Masquelet技术治疗骨缺损研究进展

Masquelet技术是修复长骨创伤性结构性骨缺损的一项新技术,以二阶段治疗骨缺损为特点。先以骨水泥充填缺损区,并在骨水泥周围诱导生成自体膜结构,然后在诱导膜内植骨,促使新骨形成,以修复骨缺损并达到骨愈合。与传统治疗技术相比,Masquelet技术具有对供骨要求低、疗效可靠、操作简单、并发症少、患者易接受等优点。Masquelet技术目前还可用于骨骺、干骺端、足跗骨、下颌骨等长骨骨干以外的骨缺损,肿瘤切除后及慢性骨髓炎病灶骨清除后各类骨缺损的重建修复,取得了较满意的疗效。     

诱导膜技术修复前臂骨髓炎并大段骨缺损的疗效分析

背景:前臂骨髓炎合并骨缺损,特别是大段骨缺损,治疗难度大。诱导膜技术(Masquelet技术)修复下肢大段骨缺损取得满意疗效。目的:分析诱导膜技术修复前臂骨髓炎合并大段骨缺损的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年11月收治的12例前臂骨髓炎合并大段骨缺损患者。其中5例为桡骨骨缺损,7例为尺骨骨缺损。一期手术病灶区彻底清创后,采用抗生素骨水泥占位器填充缺损病灶诱导生物膜形成;二期手术取出骨水泥占位器后,植入自体松质骨或混合骨。随访记录患者术后骨缺损的愈合情况、并发症的发生情况,根据Anderson前臂功能评分标准,评估患肢的术后恢复情况。结果:所有患者均获得随访,随访时间为12~34个月,平均(17.5±3.3)个月。1例患者在一期术后出现感染复发,2例患者在二期植骨后期遗留肘关节僵硬,经治疗,感染控制、肘关节屈伸功能基本恢复。末次随访时,所有患者均实现骨与软组织愈合,根据Anderson前臂功能评分标准,本组病例优良率为83.3%(10/12)。结论:采用诱导膜技术修复前臂骨髓炎合并大段骨缺损疗优势明显,术后并发症少,骨缺损修复和患肢功能恢复效果满意。     

诱导膜技术联合双钢板治疗胫骨骨干大段骨缺损

[目的]介绍诱导膜技术(Masquelet)联合双钢板固定胫骨骨干大段骨缺损的手术技术和初步效果.[方法]2016年1月-2019年1月,采用诱导膜技术联合双钢板固定18例胫骨骨干大段骨缺损患者.术前评估畸形,胫骨骨缺损部彻底清创,控制感染后填塞骨水泥,并同时覆盖创面,必要时皮瓣修复.待诱导膜形成后,去除骨水泥,缺损处...     

Masquelet技术治疗大段骨缺损的最新进展

临床中由于创伤、骨肿瘤切除、感染病灶清除等各种原因导致的骨缺损比较常见,尽管目前有很多治疗方法,但修复大段骨缺损仍然对骨科领域是个重大的挑战。目前对于大段骨缺损尚无明确的定义。有学者根据临床经验提出将缺损范围超过骨周径50%或长度超过2 cm以上的骨缺损称为大段骨缺损[1]。最初由AC Masquelet于20世纪70年代开发的Masquelet技术是一种二阶段骨重建技术[2],在过去十年中该技术逐渐普及。该手术方法的关键点包括通过根治性清创术控制局部感染,放置聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethyl methacrylate,PMMA)置入物以保留死腔,以及防止移植的松质骨再吸收并促进骨向缺损部位生长[2]。Masquelet技术在临床上的应用越来越多,其骨愈合率为82.6%~100%[3-5]。在治理骨缺损疗效方面该技术与其他方法并无明显差异,例如Ilizarov骨搬运(愈合率为83%~100%)[5]和带血管腓骨自体移植物(愈合率为88%~100%)[6-8]。     

Masquelet技术治疗长骨干骨缺损的疗效分析

目的探讨Masquelet技术治疗长骨干骨缺损的临床疗效与手术注意事项。方法回顾性分析自2015-04—2017-11采用Masquelet技术治疗的40例长骨干骨缺损,感染性骨缺损24例,非感染性骨缺损16例。第一阶段清创填塞含抗生素骨水泥间隔器,诱导间隔器表面形成诱导膜;第二阶段在诱导膜内植入自体松质骨,修复骨缺损。结果 40例均获得随访,随访时间平均12.5(10~15)个月。术后植骨区骨缺损均获得骨性愈合,患肢功能恢复良好。骨临床愈合时间3~7个月,平均4.7个月。参考Palay等的方法评估临床疗效,所有患者植骨愈合分级均为优;骨缺损区域邻近关节功能:优32例,良6例,可2例。结论 Masquelet技术治疗长骨干骨缺损具有操作相对简单、可分期清创和植骨、2个阶段相对独立、植骨愈合快、并发症少、患者满意度高等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

诱导膜技术治疗大段骨缺损的研究进展

目前,虽然有众多骨缺损重建技术,如带血管的骨移植技术、骨牵引延长术和自体骨移植术,但大范围骨缺损的重建仍是一个挑战.因为现有的骨重建技术存在操作复杂、手术时间长、骨愈合时间长、负重时间晚、愈合率低、耐受性差及并发症多等问题,而且这些问题仍是临床亟待解决的难题.2000年Masquelet等[1]发现在骨缺损处植入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯假体后,在假体周围能诱导一层假膜,这层假膜被称为骨水泥诱导膜.     

多种技术联用治疗难治性骨髓炎的疗效分析

目的探讨应用Ilizarov骨搬移技术联合抗生素骨水泥片技术、Masquelet技术(膜诱导技术)等技术治疗长骨慢性骨髓炎的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2012年6月至2016年10月,新疆军区总医院创伤骨科联合应用病灶清除、Ilizarov技术、抗生素骨水泥片填充技术、膜诱导成骨技术、远端缓慢回缩技术等技术治疗的20例股骨、胫骨慢性骨髓炎和感染性骨不连患者。纳入标准：慢性骨髓炎合并骨不连或骨缺损的患者;经常规治疗效果差的患者;无影响治疗的合并症;病例资料完整的患者。排除标准：不符合疾病的纳入标准;存在活动性结核、肿瘤等疾病的患者;依从性差、不能按照医生要求调整外固定架的患者。记录上述患者是否需行皮瓣转移手术、带外固定架时间、全负重时间及是否出现复发情况。 结果所有患者均得到随访,随访时间平均(29.2±1.8)个月。均获得了良好的骨性愈合,所治疗患者感染均得到一期愈合,创面无需皮瓣转移或植皮均得到良好闭合,骨搬移结合处愈合良好。患者骨搬移长度平均(7.3±1.8)cm。所有患者未出现神经损伤,其中有两例患者术前存在腓总神经损伤,术后在骨搬移过程中出现不同程度的神经功能恢复。 结论应用Ilizarov的骨搬移和骨延长技术能有效治疗彻底清创后的骨缺损或肢体短缩问题,保证彻底清创、促进局部血运改善、不需要皮瓣覆盖也能愈合创面;抗生素骨水泥片起到占位器和膜诱导作用促进成骨;远端缓慢回缩有利于骨端愈合;多种方法联合应用,有效地提高了难治性骨髓炎的治愈率,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

改良Masquelet技术治疗大段掌指骨骨缺损的临床研究

目的探讨改良Masquelet技术治疗大段掌指骨骨缺损的可行性及疗效。方法选择2015年1月-2018年12月收治的9例符合手术适应证的大段掌指骨缺损病例,行改良Masquelet技术治疗:Ⅰ期彻底清创、体外预制中空抗生素聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethyl methacyrlate, PMMA)骨水泥模块填充骨缺损,皮肤软组织缺损或皮肤软组织条件较差者给予彻底清创皮瓣修复闭合创面,术后给予预防感染、观察患指血运等对症处理。Ⅱ期伤口愈合4～6周后去除骨水泥模块行自体松质骨植骨内固定术。结果9例术后随访6～24个月,骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间9.7周,术后未出现伤口感染等并发症。伤口甲级愈合,移植骨愈合,初步实现保指(肢)的目的并获得了部分功能。结论改良Masquelet技术治疗大段掌指骨骨缺损临床可行,效果确切,能够达到预期的保指(肢)并恢复部分功能的目的,具有操作简单、愈合快、适应证广、效果确切等优点,为大段掌指骨骨缺损的治疗提供一种新的理念。     

Masquelet膜诱导技术联合显微外科技术治疗创伤性胫骨骨缺损的效果

目的 探讨运用Masquelet膜诱导技术联合显微外科技术治疗胫骨开放粉碎性骨折伴骨缺损的临床疗效。方法 2018年1月-2021年1月,应用Masquelet膜诱导技术联合显微外科技术治疗胫骨开放粉碎性骨折伴骨缺损8例,根据具体伤情急诊予以清创、固定等对症治疗,待创面稳定,连续三次以上培养无细菌后,用含万古霉素的骨水泥占位器填充骨缺损部位,运用显微外科技术修复创面缺损。6～8周待诱导膜形成后取出骨水泥,取自体髂骨加同种异体骨植入诱导膜内修复骨缺损。骨折端予以髓内钉加锁定钢板或者单纯锁定钢板固定。观察术后骨折愈合、功能恢复及并发症发生情况。结果 所有患者均获得随访,随访时间16～30个月,平均（20.0±7.2）个月。所有病例骨缺损均得到骨性愈合,时间11～16个月,平均（11.7±4.2）个月。AOFAS踝-后足评分平均（80.5±4.2）分。2例皮瓣术后伤口周围脂肪液化渗出,行伤口换药后伤口愈合;1例皮瓣臃肿,骨折愈合后取出内固定装置时行皮瓣整形术。结论 运用Masquelet膜诱导技术联合显微外科技术治疗胫骨开放粉碎性骨折伴骨缺损疗效确切,操作相对简单易行,适合基层推广。     

Masquelet技术治疗下肢长骨骨缺损的肢体功能障碍分析

目的分析Masquelet技术治疗下肢长骨骨缺损所致肢体功能障碍原因。方法对2012年1月至2019年3月北部战区总医院收治的52例下肢长骨骨缺损临床资料进行回顾性病例系列研究分析。其中男43例,女9例;年龄15～73岁,平均(36.7±4.5)岁。原始受伤原因:交通伤28例,重物砸伤4例,摔伤11例,高处坠落伤2例,军事训练伤3例,骨肿瘤3例,骨髓炎1例。病变部位:胫骨28例,股骨22例,腓骨2例。均采用Masquelet诱导膜技术分期治疗。Ⅰ期彻底清创、微生物学检查、抗生素骨水泥占位,Ⅱ期在6～8周后植骨。术后采用Paley骨折愈合评分标准和X线片对下肢功能及骨折愈合情况进行评价。结果全部患者术后获得12～92个月随访,平均(41.9±6.7)个月。47例获得骨性愈合。按Paley骨折愈合评分标准进行评价,优31例,良9例,可7例,差5例,优良率达76.9%。1例骨折愈合取出内固定后再次出现骨髓炎复发,仍在治疗中。1例浅部感染,通过换药方式获得痊愈。1例植骨后感染再次复发,经清创后再次诱导膜、植骨后愈合。2例出现植骨区骨重塑欠佳,2例植骨感染复发行截肢术。2例患者植骨后再次出现深部感染,因无法恢复正常活动,需要助行器辅助行走。3例活动后膝关节轻微疼痛,1例出现轻微下蹲痛,7例膝关节活动度0°～45°,3例膝关节活动度0°～90°,1例行踝关节融合,2例踝关节轻度屈伸受限。结论 Masquelet诱导膜技术治疗下肢长骨骨缺损可促进骨折愈合,恢复肢体功能,减少并发症。骨干部骨缺损的延迟治疗、干骺端骨缺损固定时间长是关节活动受限的主要原因。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.