气管切开并锁骨下静脉置管护理体会

目的探讨气管切开患者行锁骨下静脉置管的护理措施.方法对20例气管切开患者于锁骨下静脉置管并精心护理.结果导管前端细菌培养皆为阴性.结论于气管切开处应用无菌纱布及加强静脉置管处穿刺点的护理,可降低导管感染的发生.     

气管切开并锁骨下静脉置管护理体会

目的:探讨气管切开患者行锁骨下静脉置管的护理措施。方法:对20例气管切开患者于锁骨下静脉置管并精心护理。结果:导管前端细菌培养皆为阴性。结论:于气管切开处应用无菌纱布及加强静脉置管处穿刺点的护理,可降低导管感染的发生。     

气管切开患者不同部位中心静脉导管置管护理观察

目的：探讨气管切开患者不同部位中心静脉置管差异及临床意义。方法收集苏州大学附属第一医院2012年02月-2014年02月收治的75例气管切开患者临床资料,随机分为锁骨下静脉置管组（A组）、颈内静脉置管组（B组）、股静脉置管组（C组）,每组25例。分别对穿刺成功率、并发症、穿刺部位血肿、渗液、导管堵管、脱出、导管相关感染、敷料更换频率等指标进行观察,比较各组之间差异。结果各组患者穿刺成功率及并发症差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,其余各指标A组显著低于B、C两组,具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。其中B组患者导管更易脱出,与A、C两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论气管切开患者选择锁骨下静脉置管具有较低的导管相关感染发生率,且便于护理治疗,应作为首选置管途径。     

老年内科ICU中心静脉内导管相关感染的调查

目的 观察老年ICU中心静脉内导管相关感染(CRI)发生率的临床特征. 方法调查了老年内科ICU内66例患者143例次中心静脉留置导管情况.结果 共31例患者发生CRI 46例次,累积感染率为28.57/千导管日,发生感染的中位时间为8.5d;CRI发生率与基础疾病无关,是否卧床、置管部位不同、导管腔道数不同及是否进行血液滤过治疗者CRI发生率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).导管培养阳性率为43.18%,导管血培养阳性率为31.82%. 结论老年内科ICU内CRI感染发生率较其他科室更高,置管部位、置管腔道数及是否正经历增加接触导管的各种操作(如血液滤过)等不同,CRI的感染风险也不一样.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素研究

目的：研究机械通气患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析2011-05-2013-05我院重症监护病房使用有创机械通气治疗的176例患者临床资料,对年龄、性别、血清白蛋白水平、营养方式、机械通气时间、APACHEⅡ评分、再次插管、气管切开、使用糖皮质激素、静脉使用镇静剂、置入中心静脉导管和使用质子泵抑制剂进行单因素分析,并对有统计学意义的因素进行Logistic多因素回归分析,探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的危险因素。结果：气管切开、血清白蛋白≤30g/L、机械通气时间≥7d,APACHEⅡ评分≥20分,使用质子泵抑制剂是VAP发生的独立危险因素。结论：机械通气患者应加强营养,尽量避免气管切开,尽早脱机,尽量不使用质子泵抑制剂,减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

神经外科行PICC置管患者发生导管异位的影响因素分析

目的 探讨神经外科行中心静脉导管（PICC）置管患者发生导管异位的影响因素,并讨论相关干预措施。方法 选择2020年1月—2022年1月在医院神经外科收治的PICC置管患者186例患者为调查对象,收集患者的临床资料,在单因素分析的基础上,采用Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析,筛选外科行PICC置管患者发生导管异位的影响因素。结果 神经外科行PICC置管患者导管异位发生率为9.68%(18/186)。经单因素筛选,将有统计学意义的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示：年龄≥60岁、深静脉置管史、焦虑情绪、穿刺血管类型肘正中静脉和头静脉、气管切开、机械通气、送管次数>3次、意识障碍是神经外科行PICC置管患者发生导管异位的高危因素（P<0.05）。结论 神经外科行PICC置管患者发生导管异位与年龄、深静脉置管史、焦虑情绪、穿刺血管类型、气管切开、机械通气、送管次数、意识障碍有关。     

不同穿刺部位对ICU患者导管相关性感染影响的观察与护理

目的：探讨ICU患者不同穿刺部位导管相关性感染的情况及护理对策。方法回顾性分析ICU住院的420例中心静脉置管患者的临床资料。结果420例中心静脉置管患者中,有28例发生导管相关性感染,发生率6.67%。股静脉穿刺组导管相关性感染高于锁骨下静脉穿刺组（P<0.05）,股静脉穿刺组发生导管相关性感染的平均时间早于锁骨下静脉穿刺组（P<0.05）。结论 ICU患者股静脉置管的导管相关性感染发生率高,发生感染时间更早;可采取针对性护理对策,减少导管相关性感染的发生。     

357例创伤失血性休克患者锁骨下静脉置管 感染的危险因素分析

目的 分析造成失血性休克患者锁骨下静脉置管感染的危险因素,为感染防治提供依据.方法 采用回顾性研究方法,选择四川省泸州医学院附属医院急诊科收治的357例行锁骨下静脉置管的失血性休克患者,按研究对象是否发生感染分为感染组(56例)和非感染组(301例).收集患者的性别、年龄、基础疾病史、置管位置、导管留置时间、住院时间、抗菌药物使用情况、是否行气管切开、白细胞计数(WBC)水平等资料进行单因素分析;将有统计学意义的指标进行多因素logistic回归分析,筛选出影响创伤失血性休克患者锁骨下静脉置管感染的危险因素.结果 357例失血性休克患者中,56例发生感染(占15.7%).单因素分析显示:创伤失血性休克患者锁骨下静脉置管感染的危险因素包括年龄≥60岁(χ2=19.839,P<0.001)、既往糖尿病史(χ2=6.252,P=0.012)、导管留置时间≥7 d(χ2=19.261,P<0.001)、住院时间≥7 d(χ2=4.315,P=0.038)、抗菌药物使用时间≥7 d(χ2=16.161,P<0.001)、行气管切开(χ2=40.969,P<0.001)、WBC<4×109/L(χ2=39.451,P<0.001)、病情严重程度评分4~5分(χ2=8.345,P=0.004).多因素logistic回归分析显示:导管留置时间≥7 d〔优势比(OR)值=16.713,95%可信区间(95%CI)为3.651~76.624〕、行气管切开(OR=6.861, 95%CI为2.377~18.246)、WBC<4×109/L(OR=4.903,95%CI为1.887~12.643)是引起失血性休克患者锁骨下静脉置管感染的独立危险因素.结论 严格执行无菌操作、缩短静脉置管时间、合理使用抗菌药物,可有效减少和避免导管相关性感染的发生.     

锁骨下中心静脉置管与股静脉置管的应用比较

目的比较2种静脉置管方法的利弊。方法将需要留置中心静脉导管的253例患者随机分成锁骨下中心静脉置管组和股静脉置管组,观察2组患者的一次置管成功率、患者的舒适度、导管使用时间、并发症的发生情况等。结果锁骨下中心静脉置管和股静脉置管穿刺成功率分别为86.3%和75%;2组患者舒适度分别为89.04%和61.67%;2组患者导管使用时间分别为(28±0.3)d和(34±0.5)d,股静脉置管组的并发症发生率明显高于锁骨下静脉置管组。结论锁骨下静脉置管患者容易接受,临床使用方便,易于护理,不影响患者活动,在掌握操作技术、熟悉解剖部位的情况下,对于需要长期保留中心静脉导管的患者选择锁骨下静脉置管更为合适。     

PICC导管相关感染的研究进展

经外周静脉置入的中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)从20世纪80年代开始被首次应用于临床静脉治疗,因为能减轻患者痛苦.提高医务人员工作效率和具有较长的留置时间等优点,目前,PICC的使用仅次于紧急救护的中心静脉导管[1].但是患者因为置管发生感染的危险性也在增加[2].导管相关感染(catheter-related infection,CRI)是长期置管的常见并发症,有研究提出PICC置管感染率约占其所有并发症的40%,位居首位[3].明确诊断标准及诱发因素,采取恰当的防护措施,将有助于减少CRI的发生.为此,笔者对导致PICC置管期间CRI的相关因素及防护进展综述如下.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.