急性髂股静脉血栓形成的治疗研究

目的探讨急性髂股静脉血栓形成的治疗方法.方法25例急性髂股静脉血栓形成患者均采用彩色多普勒超声和顺行性深静脉造影进行检查,确诊后行介入导管溶栓,以及抗凝、祛聚和扩张血管改善微循环等综合性治疗,并分析治疗结果.结果全部病例均经彩色多普勒超声和顺行性深静脉造影确诊为急性髂股静脉血栓形成.经综合治疗后,临床症状改善显著,小腿周径由治疗前6.5±3.0cm缩小为治疗后1.0±0.5cm(p＜0.01).结论介入导管溶栓、抗凝、祛聚和扩张血管改善微循环等综合性措施是急性髂股静脉血栓形成的有效治疗方法.     

彩色多普勒超声引导下经胫/腓静脉-腘静脉顺行置管溶栓治疗急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效观察

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声引导下经小腿胫/腓静脉-腘静脉顺行置管溶栓治疗急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的疗效。方法 横断面研究。纳入2019年8月—2022年8月江苏大学附属武进医院介入血管科经下肢静脉造影确诊为急性下肢DVT累及腘静脉的患者27例。其中男8例、女19例,年龄23~75（55.3±14.3）岁。彩色超声多普勒引导下穿刺小腿胫前、胫后或腓静脉,顺行置入溶栓导管,溶栓段覆盖血栓全程,在充分抗凝基础上间断泵入尿激酶,每24~48 h经导管行造影复查,并调整溶栓导管位置。观察指标：彩色多普勒超声引导下经小腿胫/腓静脉-腘静脉顺行置管穿刺成功率及并发症发生情况;溶栓前后健侧与患侧肢体周径差、患肢静脉总通畅度评分和溶栓后通畅度,以及腘静脉通畅度评分和溶栓后通畅度。结果 27例患者经小腿胫/腓静脉-腘静脉顺行置管成功,其中彩色超声多普勒导引下穿刺成功22例（穿刺成功率为81.5%）,其余5例经足背静脉留置针推注造影剂顺行造影后穿刺成功。经3~7 d溶栓治疗,患者溶栓前、后的小腿周径差分别为（4.19±1.51）、（1.38±0.50）cm,大腿周径差分别为（6.07±1.78）、（2.22±1.22）cm,差异均有统计学意义（t=9.21、9.28,P值均<0.001）;患者溶栓前、后患肢静脉通畅度评分分别为（7.41±1.55）、（2.04±0.85）分,差异有统计学意义（t=15.76,P<0.001）;溶栓后患肢静脉通畅度为70.62%±14.55%。溶栓前、后腘静脉通畅度评分分别为（5.04±1.01）、（1.26±0.71）分,差异有统计学意义（t=15.42,P<0.001）;溶栓后腘静脉通畅度73.21%±17.05%。患者住院溶栓期间均未出现大出血、小腿血肿、血栓进展等严重不良反应。结论 彩色多普勒超声导引下小腿胫/腓静脉-腘静脉顺行置管溶栓治疗急性混合型下肢DVT溶栓疗效好,对下肢静脉通畅度,特别是腘静脉通畅度改善明显,是一种安全有效的微创治疗方法,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

置管溶栓联合球囊扩张治疗布加氏综合征合并下腔静脉血栓

目的:探讨置管溶栓联合分期球囊扩张治疗布加氏综合征合并下腔静脉血栓的临床应用.方法:全组15例,均经彩色多普勒超声证实为布加综合征合并下腔静脉血栓,同时行CT检查7例,造影检查8例.先经股静脉入路置入溶栓导管于下腔静脉内,抗凝和溶栓治疗7～10 d,然后行病变段开通和分期球囊扩张治疗.结果:15例血栓基本消失或明显缩小,其中2例一期球囊扩张成功,13例行分期球囊扩张治疗.术后15例随访6～24个月,平均13.1个月.13例症状和体征完全消失,2例明显改善,无肺栓塞、血管撕裂、心包填塞等并发症发生.结论:置管溶栓联合分期球囊扩张治疗布加氏综合征合并下腔静脉血栓安全有效,具有临床可行性.     

急性髂股静脉血栓形成溶栓治疗过程中血浆CGRP水平的动态观察

急性髂股静脉血栓形成是血管外科常见急症之一,静脉应用尿激酶等溶栓药物是治疗急性髂股静脉血栓形成的常用方法。近年来,有关降钙素基因相关肽(Cacium Related GeneticPeptide,CGRP)在周围血管疾病中的研究比较活跃;为探讨急性髂股静脉血栓形成药物溶栓治疗过程中血浆CGRP水平,我们对40例急性髂股静脉血栓形成患者溶栓治疗前后的CGRP血浆水平进行动态观察。     

上肢创伤骨折围手术期并发深静脉血栓的诊治体会

目的探讨上肢创伤骨折并发深静脉血栓(DVT)的诊断和治疗方法。方法对16例上肢创伤围手术期合并DVT患者的诊断及治疗情况进行回顾性分析。诊断方法有上肢血管彩色多普勒超声、多层螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)、上肢动脉造影以及血浆D-二聚体检测,治疗方法以尿激酶溶栓联合低分子肝素钙抗凝为主。结果 16例患者中血清D-二聚体水平增高14例,经上肢血管彩色多普勒超声检查诊断8例,经CTA检查发现3例,经上肢血管造影诊断5例。6例术前并发DVT患者经治疗后5例血栓消失,行骨折切开复位术,术后痊愈出院;10例术后并发DVT患者经治疗后8例血栓消失,2例在住院期间并发肺栓塞,1例经积极抢救成功,1例患者抢救无效死亡。结论彩色多普勒超声检查是诊断上肢创伤骨折合并DVT的首选方法,一旦确诊应早期溶栓及抗凝治疗。     

下肢深静脉血栓的超声诊断价值及相关诊断方法的应用

目的 研究下肢深静脉血栓的超声诊断价值及相关诊断方法的应用。方法 选取2018年5月~2019年5月在我院诊治的132例下肢深静脉血栓患者临床资料,患者均采用常规超声和多普勒超声检查,比较两种诊断方法下肢静脉血栓的检出率、不同节段下肢静脉血栓灵敏度。结果 彩色多普勒超声检查下肢深静脉血栓检出率为96.21%,高于常规超声检查的80.30%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;彩色多普勒超声检查不同节段下肢深静脉血栓（股静脉、髂总静脉、腘静脉、胫后静脉、胫前静脉）灵敏性、特异性查比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;彩色多普勒超声对股静脉（96.66）、腘静脉（92.59）的灵敏性较高,对髂总静脉、胫后静脉、胫前静脉的灵敏性较低。结论 下肢深静脉血栓采用彩色多普勒超声检出率高,且对出不同节段深静脉血栓灵敏性存在差异,无创伤,具有良好的重复性,有一定的的诊断价值。     

深静脉血栓形成的介入治疗

目的探讨对深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的患者进行介入溶栓治疗的选择原则和并发症的预防.方法38例DVT患者放置下腔静脉滤器后进行血管腔内治疗,包括静脉腔内插管溶栓术38例、球囊扩张术14例和支架放置术2例.48h照腹平片观察滤器的位置,1周后行彩色多普勒检查了解下腔静脉和病变深静脉的通畅度,出院后定期复查滤器位置和患肢情况.结果髂静脉、锁骨下静脉和肱静脉DVT的完全缓解率为100%,股静脉DVT完全缓解率为93.3%,小腿静脉DVT为68.4%;其余为部分缓解.滤器放置成功率为100%,溶栓过程中及追踪复查均未发生肺动脉栓塞.结论深静脉血栓形成的患者进行介入溶栓治疗结合下腔静脉滤器放置术有效而安全,有较高的临床应用价值.     

深静脉血栓形成的介入治疗

目的 探讨对深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的患者进行介入溶栓治疗的选择原则和并发症的预防。方法 38例DVT患者放置下腔静脉滤器后进行血管腔内治疗，包括静脉腔内插管溶栓术38例、球囊扩张术14例和支架放置术2例。48h照腹平片观察滤器的位置．1周后行彩色多普勒检查了解下腔静脉和病变深静脉的通畅度。出院后定期复查滤器位置和患肢情况。结果 髂静脉、锁骨下静脉和肱静脉DVT的完全缓解率为100％，股静脉DVT完全缓解率为93．3％，小腿静脉DVT为68．4％；其余为部分缓解。滤器放置成功率为100％，溶栓过程中及追踪复查均未发生肺动脉栓塞。结论 深静脉血栓形成的患者进行介入溶栓治疗结合下腔静脉滤器放置术有效而安全，有较高的临床应用价值。     

超声消融球囊扩张联合动静脉瘘治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的：探讨超声血栓消融、球囊扩张联合动静脉瘘冶疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床疗效。方法：选择严重的亚急性、慢性期下肢深静脉血栓36例，先经健侧股静脉置入下腔静脉滤器，再经患侧股静脉用Acolysis超声消融器进行血栓消融、球囊导管扩张髂静脉病变、股动静脉间临时性动静脉瘘术治疗。结果：30例消融顺利，造影见有髂静脉狭窄29例，用球囊导管扩张；11例置入永久性滤器，19例患者置入临时性滤器。25例获随访3～30个月，其中19例患肢肿胀消退，无血栓后综合征表现；另6例导管穿透血管壁治疗失败。结论：本方法创伤小、恢复快，多数患者能耐受、效果良好；下腔静脉滤器以临时性为首选，放置时间越短越好。     

急性脑血管病并发下肢深静脉血栓形成54例临床分析

目的 探讨脑血管病并发的下肢深静脉血栓治疗的经验.方法 对我院普外科收治的54例急性脑血管病并发的下肢深静脉血栓患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 经以溶栓为主的抗凝、抗聚综合性治疗,治愈14例(25.93%),明显好转17例(31.48%),好转16例(19.63%),总有效率87.04%,无严重并发症发生.结论 下肢深静脉血栓的发病原因如果是急性脑血管病所引起的,对于该病治疗的原则是早期发现,早期进行抗凝、溶栓、抗聚等综合性治疗,且保守治疗效果明显.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.