替比夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效观察

目的观察替比夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效。方法 44例慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分成替比夫定治疗组20例和拉米夫定治疗组24例,观察1年的疗效。结果替比夫定组治疗后3月、6月和12月时ALT复常率分别为50%、65%和85%,HBV DNA阴转率分别为45%、65%和80%,HBeAg阴转率分别为15%、30%和45%,HBeAb阳转率分别为5%、20%和35%,而拉米夫定组ALT复常率则分别为33.3%、50%和66.7%,HBV DNA阴转率分别为37.5%、50%和62.5%,HBeAg阴转率分别为8.3%、16.7%和25%,HBeAb阳转率分别为0%、8.3%和20.8%(P0.05)。结论替比夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎有较好的抗病毒疗效,安全性良好。     

恩替卡韦联合胸腺肽α1治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎的临床疗效

目的观察恩替卡韦联合胸腺肽α1治疗HBe Ag阳性慢性乙型肝炎的临床疗效。方法将120例HBe Ag阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为两组,对照组60例予以口服恩替卡韦48 w,治疗组给予恩替卡韦联合胸腺肽α1治疗48 w。观察两组患者治疗后的肝功能变化、HBe Ag阴转率、HBe Ag血清转换率及HBV DNA阴转率。结果两组患者治疗后,治疗组症状改善、肝功能指标改善、HBe Ag阴转率、HBe Ag血清转换率及HBV DNA阴转率下降幅度均明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论恩替卡韦联合胸腺肽α1治疗HBe Ag阳性慢性乙型肝炎能显著促进肝功能恢复,持续抑制病毒复制,疗效优于单用恩替卡韦。     

替比夫定联合胸腺肽-α1治疗慢性乙型肝炎临床观察

目的观察替比夫定联合胸腺肽-α1治疗慢性乙型肝炎52周的临床疗效。方法应用替比夫定联合胸腺肽-α1治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者30例,另30例只接受替比夫定治疗,观察52周。结果在治疗52周结束时,替比夫定联合胸腺肽-α1治疗患者血清HBVDNA阴转率、血清HBeAg阴转率、血清HBeAg／抗-HBe转换率和血清ALT复常率分别为50．0％、53．3％、40．O％和86．7％,而对照组则分别为23．3％（P〈O．05）、26．7％（P〈0．05）、16．7％和63．3％（P＜0．05）。结论替比夫定联合胸腺肽-α1治疗慢性乙型肝炎52周,其疗效优于替比夫定单药治疗。     

替比夫定与拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎临床疗效比较研究

目的:观察和比较替比夫定、拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的1年疗效和不良反应.方法:采用1∶1随机、对照设计.共入组慢性乙型肝炎患者240例,其中HBeAg阳性和阴性各120例,各组分为替比夫定组60例,拉米夫定组各60例.结果:治疗52周时,HBeAg阳性和阴性患者中,替比夫定组血清HBV DNA自基线下降水平、HBV DNA低于检测下限的比率、病毒反跳率和耐药率,均优于拉米夫定组,P＜0.05.HBeAg阳性患者中替比夫定组HBeAg阴转率和治疗应答反应率高于拉米夫定组,差异有显著性意义,P＜0.05;替比夫定组HBeAg血清转换高于拉米夫定组,差异无显著性意义,P＞0.05.HBeAg阳性和阴性患者中,替比夫定与拉米夫定两组ALT复常率差异无显著性意义,P＞0.05.替比夫定不良反应轻微,与拉米夫定类似.结论:替比夫定较拉米夫定具有更强的抑制HBV DNA复制能力以及较少的耐药率和病毒反跳率.     

替比夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎疗效观察

比较替比夫定和阿德福韦酯治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者的疗效和安全性。方法选取我院2008年10月～2010年1月诊治的HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者82例,随机分为治疗组42例,给予替比夫定600 mg/d和对照组40例,给予阿德福韦酯10 mg/d。观察治疗48 w。结果在治疗24周时,治疗组HBV DNA阴转率为69.04%,HBeAg阴转率为23.8%,对照组HBV DNA阴转率为25.0%,未发生HBeAg阴转情况（P＜0.01）;在治疗48 w时,治疗组HBV DNA阴转率为85.7%、血清HBeAg阴转率为28.6%、血清HBeAg转换率为11.9%,前两项指标均显著高于对照组（分别为25.0%、2.5%,P＜0.01和0%）;治疗组和对照组ALT复常率存在明显差异,分别为95.2%和82.5%（P＜0.01）。结论与阿德福韦酯比,替比夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎,具有抑制病毒复制能力更强、血清HBeAg阴转率更高的特点。     

替比夫定与恩替卡韦治疗e抗原阳性慢性乙型肝炎的近期疗效比较

目的 观察替比夫定与恩替卡韦治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者近期疗效及安全性. 方法 80例患者随机分为替比夫定治疗组和恩替卡韦治疗组,分别在治疗前,治疗第12周和24周检测患者血清HBV DNA水平、ALT复常率、HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg/抗-HBe转换率,并比较不同基线血清HBV DNA水平患者治疗12周和24周时的血清HBV DNA下降值,HBV DNA低于检测值率,HBV DNA＜104拷贝/ml患者的比例.观察治疗过程中药物使用的安全性.结果 替比夫定和恩替卡韦组患者的基础人口学、临床和病毒学特征均具有可比性.治疗12周时,替比夫定组和恩替卡韦组患者HBV DNA低于检测值率均为50.0%,ALT复常率分别为52.5%和60.0%(P＞0.05),HBeAg阴转率分别为30.0%和5.0%(P＜0.01),HBeAg血清学转换率分别为20.0%和5.0%(P＜0.05);在治疗24周时,两组HBV DNA低于检测值率分别为80%和70%,(P＞0.05),ALT复常率分别为77.5%和75.0%(P＞0.05),HBeAg阴转率分别为45.0%和32.5%(P＞0.05),HBeAg血清学转换率分别为27.5%和17.5%(P＞0.05),两组均未发现明显不良反应.结论 替比夫定与恩替卡韦治疗HBeAg阳性的慢性乙型肝炎的近期HBV DNA水平低于检测值率,ALT复常率无明显差异;12周时替比夫定HBeAg血清学转换率高于思替卡韦组,但24周时两组间差异无统计学意义.     

替比夫定与恩替卡韦治疗Peg-IFNα-2a不应答的血清HBeAg阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者效果分析

目的探讨替比夫定与恩替卡韦序治疗HBeAg阳性的对聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a(Peg-IFNα-2a)治疗不应答的慢性乙型肝炎患者的效果以及安全性。方法2013年10月~2015年10月在我院就诊的血清HBeAg阳性的对Peg-IFNα-2a治疗不应答的慢性乙型肝炎患者107例,其中53例接受替比夫定治疗,另外54例接受恩替卡韦治疗,观察48 w,比较疗效和血清肌酸激酶(CK)升高情况。结果在治疗48 w末,在53例接受替比夫定治疗患者中,血清HBV DNA转阴47例(89.6%),与54例接受恩替卡韦治疗患者阴转48例(88.2%)比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组均无患者发生血清HBeAg阴转;在治疗48 w末,替比夫定治疗组血清CK升高和ALT复常发生率分别为36.5%和90.1%,与恩替卡韦治疗组的34.1%和89.5%比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。本组患者血清CK均为低水平升高,无明显临床症状,经过观察随访,大多在2~3个月自动恢复正常。结论对于应用Peg-IFNα-2a治疗失败的HBeA阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者,改用替比夫定或恩替卡韦继续治疗能取得较好的疗效,但其长期应用的效果还需要观察。     

拉米夫定联合阿德福韦酯与恩替卡韦单药治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎疗效观察

目的观察拉米夫定联合阿德福韦酯与恩替卡韦单药治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎96周的疗效,以探讨理想的初始抗病毒治疗方案。方法选择HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者86例,随机分为单药治疗组44例和联合治疗组42例,分别给予恩替卡韦或拉米夫定联合阿德福韦酯治疗,观察96 w的疗效。结果在96 w治疗结束时,恩替卡韦治疗患者ALT复常率、血清HBV DNA阴转率和HBeAg阴转率分别为95.5%、84.1%和38.6%,而联合治疗患者则分别为88.1%、42.9%（P〈0.05）和31.0%;两组均无患者血清HBsAg转阴。两组均未发生严重的不良反应。结论应用恩替卡韦单药治疗对于HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎初始抗病毒治疗在96 w时的病毒学应答率显著优于拉米夫定和阿德福韦酯联合治疗。     

健康教育对老年慢性乙型肝炎患者治疗依从性及胸腺肽序贯替比夫定疗效的影响

目的 探讨健康教育对老年慢性乙型肝炎患者治疗依从性及胸腺肽序贯替比夫定疗效的影响.方法 将68例老年慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为对照组和观察组,两组均给予胸腺肽序贯替比夫定治疗及常规口头指导,仅观察组在此基础给予健康教育;分析两组的治疗依从性,治疗前、治疗后12,24、36、48 w血清HBV DNA载量及治疗48 w ALT复常率、HBV DNA转阴率、HBeAg转阴率及转换率.结果 观察组的治疗依从率高于对照组(91.18％ vs.70.59％,P ＜0.05);仅治疗24 w的病毒学应答优于对照组(P＜0.05),治疗36、48 w的HBV DNA载量低于对照组(P＜0.05),治疗48 w后的ALT复常率、HBV DNA转阴和HBeAg转换率均高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 健康教育不仅可有效改善老年慢性乙型肝炎患者治疗依从性,而且可提高胸腺肽序贯替比夫定的治疗效果,可在临床中进行推广.     

替比夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎早期病毒学应答对疗效的预测价值

目的评价替比夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者早期病毒学应答对疗效的影响。方法 82例HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者接受替比夫定治疗52周,观察4周、12周和24周病毒学应答与不应答患者52周的疗效。结果在治疗52周时,82例患者ALT复常率、HBV DNA转阴率、HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg血清转换率分别为95.1%、95.1%、56.1%和32.9%;在治疗4周时HBV DNA转阴45例,未转阴37例。两组52周HBV DNA转阴率、ALT复常率、HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg血清转换率分别为100.0%对89.2%(P<0.05)、100.0%对89.2%(P<0.05)、64.4%对45.9%和37.8%对27.0%;在治疗12周时HBV DNA转阴67例,未转阴15例。两组52周HBV DNA转阴率、ALT复常率、HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg血清转换率分别为100.0%对73.3%(P<0.05)、100.0%对73.3%(P<0.05)、67.2%对6.7%(P<0.05)和40.3%对0.0%(P<0.05);在治疗24周时HBV DNA转阴78例,未转阴4例。两组52周HBV DNA转阴率、ALT复常率、HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg血清转换率分别为98.7%对25.0%(P<0.05)、98.7%对25.0%(P<0.05)、59.0%对0.0%(P<0.05)和34.6%对0.0%。结论替比夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者早期病毒学应答对疗效有预测作用,早期对治疗应答的患者可以继续接受该治疗方案。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.