直接检眼镜下行巩膜扣带术治疗视网膜脱离

目的观察直接检眼镜下行巩膜扣带术治疗原发性(孔源性)非增生性视网膜脱离的疗效。方法42例孔源性非增生性视网膜脱离行巩膜扣带术。手术均在直接检眼镜直视下进行,术中给予准确的裂孔定位,适度的冷凝,放液或不放液和恰当的放置外垫压物。术后随访,观察视网膜复位情况、视力、眼压及并发症。结果视网膜复位40眼(95.24%),失败2眼(4.76%)。术后视力提高39眼,不变2眼,下降1眼。眼压升高3眼,服药后恢复正常。冷凝过度1眼。结论巩膜扣带术治疗原发性(孔源性)非增生性视网膜脱离简单可靠。直接检眼镜直视下手术成功率较高。     

OCT对白内障患者超声乳化术后低视力原因的分析

目的应用相干光断层扫描（OCT）检查的图像特征对白内障患者超声乳化吸除术后低视力的原因进行分析。方法对术后第1~3天矫正视力低于0.3的68例（68只眼）超声乳化术后白内障患者进行OCT检查,分析其图像特征。结果在68例患者中,年龄相关性黄斑病变19例,其中干性11例,湿性8例;糖尿病性视网膜病变15例;高度近视眼底病变14例;黄斑视网膜前膜10例;视网膜静脉阻塞4例;黄斑裂孔3例;视网膜脱离1例;正常眼底2例。结论 OCT作为一种新型的高分辨率的视网膜成像技术,对白内障患者术后低视力的原因的诊断具有重要的作用。年龄相关性黄斑病变、糖尿病性视网膜病变、高度近视眼底病变可能是白内障患者术后低视力的比较常见的原因。     

视网膜脱离高危眼中高度近视眼多焦视网膜电图和传统视觉电生理改变

目的观察视网膜脱离高危眼中的高度近视眼的视觉电生理改变,了解视功能损害程度。方法回顾我院门诊高度近视患者24例48眼,分别与高度近视伴对侧视网膜脱离20眼、正常人48眼对照组进行传统视觉电生理F-ERG、F-VEP、M-ERG(一阶反应,first order kernel,FOK)联合检测。结果与正常人对照组相比,高度近视的各项F-ERGa、b波表现为振幅下降明显(P<0.05),同时潜伏期下降(P<0.05),F-VEP P100改变无明显差异(P>0.05);但高度近视的各项F-ERGa、b波振幅下降程度没有高度近视伴对侧视网膜脱离眼明显(P<0.05),F-VEP P100与高度近视伴对侧视网膜脱离眼相比无明显改变(P<0.05)。M-ERG高度近视眼1~6环中心凹振幅密度下降、a,b波振幅下降介于对侧视网膜脱离眼和正常人眼之间(P<0.05),高度近视眼b波潜伏期延长在3~6环介于对侧视网膜脱离眼和正常人眼之间(P<0.05)。结论联合应用传统视觉电生理、M-ERG,为观察视网膜脱离高危眼的高度近视视功能受损提供了敏感客观依据,能定量、定性评价黄斑部后极部视网膜、视神经功能。     

25G辅助巩膜外加压术治疗硅油眼视网膜脱离的疗效观察

目的：观察25G辅助巩膜外加压术治疗硅油眼视网膜脱离的疗效。

方法：回顾性分析硅油填充术后出现视网膜脱离的患者15例15眼行25G辅助直视下巩膜外加压术后3～6mo患者的视网膜复位、最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)及眼压情况。

结果：术前患者15 例15眼均存在3：00～9：00位范围内的视网膜脱离; 术后视网膜解剖复位13例13眼,未复位2 例2眼。术后1mo最佳矫正视力提高1行以上者11例11眼,视力变化1行以内者3例3眼,视力下降1行以上者1例1眼。术后早期部分患者存在眼压升高现象,药物控制后可恢复正常。

结论：25G辅助直视下巩膜外加压术治疗硅油眼视网膜脱离疗效确切。     

伴视网膜脱离的高度近视眼m-ERG和传统视觉电生理改变

目的 观察高度近视患者视网膜脱离术前的视觉电生理改变，了解视功能损害程度。方法 回顾我院住院手术的高度近视患者视网膜脱离29例，与对侧高度近视眼、正常人48只眼对照组进行A／B超、传统视觉电生理F—ERG、F—VEP、多焦视网膜电图(一阶反应，first orderkernel，FOK)联合检测。结果 高度近视患者视网膜脱离眼轴比正常对照组眼眼轴长；F—ERG表现为振幅下降明显，同时潜伏期下降，甚至呈熄灭型，F—VEP P100改变无明显差异。m—ERG高度近视视网膜脱离眼及对侧眼中心凹振幅密度下降，a、b波振幅下降，但对侧高度近视眼潜伏期无改变。结论 联合应用A／B超、传统视觉电生理、多焦视网膜电图，为观察其眼轴变化，视功能受损提供了敏感客观依据，能定量、定性评价黄斑部后极部视网膜、视神经功能。     

Silicone oil for retinal detachment with advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy following failed vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

We used sophisticated vitreous surgical techniques in conjunction with silicone oil injection in ten eyes of ten patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicated by advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy following failed vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. After a minimum follow-up of one year, three patients achieved total retinal reattachment and two patients regained ambulatory vision (5/200 or better). Maintenance of low to normal intraocular pressure was observed in nine of the ten eyes despite some cases of progressive anterior segment neovascularization and retinal detachment. Although treatment was more difficult and less successful than in either retinal detachment with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or proliferative vitreoretinopathy alone, these techniques allowed some success in eyes that otherwise would have a poor prognosis.     

急性视网膜坏死9例临床分析

目的观察急性视网膜坏死综合征(ARN)的临床治疗效果。方法回顾分析ARN 9例(12眼)。分析治疗过程及预后。结果9例(12眼)ARN术后视力均有不同程度提高,数指/眼前者1眼,数指/20~40 cm者2眼,0.01者4眼,0.25者1眼,0.4者2眼,0.5者2眼。3例(5眼)予以玻璃体切除和光凝治疗,2例(2眼)给予氩激光光凝。经长期观察患眼视网膜均平复。结论急性视网膜坏死综合征是一种严重损害视功能的眼内感染疾病,无并发症的出现可给予抗病毒、皮质类固醇等药物治疗,必要时行玻璃体切除手术治疗是行之有效的治疗方法。     

Recovery of visual function in patient with melanoma-associated retinopathy treated with surgical resection and interferon-beta

We report on a 33-year-old woman who was treated for a cutaneous malignant melanoma on a left finger by surgical resection and chemotherapy including local injections of interferon-beta in 2007. In March 2009, the melanoma had metastasized to her left hand, and she underwent metastasectomy and monthly local injections of interferon-beta. She developed shimmering vision, photopsia, blurred vision, and night blindness in her left eye in April 2009 and visited our clinic. At our initial examination, her best-corrected visual acuity was 1.5 OD and 1.2 OS, and ophthalmoscopy showed that the retina appeared normal in both eyes. However, there was a mild narrowing of retinal arteries in the left eye. Humphrey field analyzer (HFA) showed a reduction in retinal sensitivity within the central 30° of the left eye. The maximum combined response of the full-field electroretinogram (ERG) had a normal waveform in the right eye and a negative waveform in the left eye. Immunocytochemical tests showed antibodies against retinal bipolar cells, which confirmed the diagnosis of melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR). The metastatic melanoma was successfully treated. Seventeen months after her first visit, her visual acuity was 1.5 OD and 1.2 OS, and HFA showed normal retinal sensitivity in both eyes. The full-field ERGs were also normal in both eyes. Although several therapeutic modalities have been proposed for MAR, surgical resection with local injections of interferon-beta should be considered as a treatment option for MAR patients.     

Diffuse retinal epitheliopathy: study of 30 eyes

Retrospective study of 17 patients (30 eyes) with diffuse retinal epitheliopathy followed for at least 5 years. The study is based on clinical data, ophthalmoscopic findings and fluorescein angiograms. The patients (16 men and 1 woman) are all caucasian with a mean age of 43 years. The disease is bilateral in 13 patients. We report an association with systemic corticosteroid treatment after kidney transplantation in 10 cases. Nine patients have arterial hypertension. Two patients are diabetic and 2 present high level of psychological stress. After a mean follow-up of 12 years, a loss of vision of at least 3 lines is noted in 17 eyes. The decrease in vision is related to an enlargement of the pigment epithelium atrophy to the fovea (15 eyes) or with permanent retrofoveolar serous detachment (2 eyes).     

Syngeneic Schwann cell transplantation preserves vision in RCS rat without immunosuppression

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of immunologically compatible Schwann cells transplanted without immunosuppression in the RCS rat retina to preserve vision. METHODS: Syngeneic (dystrophic RCS) Schwann cells harvested from sciatic nerves were cultured and transplanted into one eye of dystrophic RCS rats at an early stage of retinal degeneration. Allogeneic (Long-Evans) Schwann cells and unoperated eyes served as controls. Vision through transplanted and unoperated eyes was then quantified using two visual behavior tasks, one measuring the spatial frequency and contrast sensitivity thresholds of the optokinetic response (OKR) and the other measuring grating acuity in a perception task. RESULTS: Spatial frequency thresholds measured through syngeneically transplanted eyes maintained near normal spatial frequency sensitivity for approximately 30 weeks, whereas thresholds through control eyes deteriorated to less than 20% of normal over the same period. Contrast sensitivity was preserved through syngeneically transplanted eyes better than through allogeneic and unoperated eyes, at all spatial frequencies. Grating acuity measured through syngeneically transplanted eyes was maintained at approximately 60% of normal, whereas acuity of allogeneically transplanted eyes was significantly lower at approximately 40% of normal. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of immunoprivileged Schwann cell transplants to preserve vision in RCS rats indicates that transplantation of syngeneic Schwann cells holds promise as a preventive treatment for retinal degenerative disease.     

Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in ABCA4-associated retinal degenerations

PURPOSE: To determine macular pigment (MP) optical density (OD) in patients with ABCA4-associated retinal degenerations (ABCA4-RD) and the response of MP and vision to supplementation with lutein. METHODS: Patients with Stargardt disease or cone-rod dystrophy and known or suspected disease-causing mutations in the ABCA4 gene were included. All patients had foveal fixation. MPOD profiles were measured with heterochromatic flicker photometry. Serum carotenoids, visual acuity, foveal sensitivity, and retinal thickness were quantified. Changes in MPOD and central vision were determined in a subset of patients receiving oral supplementation with lutein for 6 months. RESULTS: MPOD in patients ranged from normal to markedly abnormal. As a group, patients with ABCA4-RD had reduced foveal MPOD, and there was a strong correlation with retinal thickness. Average foveal tissue concentration of MP, estimated by dividing MPOD by retinal thickness, was normal in patients, whereas serum concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin was significantly lower than normal. After oral lutein supplementation for 6 months, 91% of the patients showed significant increases in serum lutein, and 63% of the patients' eyes showed a significant augmentation in MPOD. The retinal responders tended to be female and to have lower serum lutein and zeaxanthin, lower MPOD, and greater retinal thickness at baseline. Responding eyes had significantly lower baseline MP concentration than did nonresponding eyes. Central vision was unchanged after the period of supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: MP is strongly affected by the stage of ABCA4 disease leading to abnormal foveal architecture. MP could be augmented by supplemental lutein in some patients. There was no change in central vision after 6 months of lutein supplementation. Long-term influences of this supplement on the natural history of these macular degenerations require further study.     

Nyctometric studies in argon laser coagulation in patients with diabetic retinopathy

Forty-two patients (57 eyes) with diabetic retinopathy at various stages have been examined by nyctometry before and over the course of the follow-up period after argon laser coagulation of the retina. The findings evidence a marked reduction of the adaptation ability of the central retinal area even in high vision acuity in the patients with diabetic retinopathy vs. normal subjects. A stable rise of the nyctometric parameters has been observed after argon laser coagulation; these parameters characterize the function of the pigmented epithelium and of the retinal cone, and these data may be considered as an evidence of the improved trophics of these tissues, resultant from such therapy.     

KERATOPLASTY FOLLOWING ANTERIOR SEGMENT TRAUMA

This paper reports and analyses 20 keratoplasties with or without anterior segment reconstruction carried out for penetrating injuries of the anterior segment. The results show that 80% clear grafts were achieved and 65% of eyes had vision restored to 6/18 or better. No eyes were lost. The complications were retinal detachments 2 cases, corneal graft rejection 2 cases, glaucoma 4 cases (2 mild and easily controlled) and one each of amblyopia and retinal folds through macular area. Eyes that have “quietened” following severe penetrating injuries of the anterior segment should be considered for penetrating keratoplasty and anterior segment reconstruction if they retain normal intraocular pressures and have vision of at least accurate projection of light in all quadrants. As well as achieving clear grafts and improvement of vision as above, all eyes had better cosmetic appearance. Two eyes had an ipsilateral rotational autokeratoplasty. This technique has a role to play when central scarring can be rotated to the periphery if sufficient undamaged cornea remains and interference with angle structures can be minimised.     

Retinal thickness change after focal laser treatment of diabetic macular oedema.

Laser photocoagulation has been used successfully for the treatment of clinically significant macular oedema to reduce the risk of loss of vision in diabetic patients. A quantitative method for measuring retinal thickness was applied to 20 patients with diabetic macular oedema before and 4 months after focal laser treatment to assess the reduction in retinal thickening and its relation to visual acuity. The degree of thickening at each location, defined by thickness index, was determined relative to the corresponding average value in normal subjects. Comparison of quantitative retinal thickness measurements before and after treatment demonstrated that treatment at thickness indices of approximately 1.6 (60% thickening) has nearly 50% probability for reversal of thickening to within the normal range (< or = 1.3), whereas at thickness indices greater than 2.8 (180% thickening) there is less than 2.5% probability that reversal will occur. The level of foveal thickening before treatment strongly correlated with the degree of thickening after treatment. Most of the eyes with an improvement in visual acuity had a foveal thickness within the normal range at 4 months' follow up. These findings suggest that quantitative retinal thickness measurement provides an objective assessment of the degree of macular oedema and can be useful for monitoring the efficacy of focal laser treatment in reducing the thickening and relating the latter to visual outcome.     

Dilated examination of patients referred with minor lid complaints--is it necessary?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether dilated fundus examination is necessary on patients presenting to clinic with lid complaints and normal vision. METHODS: Patients with lid complaints were recruited from general and emergency clinics. Patients with visual symptoms or previous ophthalmic history were excluded. Subjects were examined by a junior ophthalmologist with slit-lamp biomicroscopy and Goldmann tonometry. Dilated posterior segment examination was performed with a Volk lens and the peripheral retina was examined with a three-mirror contact lens. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients (200 eyes) were recruited, 63 females and 37 males with an average age of 45 years (SD of 19 years). The majority of lid abnormalities were chalazia (66) and papilloma (21). Posterior segment findings were early cataracts in five cases (eight eyes), macular drusen in three cases (five eyes), peripheral retinal lattice degeneration in two cases (three eyes), retinal pigment epithelial changes in one case (two eyes), a choroidal naevus in one eye, choroidal atrophy in one eye, and one case with asymmetric disc cupping. Six patients were seen by senior ophthalmologists and all were discharged after the first visit. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample of 100 patients presenting with lid complaints and normal visual acuity, dilated examination revealed no sight-threatening conditions that required further treatment or regular follow-up. Therefore, a single episode of screening for nonspecified retinal disease in a group with no particular risk factors is an inefficient screening method.     

Visual prognosis of macular involvement in peripheral retinal vascular malformations

The visual prognosis in eyes with and without macular pathology, after treatment of the primary, peripheral retinal vascular malformation (PRVM) was studied. Seventeen patients (16 eyes) underwent treatment of the PRVM with laser/cryopexy. In 13/17 eyes (76.4%) associated macular pathology included, macular oedema and/or hard exudates (5 eyes), epiretinal membrane (2 eyes), exudative retinal detachment (3 eyes), vascular malformation in macula (2 eyes) and macular hole (1 eye). Initial visual acuity ranged from counting fingers 20/200. After treatment of the primary lesion, the visual acuity improved in five eyes, decreased in one eye and remained stable in 7 eyes. Of the four eyes without macular involvement, the vision improved after treatment in two eyes and remained stable in two eyes. We conclude that a variety of macular lesions can reduce central vision in eyes with PRVM. After treatment of only the primary lesion, the macular lesions also show changes. Visual acuity can improve or remain stable after treatment of the primary lesion. Rarely, the vision can decrease. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Scleral changes in chicks with form-deprivation myopia

The sclera in myopic regions of chick eyes was studied histologically and compared to the sclera in corresponding regions of normal fellow eyes. Chicks had been monocularly deprived of form vision in the nasal half of the retina from hatching. The fellow control eye and the temporal retina of the deprived eye had normal vision. With this treatment, the resulting form-deprivation myopia and eye enlargement are restricted to the retinal region that had been form deprived. We found that the cartilaginous sclera in the myopic nasal region exhibited several differences from that in the corresponding non-myopic region: it was thicker, its cell density was lower, and the number of chondrocytes and binucleate cells was higher. In contrast, the fibrous sclera was thinner. These changes suggest that form-deprivation myopia causes an increased production of extracellular matrix and an increased level of mitotic activity in the cartilaginous sclera. As expected, the non-myopic temporal regions of experimental and control eyes did not differ in any of these parameters. The findings of the present study suggest that the eye enlargement accompanying form-deprivation myopia is not the consequence of scleral stretching but of abnormal growth.     

Longitudinal cohort study of patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy II: color vision at baseline

PURPOSE: To describe color vision at the baseline examination of 80 participants in a longitudinal cohort study of birdshot chorioretinopathy and to identify relationships between color vision and visual acuity, symptoms, and ophthalmic signs. DESIGN: Single center cross-sectional study. METHODS: Color vision was evaluated with the desaturated Lanthony 15-Hue test. Relationships were sought between the square root of the color confusion scores (CCS) and the following factors: best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), symptoms, cataract, vitreous inflammatory reactions, retinal vasculitis, cystoid macular edema (CME), and birdshot lesion characteristics. RESULTS: When compared with published, age-matched normal control subjects, 49 patients (61.3%; 76 eyes [47.5%]) had abnormal CCS values. Abnormal CCS values were found in nine of 51 phakic eyes (18%) with normal BCVA (>or=1.0) and without cataract. Although most eyes did not have classifiable defects, 30 eyes (18.8%) had tritan (blue-yellow) defects (88% of eyes with classifiable defects). With the use of multivariate analyses, there were significant associations between increased CCS values and the symptoms of altered color vision (P = .005) and altered contrast sensitivity (P = .015). There was a significant, but weak, relationship between CCS values and birdshot lesion morphologic condition (P = .049), but no relationships were found with other lesion characteristics or with vitreous inflammatory reactions, retinal vasculitis, or CME. CONCLUSION: The Lanthony 15-Hue test provides an objective technique to assess complaints of altered color vision in people with birdshot chorioretinopathy. Color vision can be abnormal in eyes with normal visual acuity; therefore, this parameter may be useful as an additional measure for monitoring the disease.     

急性视网膜坏死31例临床分析

目的 :探讨提高ARN视力预后的有效方法。方法 :回顾性研究 3 1例 3 8只眼ARN患者的视力、眼部表现和治疗方针。结果 :治疗后 2 2只眼 (5 7 9% )视力提高 ;单纯药物治疗后 3只眼 (60 % )发生视网膜裂孔或脱离 ,明显高于预防性激光光凝治疗后 (15 3 8% ) ;玻璃体手术术后 15只眼视网膜平复 ,2只眼未愈。结论 :预防性激光光凝可减少ARN患者视网膜裂孔和脱离的发生率 ,预防性玻璃体切除术可稳定视网膜结构、保持并增进视力。