免疫增强型肠内营养制剂在胃癌术后病人辅助化疗中的作用

目的:观察应用免疫增强型肠内营养制剂对胃癌术后病人辅助化疗中的临床疗效。方法:将84例胃癌术后辅助化疗病人随机分为A、B两组,每组42例。两组病人均于术中放置空肠穿刺造口管,并延期留置空肠造口管直至化疗6个疗程结束。A组每个化疗疗程经空肠造口管给予免疫增强型肠内营养液瑞能,每天1 500ml,共7 d;B组则每个化疗疗程经空肠穿刺造口管给予普通匀浆膳食,每天1 500 ml,共7 d。比较两组病人化疗后营养和免疫指标。结果:化疗后A组血红蛋白、血清清蛋白、前清蛋白及IL-2、NK细胞活性、CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平显著高于B组(P0.05)。结论:在胃癌病人术后辅助化疗期间,应用免疫增强型肠内营养制剂能减少化疗药物对病人营养状况和免疫功能的影响。     

外科危重病人早期肠内营养的临床应用

报告１４例外科重症病人在手术中放置营养性空肠造口管，术后进行早期肠内营养，效果良好。文章对空肠造口肠内营养的优越性、外科危重病人早期肠内营养的可行性，以及空肠造口和肠内营养的注意事项进行了分析。     

胃肠道术后早期不同途径肠内营养的应用

目的 :比较胃肠道术后早期经鼻肠管和空肠造口管二条途径进行肠内营养支持的方便性、优越性以及并发症。　方法 :选择胃肠道手术病人共 5 5例 ,按序随机分成A、B、C三组 ,A组为鼻肠管组 ,B组为空肠造口管组 ,C组为对照组。A、B二组应用肠内营养输注系统 ,在手术后 6h开始均匀输注能全力 ,分别记录术中鼻肠管和空肠造口管的放置时间、观察肠内营养支持期间的临床表现 ,并分别测定肠内营养支持前后病人的血常规、血糖、肝肾功能、电解质和营养指标以及术后并发症。　结果 :A组术中放置鼻肠管时间为 (2 9.2± 5 .6 )min ,B组术中经空肠穿刺放置Flocare可裂式空肠造口管时间为 (7.2± 2 .3)min ,二者比较差异非常显著 (P <0 .0 1)。术后肛门排气恢复时间A、B二组均比对照组快 (P <0 .0 1)。A组应用能全力后有 1例胃癌行根治术病人因腹痛、腹胀 ,不能耐受 ,中途停止使用 ;2例出现恶心、呕吐 ,经减慢输注速度后缓解 ;有 8例出现鼻咽部不适及 2例出现肺炎 ,经超声雾化、抗菌药物治疗后痊愈。B组 1例结肠癌行根治术病人因护理不当导致空肠造口管滑脱而中途停止使用 ;3例出现腹痛 ,经调整温度后缓解。所有病人没有出现腹泻、急性机械性肠梗阻、肠瘘和代谢性并发症。A组和B组应用能全力后 ,前白蛋白比对照组升高 (     

外科病人肠内营养途径的选择

探索肠内营养的途径。收集胃癌、大肠癌、胰腺癌、肝癌以及门脉高压症等病人共 39例。经鼻置管 2 4例 ,在术中将鼻肠管通过胃空肠吻合口 15～ 2 0 cm;非胃手术病人鼻肠管通过幽门 15 cm。空肠穿刺造口 8例 ,在屈氏韧带下方 2 0 cm处选择穿刺点 ,按 Nutricia公司介绍的方法进行穿刺。其特点是在空肠的浆肌层与粘膜层之间用细针作一隧道 ,使空肠造口管通过隧道进入肠腔。胃穿刺造口 3例 ,按 Nutricia公司介绍的方法进行穿刺。空肠切开造口术 3例 ,按传统的方法进行空肠切开造口术。 1例未能切除贲门癌的病人行胃切开造口术。结果 :行经鼻置管…     

2092例肠内营养置管方法分析

目的比较不同肠内营养置管方法的优缺点。方法1996年9月-2008年6月,共有2092例患者接受肠内营养支持。肠内营养置管方法包括床旁经鼻置螺旋型鼻肠管、X线引导下经鼻置鼻肠管、胃镜引导下经鼻置鼻肠管、术中经鼻置鼻肠管、空肠切开造口置空肠管、空肠穿刺造口置空肠管、胃切开造口术及内镜引导下经皮胃穿刺造口术。结果床旁经鼻置肠管32例,第2天23例鼻肠管的远端通过幽门到达小肠,另9例鼻肠管盘曲在胃腔内。X线引导下直接经鼻置鼻肠管61例,顺利通过幽门57例,另4例鼻肠管盘曲胃腔内。胃镜引导下经鼻置鼻肠管186例,术后经x线检查显示177例鼻肠管的远端位于小肠。腹部手术时,经鼻放置鼻肠管1628例,7例鼻肠管远端离开手术时放置的位置。空肠切开术放置空肠营养管56例,术后出现不全性肠梗阻2例、肠瘘1例。空肠穿刺造口术98例,2例空肠穿刺管移位脱出小肠。传统胃切开造口术19例,出现胃瘘1例。胃穿刺造口术12例,无并发症。结论肠内营养置管的方法有多种,具体采取哪种方法,需根据患者的原发病以及营养支持的时间决定。经鼻置鼻肠管是一种安全、简便、实用的方法。经皮穿刺胃造口术、空肠穿刺造口术将逐步替代传统的造口方法。     

胰十二指肠切除术中经胃造口管放置空肠营养管的临床研究

目的:观察胰十二指肠切除术中经胃造口管放置空肠营养管的临床疗效和病人的生存质量。方法:将25例胰十二指肠切除术病人随机分为术中经胃造口管放置空肠营养管(观察组)和传统放置胃管EN治疗(对照组),对比两组病人的手术操作时间、术后并发症、住院费用、住院时间,术后第7和第14天抑郁自评量表和焦虑自评量表评分、免疫和营养状况等指标的差异和生活质量评分(QLQ-C30)的差异。结果:观察组病人均在术中成功经胃造口管放置空肠营养管,无发生导管相关并发症,未增加手术时间、住院费用和住院时间。两组病人抑郁与焦虑评分均有显著性差异(P<0.05),术后QLQ-C30评分差异亦有显著性意义。两组病人营养状况和免疫功能指标无显著性差异。结论:胰十二指肠切除病人术中经胃造口管放置空肠营养管是安全有效的肠内营养途径,有助于提高病人的生活质量。     

全胃切除术后经空肠造口行早期肠内营养的临床研究

目的：通过对全胃切除术后经空肠造口早期给予肠内营养治疗的观察，评价其疗效及可行性。方法：选择本院收治的胃癌全胃切除病人25例，随机分为两组，I组（对照组）12例，术后接受外周静脉营养；Ⅱ组（试验组）13例，术后24h开始经空肠造口行肠内营养治疗（连续7天），两组基本等热量，并对两组病人术前、术后进行营养状态评价，比较术后肠功能恢复及住院费用等。结果：试验组病人术后体重及营养状态均较对照组有明显改善，两组差异显著（P＜0．01）。而且试验组术后平均住院时间明显短于对照组（P＜0．01）。结论：全胃切除术后经空肠造口行早期肠内营养治疗，不仅安全、可靠、简便、经济，而且能有效地改善病人术后营养状况。     

胃肠道术后瑞素早期肠内营养的应用

目的 :观察胃肠道术后瑞素 (Fresubin)早期肠内营养支持的效果。　方法 :选择胃肠道手术后病人共 78例 ,分成两组 ,A组为空肠造口管组 ,B组为对照组。A组应用肠内营养输注系统 ,在手术后 6h开始均匀输注瑞素 ,观察肠内营养支持期间的临床表现 ,并测定肠内营养支持前、后病人的血常规、血糖、肝肾功能、电解质和营养指标 ,以及术后并发症。　结果 :术后肛门排气恢复时间A组比B组早 (P <0 .0 1) ;A组应用瑞素后 1例出现恶心、呕吐 ,经减慢输注速度后缓解 ,2例出现腹痛 ,经调整温度后缓解。所有病人没有出现腹泻、急性机械性肠梗阻、肠瘘和代谢性并发症。A组应用瑞素后 ,前白蛋白比B组升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,视黄醇结合蛋白也比B组明显升高 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论 :胃肠道术后通过空肠造口管应用瑞素进行早期肠内营养支持是安全有效的 ,有利于胃肠功能的恢复 ,对改善病人机体的营养状况具有积极意义 ,也易为病人所接受     

食管癌两切口术后病人早期行不同途径肠内营养的研究

目的:比较食管癌两切口术后病人早期经鼻肠管和空肠造口管途径行EN支持的方便性、优越性和并发症.方法:选择食管癌两切口手术病人共52 例,随机分为三组:A组为鼻肠管组;B组为空肠造口管组;C组为对照组.分别记录术中鼻肠管和空肠造口管的放置时间、观察EN支持期间的临床表现和术后并发症,并测定EN支持前后病人的血糖、肝肾功能、电解质和营养指标等.结果:在研究期间 所有病人无死亡,无严重并发症,无明显肝肾功能改变.A组术中放置鼻肠管时间为(22.1±5.9) min;B组术中经空肠穿刺放置Flocare可裂式空肠造口管时间为(8.1±3.7) min,两组差异非常显著(P<0.01).术后肛门排气恢复的时间A、B 组均比对照组快(P<0.01).PA、TF和外周血TLC均明显升高(P<0.05).结论:食管癌两切口术后病人早期经鼻肠管和空肠造口管途径行EN支持安全、有效.而经空肠造口管行EN支持,并发症少,是病人术后EEN支持的一条更为合理的途径.     

重症急性胰腺炎的早期肠内营养支持

目的:通过对15例重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病人进行早期肠内营养支持,探讨SAP时早期肠内营养的可行性、安全性及有效性.方法:对我院普通外科2002年4月至2003年6月间15例SAP病人在入院3～5天时放置空肠螺旋管,在到达空肠后,进行肠内营养支持.观察病人的一般情况、营养状况、免疫功能及并发症的发生率等.结果:11例病人在置管2～3天后到达空肠,3例置管第4天时在X线透视辅助下置入空肠,1例在置管第4天时在内镜辅助下进入空肠.所有病人对早期肠内营养耐受良好,无胰腺炎复发,而且肠内营养开始后1～2周营养状况及免疫功能与营养支持前比较明显好转,无胰腺坏死组织继发感染的发生.结论:对SAP进行早期肠内营养支持是可行、安全和有效的,能改善SAP病人的营养状况及免疫功能.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.