缺损修补术＋单纯右心房射频消融术;双心房消融组（n=28）：行房间隔缺损修补术＋双心房射频消融术。对于二尖瓣、三尖瓣存在轻一中度以上反流者,术中同期行二尖瓣、三尖瓣成形术。所有患者术后3个月、6个月、12个月均接受24h动态心电图检查,1年后间断门诊随访。结果双心房消融组的体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间及术后住院时间较单纯右心房消融组略长,但两组术后早期并发症及恢复情况无明显差异。心脏复跳时,双心房消融组25例（89．3％）直接恢复窦性心律,3例为交界心律,无房颤心律。单纯右心房消融组14例（73．7％）直接恢复窦性心律,2例为交界心律,3例为房颤心律。出院时,双心房消融组28例（100％）均维持窦性心律;单纯右心房消融组15例（78．9％）维持窦性心律,4例房颤复发（P=0．045）。所有患者均得到随访,随访时间3～75个月,全组无死亡病例;房间隔无残余分流;2例出现二尖瓣轻一中度以上关闭不全,4例出现三尖瓣轻．中度以上关闭不全;双心房消融组术后2年累积窦性心律维持率为87．7％±6．7％,明显高于单纯右心房消融组的47．4％±11．5％（P=0．003）。结论对于成人房间隔缺损合并房颤,双心房射频消融术较单纯右心房射频消融术有更好的治疗效果,而且不会增加手术的风险。     

超声心动图在经胸微创房间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨超声心动图在经胸微创房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵术中的临床应用价值。方法〓在本院2013年7月至2014年12月经胸超声心动图(TTE)诊断的房间隔缺损患者43例中,筛选适合进行经胸微创房间隔缺损封堵术病例31例,术中采用经食道超声心动图(TEE)监测引导封堵过程,术后采用TTE随访评价疗效。结果〓31例ASD患者在TEE引导下行经胸微创封堵治疗,全部封堵成功,术后无并发症。随访3个月仅1例出现3 mm残余分流。结论〓超声心动图对经胸微创ASD封堵术的术前病例筛选、术中监测引导和术后疗效评价具有重要作用。