老年结石性急性胆囊炎经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术与单纯行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的比较分析

目的 探讨对老年结石性急性胆囊炎患者应用B超引导下经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流术（percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage,PTGD）联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的临床意义.方法 回顾分析2004年1月到2011年12月我科室收治的130例老年结石性急性胆囊炎患者资料,其中行PTGD后联合LC的70例,单纯行LC的老年结石性急性胆囊炎患者60例,对两组进行对比分析.结果 在B超引导下PTGD联合LC组中,无并发症发生病例,中转开腹1例,腹腔引流10例,平均LC手术时间46min,术后平均住院时间7.7d;在单纯LC组中,并发症发生1例,中转开腹3例,腹腔引流36例,平均LC手术时间91 min,术后平均住院时间13.6d.两组比较,在中转开腹率、腹腔引流率、LC手术时间、腹腔镜胆囊切除术后住院时间,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,LC术后并发症率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 PTGD联合LC治疗老年胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎较LC更具优势.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术和小切口胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎的疗效及安全性对比

目的:比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术和小切口胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎的临床疗效差异。方法:选取50例急性胆囊炎患者,按照随机数字法均分为腹腔镜组和小切口开腹组,比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间和并发症发生率的差异。结果:两组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);腹腔镜组术中出血量和住院时间分别为(56.2±9.3)ml和(4.1±1.5)d,均显著少于小切口开腹组的(121.4±27.3)ml和(7.5±2.3)d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);腹腔镜组并发症发生率为4.0%,低于小切口开腹组的24.0%,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除术和小切口胆囊切除术均是治疗急性胆囊炎的有效方法,全腹腔镜术式手术时间短,患者康复快,术后并发症少。     

65岁以上急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床诊治体会

目的探讨急性结石性胆囊炎老年患者的临床诊治特点及方法。方法回顾性分析2012年6月-2015年6月于解放军第四五一医院诊断为急性结石性胆囊炎老年患者的临床资料。所有患者入院后均采取禁食、心电监护、抗感染、纠正体液平衡、维持血压血糖稳定等措施,根据患者病情选择腹腔镜胆囊切除术、开腹胆囊切除术和开腹胆囊切除术+胆总管探查术。结果共收集129例老年患者,其中急性结石性胆囊炎119例,胆囊结石伴胆囊黏膜腺瘤样增生2例,化脓性胆囊炎6例,胆囊坏疽2例;纳入患者中52例合并至少1种以上内科疾病。67例患者症状无明显改善而行急诊手术;62例症状缓解,择期行手术治疗。共108例患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,9例腹腔镜中转开腹胆囊切除术,9例开腹胆囊切除术+胆总管探查术。所有手术均获得成功,患者术后痊愈出院,无死亡病例。结论老年患者急性结石性胆囊炎病情危重,常伴多种内科疾病,而腹腔镜胆囊切除术是最常用的治疗方式。临床医生应充分完善术前准备,重视围手术期处理,准确把握手术指征和时机。     

择期和急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎患者临床效果比较研究

目的 比较择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术（SLC）与急诊LC治疗急性胆囊炎患者的临床应用效果。方法 2014年1月～2016年6月我院诊治的92例急性胆囊炎患者,其中应用SLC治疗52例,应用急诊LC治疗40例。在行SLC时,先行在B超实时引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术,抽出胆汁,同时予以抗感染治疗。在炎症控制后3月,再入院行LC,在行急诊LC时,于发病72 h内行急诊LC术,手术中依照常规方法留置腹腔引流管,手术结束后进行抗感染治疗。结果 两组均成功顺利完成手术。SLC治疗患者手术时间、肛门排气时间和术后住院时间分别为（60.2±7.0） min、（24.1±3.3） h和（5.6±1.3） d,中转开腹和胆道损伤发生例数分别为3例（5.8%）和0例（0.0%）,而急诊LC治疗组则分别为（58.7±8.1） min（P=0.784）、（26.2±5.8） h(P=0.047)和（8.1±1.9） d(P=0.029),中转开腹和胆道损伤发生例数分别为8例（20.0%, P=0.018)和7例（17.5%, P=0.039); SLC组术后发生出血、肺部感染、切口感染和胆漏等并发症发生率为5.8%,显著低于对照组的25.0%（P<0.05）。结论 SLC术治疗急性胆囊炎患者临床效果好,更安全,应尽量减少行急诊LC术治疗急性胆囊炎患者。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的危险因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2014年9月至2016年8月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料,根据患者是否中转开腹分为中转组(38例)和未中转组(52例)。比较两组的年龄、性别、术前白细胞计数、总胆红素水平、出现症状至手术的时间、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊管结石嵌顿、黄疸、腹肌紧张、胆囊三角解剖是否清楚、胆囊周围渗出等方面的资料,采取多因素Logistic回归分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中中转开腹的危险因素。结果中转组在年龄、术前白细胞计数、胆囊管结石嵌顿、总胆红素水平、胆囊三角解剖是否清楚等方面与非中转组相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic多因素回归分析显示,出现症状至手术的时间≥48 h、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊壁增厚且≥5 mm是腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中中转开腹手术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的独立危险因素。结论急性结石性胆囊炎患者应及早手术治疗,若患者发作时间≥48 h、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊壁≥5 mm,则腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的危险性增加,术前应予以综合考虑。     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术53例临床分析

目的探讨急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的手术技巧。方法急性胆囊炎行LC 53例,中转开腹3例。回顾53例LC操作经验并进行总结分析。结果 50例LC手术成功,手术时间30～180 min,平均79 min,术中出血5～200 ml,平均住院6.5d（3～16 d）。结论急性胆囊炎首选LC。腹腔镜下顺行切除胆囊更加安全、快捷。     

老年急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术的围手术期处理

目的 总结老年急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术的围手术期处理体会.方法 回顾性分析2000年至2007年我院收治的136例老年急性胆囊炎病人的临床资料,对年龄、合并症、发病至手术时间、术前准备及术中、术后处理等影响预后的相关因素进行分析.结果 127例成功完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术,中转开腹9例,均痊愈出院.住院时间4～15d(平均6.7d).结论 严格掌握手术适应证和禁忌证,合理地围手术期处理,有效控制并存疾病,术中细致操作以及适时中转开腹是安全实施胆囊切除术和减少并发症的关键.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术作为急性胆囊炎治疗选择的评价

目的　对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）作为急性胆囊炎的治疗选择作出评估。方法　采用回顾性调查方法对ＬＣ治疗的２０７ 例胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎患者的中转开腹、术后并发症情况及影响中转开腹的一些因素进行研究。结果　本组中转开腹率达３２．３％ ,中转开腹的术后并发症发生率（２０．９％ ）显著高于非中转开腹病例（５．７％ ）。影响中转开腹的因素有患者的性别,急性胆囊炎的胆囊状况,现病史长短,发病至手术的时间及外周血白细胞计数等。结论　对急性胆囊炎选择ＬＣ应慎重,对经判断中转风险较高的病例,不宜选择ＬＣ。     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜与开腹手术的对比分析

目的对比分析急性胆囊炎腹腔镜与开腹手术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2001年至2008年急性胆囊炎或慢性胆囊炎急性发作行胆囊切除术病例200例,其中行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）67例,开腹胆囊切除术（OC）133例。结果LC组的术中出血量、手术时间、下床活动时间、肠道功能恢复时间、住院时间明显低于OC组（P〈0.05）;两组术后并发症发生率无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论LC治疗急性胆囊炎的临床效果优于OC。     

早期腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性非结石性胆囊炎的效果

目的比较早期(≤72 h)腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性非结石性胆囊炎(AAC)及急性结石性胆囊炎(ACC)的临床疗效。方法2010年11月至2014年9月,该院采用早期(≤72 h)腹腔镜胆囊切除术对125例急性胆囊炎患者行手术治疗,其中AAC 28例,ACC 97例,观察两组患者术后并发症发生率、手术时间、住院时间、中转开腹率、围术期死亡率,并作对比分析。结果两组手术时间,住院时间,围术期死亡率及其他术后并发症未见明显差异(P0.05)。AAC组术中中转开腹率明显高于ACC组(P0.05),胆囊坏疽率明显高于ACC组(P0.05)。结论早期(≤72 h)腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗AAC效果与ACC相似,可作为AAC治疗的可靠选择。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.