侵袭性肺真菌病诊治指南解析

<正>侵袭性真菌病(invasive fungal disease,IFD),曾经称为深部真菌感染或侵袭性真菌感染(invasive fungal infection,IFI),是指穿透通常无菌状态的人体浅表组织,侵犯至人体深部组织器官的真菌感染,其发生取决于外界致病因素和人体免疫力的相互作用[1]。近年来,由于造血干细胞移植、实体器官移植的广泛开展,高强度免疫抑制剂和大剂量化疗药物的应用,以及各种导管的体内介入、留置等,     

重症肝病并发侵袭性真菌病的诊治

重症肝病并发侵袭性真菌病(IFD)是影响重症肝病患者预后的重要因素,其早期诊断仍是困扰临床医生的重要问题。临床最常见的4种IFDs是念珠菌病、曲菌病、隐球菌病以及肺孢子菌肺炎,在重症肝病患者临床诊疗过程中重视并发IFD的可能,尤其对存在高危因素的患者,及早发现、及时诊断、恰当治疗,对改善危重症肝病的预后至关重要。     

关注侵袭性肺真菌病的诊断与治疗

真菌感染已引起广泛关注。肺部真菌感染亦日见增多。侵袭性肺真菌病（invasive pulmonary fungal infection,IPFI）指不包括真菌寄生和过敏所致的支气管-肺部真菌感染,大多发生于各种原因所致原发或继发性免疫功能障碍的患,但近年来亦常见于一些无明显免疫功能缺陷或基础性疾病的社区获得性感染患。由下临床症状缺乏特异性,痰液真菌检查有时亦难以区分致病芮或定植菌,因此诊断有一定困难,往往被误诊为细菌性肺炎,尤其在合并细菌和真菌多种感染时,更易发生误诊和误治。[第一段]     

侵袭性肺真菌病的病原学及其流行趋势

侵袭性肺真菌病(invasion pulmonary mycosis)指真菌直接侵犯(非寄生、过敏或毒素中毒)肺或支气管引起的急、慢性组织病理损害所导致的疾病.真菌广泛存在于自然界中,约有30余万种,其中280余种可对人类致病.     

肝衰竭并发侵袭性真菌病的诊治及预防

肝衰竭的并发症临床上表现复杂多样,极易并发局部或全身的侵袭性真菌病(IFD),继发其他脏器的损伤,从而导致肝损伤的进一步加重,使其形成"恶性循环"的病理进程,最终导致多脏器功能衰竭,病死率极高,成为临床处理中的"棘手问题"。介绍了肝衰竭并发IFD的原因、症状、诊断、治疗、预后、预防等方面的研究进展,探讨了近年来关于肝衰竭并发IFD的一些共识和争议,阐述其研究的意义及前景,旨在提高肝衰竭并发IFD的临床诊断和治疗水平。     

规范侵袭性肺真菌病的诊断与治疗

随着免疫功能受损宿主的增加、抗生素和免疫抑制剂及其在侵袭性诊疗技术的广泛使用,肺真菌病日渐增多,引起广泛关注.然而在临床上对肺真菌病的认识仍存在很多问题,一方面,对肺真菌病的警惕性不高、认识不足,常出现漏诊误诊,错失治疗机会;另一方面,由于肺真菌病的病原体绝大多数都是条件致病菌,痰标本分离出的真菌并不足于诊断,所以临床上又常出现过诊过治现象.在各类肺真菌病中,侵袭性肺真菌病病情最严重,病死率最高.因此,有必要规范侵袭性肺真菌病的诊断与治疗.     

国内外侵袭性真菌病诊治指南的解读与比较

随着人们对侵袭性真菌病(invasive fungal disease,IFD)认识的提高和新的诊断技术的发展,近年来:IFD的发病率明显上升.IFD已成为导致器官移植受者、恶性血液病和恶性肿瘤患者、免疫功能受损者以及其他危重病患者的死亡原因之一.     

侵袭性肺真菌病的诊断与治疗亟待规范

肺部真菌感染日见增多,但临床诊断不易,往往被误诊为细菌性肺炎,或仅凭痰培养分离出真菌而做出诊断,造成漏诊和过诊。而对于抗真菌治疗,不合理用药亦较常见。因此,侵袭性肺真菌病的诊疗工作亟待规范,本期发表的“侵袭性肺部真菌感染的诊断标准与治疗原则（草案）”（见本期第697页）,结合国际上发表的相关指南与文献以及部分专家的经验与意见编写完成,这是对肺部真菌感染规范诊疗迈出的第一步。     

血液病患者继发侵袭性真菌病诊治的现状及进展

近年来,随着广谱抗生素、皮质类固醇、免疫抑制剂、抗肿瘤药物的大量应用及器官移植术的开展,侵袭性真菌病（invasive fungal disease,IFD）的发病率、病死率正逐年增加,IFD是血液系统疾病、特别是血液系统恶性肿瘤化疗过程中常见的并发症和死因之一。IFI）原称侵袭性真菌感染（invasive fungal infection,IFI）,是指疾病一开始即侵犯深部组织器官或病变从局部开始进一步发展,侵犯深部脏器、组织形成感染灶,甚至引起真菌性败血症。恶性血液病患者本身免疫力低下,加之大剂量化疗后出现粒细胞缺乏,化疗药物的不良反应及大剂量广谱抗生素的使用等高危因素的存在,使血液病患者更易继发IFD。近年来随着高危患者的增多,临床医师对IFD的认识不断提高,诊断方法越来越多,但早期诊断仍较为困难,从而影响早期治疗。IFD进展快,未及时治疗,导致病死率增高,使之成为临床上面临的一大难题。本文将从血液病患者继发IFD的流行病学、病原学、诊断及治疗进展做一综述。     

Problems in the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases

Invasive mycoses are escalating in frequency in contemporary medicine; most dramatic is the rise in the prevalence of opportunistic fungal infections among immunocompromised hosts. Despite increased awareness among physicians and greater mycologic acumen, morbidity and mortality remain substantial. In part, this situation is due to the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis of fungal infections by both the clinician and the laboratorian. Some of the factors contributing to these difficulties include the abrogation of the immune response associated with improved medical technology, the impact of AIDS, the invasion of the immunocompromised host by fungi previously considered to be saprobic, and the minimal mycologic training of medical personnel. Research efforts are under way that may be expected to improve the diagnosis and treatment of invasive mycotic diseases in the near future. For the present, it is recommended that mycologic training be encouraged and improved for all health care professionals.     

侵袭性真菌早期诊断和治疗的研究进展

近十多年来，随着免疫缺陷患者数量的增多，广谱抗菌素的广泛使用等因素的出现，侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）日益增多。目前IFI已经成为各器官深部真菌最严重感染之一，勿庸质疑早期诊断和及时治疗会大大提高患者生存率。在近几年里，真菌抗原和基因组DNA检测技术的更新是诊断方面的进步，而一些抗真菌药物也有了发展，如两性霉素B的脂类抑制剂、新一代咪唑类和棘球白素类等。本文就其早期诊断和治疗的进展这两大方面进行了综述。     

重视重症肝病患者深部真菌感染的诊断与治疗

近10余年来,临床深部真菌感染呈持续增多趋势,其原因有:①由于医药科技的高速发展带来的负面作用,如高效广谱抗生素、皮质类固醇激素广泛应用,抗肿瘤细胞毒药物治疗、器官移植免疫抑制剂深入开展,外科静脉营养、其他导管介入性治疗等治疗手段不断实施;②具有发生真菌感染机会的患者增     

侵袭性真菌感染诊治进展

随着社会的老龄化,广谱抗生素、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂等药物的广泛应用和手术导管、插管的应用、器官移植的日益增多以及免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS) 的流行,侵袭性真菌感染(invasive fungal infections,IFI)明显增多.本文就侵袭性真菌病的现状、诊断标准、治疗和真菌的致病机制、耐药机制的研究进展作一综述.     

Update on diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a type of chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia, of unknown etiology, which is associated with a progressive decrease in pulmonary function and with high mortality rates. Interest in and knowledge of this disorder have grown substantially in recent years. In this review article, we broadly discuss distinct aspects related to the diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We list the current diagnostic criteria and describe the therapeutic approaches currently available, symptomatic treatments, the action of new drugs that are effective in slowing the decline in pulmonary function, and indications for lung transplantation.     

Update on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis(PAM)(MIM265100)is a rare disease characterized by the diffuse deposit of microlithiasis in alveolar spaces.PAM could occur worldwide with high prevalence in Asia and Europe.Familial occurrence indicates its autosomal recessive trait and the SLC34A2 gene was identified as the responsible gene for the disease.In spite of the versatile mutation sites in patients from other countries,exon 7and exon 8 might be the most liable gene in Chinese and Japanese patients.Most mutations caused the premature termination of proteins and produced truncated proteins,leading to the blocking of the recycling and degrading of outdated surfactant which is full of phospholipids.The most outstanding clinical feature of PAM is the discrepancy between the paucity of symptoms and the degree of pulmonary involvement.Diagnosis is easy to establish based on typical chest radiograph image and nuclear medicine improves its early diagnosis and active evaluation.Pathology of the unique intra-alveolar lamellar microliths gives strong support for diagnosis.No effective treatment is considered valid currently.However,lung transplantation is effective for advanced-stage patients,and long term treatment of disodium etidronate seems promising.