斜仰截石位经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗上尿路结石

目的 探讨斜仰截石位经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗上尿路结石的安全性和有效性.方法2009年9月～2011年6月,采用斜仰截石位PCNL治疗上尿路结石36例,其中肾结石24例,输尿管上段结石合并肾盏结石7例,单纯输尿管上段结石5例.患者取斜仰截石位,垫高患侧肩和臀部使身体倾斜30°～45°.超声引导经腋后线12肋下或11肋间穿刺肾脏建立通道.采用气压弹道碎石行1次或分次清除结石.结果 36例患者中31例一期PCNL清除结石,1次碎石成功率为86.1％.5例复杂性肾结石因残石行二期清石.平均手术时间为(96±19)min.无肠道或胸膜损伤等并发症发生.结论 采用斜仰截石位PCNL治疗上尿路结石安全有效、操作方便,有利于患者生理状态下的呼吸、循环及碎石块的冲出和麻醉监测,可明显提高患者手术耐受性,值得临床推广应用.     

斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术的护理方法及对病人的影响

[目的]观察斜仰卧-截石位行经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)的护理方法及对病人的影响。[方法]选择医院2017年7月—2017年12月收治的92例复杂性肾结石拟行PCNL的病人为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组46例,对照组病人采用先截石位,留置患侧输尿管导管后改俯卧位,观察组病人采用斜仰卧-截石位,直接插入膀胱镜行PCNL术,评价病人术中舒适度,记录两组病人体位摆放时间、手术时间及结石清除率。[结果]观察组病人体位摆放时间为(9.23±0.63)min,手术时间为(63.72±14.38)min,均短于对照组的(15.72±3.42)min和(94.46±10.58)min(P0.05);观察组病人术中体位舒适度良好率为80.43%,高于对照组的45.65%(P0.05)。[结论]术前做好宣教,术中做好护理配合,斜仰卧-截石位行PCNL术可缩短体位摆放时间和手术时间,提高病人舒适度。     

斜仰侧卧改良截石位腔内双镜联合治疗输尿管狭窄

目的探讨斜仰侧卧改良截石位腔内双镜(输尿管镜+经皮肾镜)联合治疗输尿管狭窄的临床疗效。方法对12例输尿管狭窄患者采用斜仰侧卧改良截石位腔内双镜联合治疗。结果 11例患者顺利通过输尿管狭窄段行扩张术治疗(10例行球囊扩张,1例行导管扩张),扩张后皆成功置入双J管;1例未成功者通过狭窄端,留置肾造瘘管引流尿液后,Ⅱ期行腹腔镜下输尿管狭窄段切除+端端吻合术。术后12例患者均出现少量血尿,经对症处理后1~2d消失,术中术后均无明显并发症。12例患者术后均随访3~12个月,10例患者肾积水明显缓解,2例无明显缓解。结论采用斜仰侧卧改良截石位腔内双镜联合治疗输尿管狭窄患者,能明显提高通过狭窄段的成功率和手术安全性。 更多还原     

改良斜卧-截石位在肾合并输尿管结石微创手术中的应用

[目的]了解经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)时传统体位与斜卧-截石位的应用效果,探索斜卧-截石位的临床护理应用方法。[方法]选择2017年5月—2018年10月在我院实施PCNL的104例肾合并输尿管结石病人,随机分为观察组和对照组各52例,观察组采取斜卧-截石位,对照组采取传统俯卧体位。观察两组体位摆放时间、PCNL时间、术中并发症发生情况等。[结果]在摆放体位过程中,对照组病人出现幅度变化不大的血压下降、心率增快,观察组病人的血压和心率变化不明显,两组血压和心率变化差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组的体位摆放时间和手术时间明显少于对照组(P0.05)。对照组病人在摆放体位时的不适感多于观察组(P0.05)。[结论]使用斜卧-截石位体位可以缩短手术时间,减轻病人的不适。     

不同体位下行经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肾结石的临床对比

目的：对比不同体位下行经皮肾镜碎石术（PCNL）治疗肾结石的临床效果。方法：选取外科2015年1月~2020年12月收治的80例肾结石患者,均行PCNL治疗,根据术中体位分为A组与B组,各40例。A组采取斜仰截石位,B组采取俯卧位。对比两组一次清石率、临床指标、并发症发生情况。结果：A组一次清石率高于B组（P＜0.05）;两组术中出血量、造瘘管拔出时间、住院时间对比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;A组手术时间较B组短（P＜0.05）;两组并发症发生率对比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：斜仰截石位下行PCNL治疗较俯卧位一次清石率更高,手术时间更短,且不会增加并发症风险,具有良好的安全性。     

斜仰卧位联合截石位经皮肾镜碎石取石术112例围术期护理

目的:探讨斜仰卧位联合截石位经皮肾镜碎石取石术(PCNL)治疗尿路结石的围术期护理方法。方法:对112例上尿路结石患者施行斜仰卧位联合截石位PCNL,并给予优质、有效的围术期护理,观察治疗及护理效果。结果:本组一次性取净结石90例(80.3%),残石存留22例(10.8%),术后辅以体外冲击波碎石治疗;发生动静脉瘘2例,行血管栓塞治疗。患者均治愈出院。结论:斜仰卧位联合截石位PCNL成功率高,具有痛苦小、创伤小等优点,充分有效的护理措施是手术成功的重要保障。     

可视球囊扩张导管在经皮肾镜取石术中的应用（附20例报告）

目的评价可视球囊扩张在经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)中的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2017年3月-2018年3月应用可视球囊扩张导管建立通道行PCNL的20例肾结石患者的病例资料。结果 20例均成功应用可视球囊建立皮肾通道,通道建立时间为5.0～13.5 min,平均(7.2±2.1)min,手术时间为30.0～120.0 min,平均(59.1±21.9)min。术后血尿(ClavienⅠ)2例,经保守治疗好转。发热(ClavienⅡ)1例,经抗生素治疗好转。1例残留结石行体外冲击波治疗。术后1个月无石率和手术成功率分别为90.00%和95.00%,术后3个月无石率为100.00%。结论可视球囊有助于提高建立皮肾通道的准确性和提高手术成功率。     

微通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术与标准通道气压弹道联合超声碎石术的疗效比较

目的比较B超引导下微通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术(mPCNL)与标准通道经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术(标准通道PCNL)治疗复杂性肾结石的临床疗效。方法对78例复杂性肾结石患者分别行mPCNL(35例)和标准通道PCNL(43例)治疗,术后对2组患者的手术时间、一期结石清除率和手术并发症等指标进行比较分析。结果 2组患者分别成功建立16F和24F经皮肾通道并一期行碎石术。mPCNL组手术时间明显长于标准通道PCNL组;一期结石清除率mPCNL组低于标准通道PCNL组,差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。mPCNL组术后出血明显需要输血治疗者有1例,标准通道PCNL组无输血病例;所有病例均未出现邻近脏器损伤,mPCNL组有1例经第11肋间穿刺肾上盏患者出现胸腔积液,经胸腔闭式引流后痊愈;标准通道PCNL组出现腹腔积液2例,经抽液、利尿后痊愈。mPCNL组术后体温>38.5℃1例。2组并发症差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 B超引导下mPCNL与标准通道PCNL治疗复杂性肾结石安全有效、并发症发生率低,标准通道PCNL联合应用EMS第4代气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统碎石清石效率高,较mPCNL钬激光碎石明显有优势,值得推广。     

改良斜仰卧截石位经皮肾镜手术治疗肾输尿管结石临床观察

目的观察改良斜仰卧截石位经皮肾镜手术治疗上尿路较大结石临床效果。方法回顾性分析2010—2015年因上尿路较大结石于我院住院行改良斜仰卧截石位经皮肾镜碎石术147例的临床资料。结果本组均一期手术成功,手术时间(45.5±11.2)min,出血量(72.9±11.4)ml,无需输血患者。32例因结石多发联合输尿管软镜,无建立多通道或双通道者。一期手术清石率97%,所有患者均随访6个月~1年,无远期并发症发生及结石复发。结论采取改良斜仰卧截石位行经皮肾镜碎石术可将顺行手术方式和逆行手术技术融为一体,能够使患者舒适度增加,有利于麻醉监测,节省手术时间,提高结石清除率。     

截石卧位经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的探讨(附36例报告)

目的 探讨截石斜卧位下对肾结石患者同时进行患侧输尿管镜插管和经皮肾穿刺建立通道碎石取石的方法和优缺点.方法 所有患者均采用截石斜卧位,同时消毒患侧腰部和下腹会阴部,在助手向患侧进行输尿管镜检查和插管的同时,术者采用B超定位,于患侧第11肋间或第12肋骨下、腋后线附近进行目标肾盏穿刺建立经皮肾通道进行碎石取石.结果 36例患者采用截石斜卧位进行目标肾盏穿刺和碎石取石,均获得成功,下盏通道12例,中盏通道20例,上盏通道4例,目标肾盏穿刺成功率100％.一二期总结石清除率83.3％.仅一例在术后一周行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术,无其他严重并发症出现.结论 截石斜卧位下同期输尿管镜检查插管和穿刺建立经皮肾通道进行碎石取石可以减轻医护人员负担、节省手术时间,减少患者体位的不适感和便于观察及抢救.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.