男性非小细胞肺癌合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者运动耐量、通气效率特点临床研究

目的:观察男性非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者运动耐量及通气效率特点。方法:将32例男性NSCLC患者根据是否合并COPD分为NSCLC合并COPD组(NSCLC-COPD组,n=12)和未合并COPD组(NSCLC-non COPD组,n=20),以同期行心肺运动试验(CPET)的健康体检者为对照组(n=20)。所有NSCLC患者在肺切除术前完成症状限制性最大负荷运动测试,对CPET结果进行比较分析。结果:与对照组比较,NSCLC-non COPD组与NSCLC-COPD组的峰值摄氧量(VO_2peak)、峰值摄氧量/预计值(VO_2peak/pred%)、峰值公斤摄氧量(peak VO_2/kg)、无氧阈(AT)均下降(均P0.05),二氧化碳通气当量斜率(VE/VCO_2slope)、二氧化碳通气当量最低值(VE/VCO_2nadir)均上升(均P0.05),且NSCLC-COPD组VE/VCO_2slope、VE/VCO_2nadir均高于NSCLC-non COPD组(P0.05)。与对照组和NSCLC-non COPD组相比,NSCLC-COPD组在测试的不同状态下(静息、热身、无氧阈时、峰值时)VE/VCO_2均上升(P0.05)。而与对照组相比,NSCLC-non COPD组在无氧阈时、峰值时VE/VCO_2的上升才有显著性差异(均P0.05)。NSCLC-COPD组潮气末二氧化碳分压(P_(ET-)CO_2)四个阶段均低于对照组(P0.05),在峰值运动时,与NSCLC-non COPD组比较有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:与健康人群比较,NSCLC患者运动耐量减损,且合并COPD的NSCLC患者整个运动阶段通气效率显著下降,单纯肺癌患者未见此特点。CPET可为NSCLC-COPD患者肺切除术前的风险评估提供依据。     

冠心病患者的系统性心肺康复护理

目的分析系统性心肺康复护理对冠心病患者心肺功能及生活质量的影响。方法选取2019年1月—2020年1月在本院就诊的124例冠心病患者为研究对象,根据康复期护理方案分为对照组58例和观察组66例。对照组患者给予常规护理方案,观察组患者给予系统性心肺康复护理干预。比较2组患者心肺功能[无氧阈(AT)、峰值氧脉搏、峰值氧摄取量、二氧化碳通气当量斜率(VE/VCO2)、6 min步行试验(6MWD)]、生活质量及护理满意度。结果观察组患者干预后AT、峰值氧脉搏、峰值氧摄取量及6WMD均高于对照组患者,VE/VCO2低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.01)。2组患者干预后生活质量各维度评分均较干预前显著改善(P 0.01),且观察组生理职能、社会功能、活力、情感职能、精神健康及总体健康评分均显著高于对照组(P 0.01)。观察组患者对护理的总满意率为98.48%,显著高于对照组患者的86.20%(P 0.01)。结论冠心病患者康复期间应用系统性的心肺康复护理干预安全、有效,能改善患者心肺功能、运动耐力,提高患者生活质量。     

低负荷抗阻训练对老年人体适能的影响

目的 探讨低负荷抗阻训练对老年人体适能的影响。方法 选择2020年6月1日—2021年5月31日就诊于北京协和医院康复医学科门诊的老年人。采用随机数字表法将老年人随机分为中等强度有氧训练组（有氧训练组）、标准负荷抗阻训练组（标准负荷组）和低负荷抗阻训练组（低负荷组）3组。分别在患者第1次训练前和完成12周训练后采用盲法收集其基本信息、心肺耐力（峰值功率、峰值摄氧量）、心/肺功能改善情况[峰值心率、峰值心率预计值、峰值运动时分钟通气量（minute ventilation,VE）、无氧阈时二氧化碳通气当量]、肌肉力量（肌力）改变情况、肌氧饱和度改善情况等，比较训练前后各组指标的差异性。结果 共纳入患者90例，每组各30例。3组患者的年龄、性别、身高、体重、体质量指数比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。训练前后各组组间心肺耐力、心/肺功能、肌力、肌氧相关指标比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。除心功能相关指标（峰值心率、峰值心率预计值）和静息肌氧水平外，其他肺功能、心肺耐力、肌力、肌氧下降至谷值时间3组组内训练前后比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。除峰...     

有氧联合抗阻运动对2型糖尿病患者的效果

目的评价个体化有氧运动联合抗阻运动对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖水平、心肺耐力、身体成分、生活质量的影响。方法 2016年9月至2017年12月,T2DM患者120例随机分为对照组(n=40)、有氧组(n=40)和联合组(n=40)。3组均行常规药物治疗、健康宣教和饮食指导,有氧组根据心肺运动试验结果进行个体化有氧训练,联合组在有氧组的基础上增加抗阻训练。治疗前和治疗3个月后,测定患者血糖水平、心肺耐力、身体成分和生活质量。结果两运动组治疗后空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数、峰值运动负荷、无氧阈、峰值摄氧量、代谢当量、氧脉搏、二氧化碳通气当量斜率、脂肪质量、瘦体质量、生活质量评分均较治疗前改善(t2.422, P 0.05),联合组空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数、峰值运动负荷、瘦体质量、生活质量总分优于有氧组(P 0.05)。结论联合抗阻训练较单纯有氧训练能更有效降低T2DM患者血糖水平,增加瘦体重,提高生活质量,但对提高心肺耐力无明显优势。     

轻中度哮喘患者与健康人的运动耐量对比研究

目的 :比较轻中度哮喘患者与健康人的运动心肺功能 ,研究运动对哮喘患者肺功能的影响 ,探讨轻中度哮喘患者提高运动耐量的可行性。方法 :采用负荷递增运动方案 ,对 2 0例轻中度哮喘患者及 2 0例健康志愿者进行了运动心肺功能试验。运动前后测一秒钟用力呼气容积 (FEV1 )、用力肺活量 (FVC)、最大呼气中段流量 (FEF 2 5 %- 75 % )、最大呼气末段流量 (FEF 75 % - 85 % )、呼气流量峰值 (PEF)等 ,运动中监测心率 (HR)、每分钟氧耗量(VO2 )、每分钟二氧化碳排出量 (VCO2 )、每分钟通气量 (VE)、氧脉搏 (O2 pulse)、呼吸频率 (BF)等。结果 :运动后 ,哮喘组与正常对照组的FVC、FEV1 、PEF、FEF 2 5 %— 75 %、FEF 75 %— 85 %均有所改善 ,有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5) ,但两组在改善的差值上无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5)。哮喘患者的最大作功、最大氧耗量 (VO2max)、最大二氧化碳排出量 (VCO2max)、最大每分钟通气量 (VEmax)均显著低于健康人 (P <0 .0 5) ,无氧阈提前出现。结论 :轻中度哮喘患者的运动能力低于健康人 ,但通过小负荷运动可改善肺功能     

心肺康复治疗对冠心病患者心肺功能及生活质量的影响

目的：观察心肺康复训练对冠心病患者心肺功能和生活质量的影响。方法：冠心病患者116例随机分为观察组和对照组各58例。2组均给予常规内科药物治疗,观察组在此基础上给予系统的心肺康复训练。结果：治疗1个月后,观察组的无氧阈（AT）、峰值氧脉搏及峰值氧摄取量均明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）,二氧化碳通气当量（VE/VCO2）斜率明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）;观察组SF-36各项评分均较治疗前及对照组明显提高（P＜0．05）,对照组治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义;2组SAS和SDS评分均较治疗前明显降低（P＜0．05）,且观察组更低于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：对冠心病患者实施系统心肺康复治疗,可明显改善患者的肺功能,提高患者的运动耐力和生活质量,改善患者的心理状况。     

心肺康复治疗对冠心病患者心肺功能、SAS及SDS评分的影响

目的探究分析心肺康复治疗对冠心病患者心肺功能及焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分的影响。方法随机选取该院在2013年1月至2016年1月收治的178例冠心病患者为研究对象,并将其分为观察组和对照组,其中对照组患者采用常规药物治疗,观察组患者采用心肺康复治疗,观察并对比分析两组患者的焦虑抑郁评分及心肺功能变化情况。结果治疗后,观察组患者的SAS评分(30.25±4.31)分和SDS评分(30.31±3.51)分明显优于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者的无氧阀(AT)(15.74±1.03)mL·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)、二氧化碳通气当量斜率(VE/VCO_2斜率)、峰值氧脉搏(12.34±2.02)mL/bpm及峰值氧摄取量(24.58±4.79)mL·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)指标明显高于对照组(P0.05),且观察组患者的生活质量评分显著高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论心肺康复训练在冠心病治疗中具有显著的应用价值,能够有效改善患者的焦虑抑郁状态,改善心肺功能,有助于提高生活质量,值得临床推广应用。     

不同运动方式训练对慢性肾脏病患者运动功能的影响

目的探究有氧运动和有氧运动联合抗阻训练对慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者肌力、心肺耐力等运动功能的影响。方法 2015年7月至2016年8月,CKD患者60例随机分为对照组(n=20)、有氧运动组(n=20)和有氧联合抗阻训练组(n=20)。有氧运动组以50%峰值摄氧量(VO2peak)踏功率自行车,每次30 min。有氧运动联合抗阻训练组在有氧运动组基础上,进行弹力带抗阻训练。每周3次,共12周。比较三组间训练前后上下肢一次最大重复负荷(1 RM)、心肺运动试验(CPET)、手臂弯曲试验(ACT)、30秒坐站试验(CS-30)和6分钟步行试验(6MWT)的差异,并监测训练前后患者血肌酐(sCr)和肾小球滤过率(e GFR)的变化。结果训练前三组间各指标均无显著性差异(F1.841,P0.05)。训练后,有氧运动组和有氧联合抗阻训练组在各指标方面均改善(t2.162,P0.05),且优于对照组(t2.132,P0.05);有氧联合抗阻训练组在上肢1 RM、下肢1 RM、VO_(2peak)、ACT、CS-30和6MWT方面均优于有氧运动组(t2.081,P0.05)。结论有氧运动可改善CKD患者运动功能,联合抗阻训练效果更好。     

耐力训练结合肌力训练对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者运动耐力及生存质量的影响

目的:研究耐力训练结合肌力训练对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺功能、肌力、运动耐力以及生存质量(QOL)的影响。方法:选择符合入选标准的COPD患者45例,随机分为,耐力训练组、肌力训练组和混合训练组(耐力与肌力训练相结合)各15例。三组均接受常规药物的治疗,在此基础上,分别进行耐力训练、肌力训练和耐力联合肌力训练12周,每周3次。干预前、后分别对3组受试者的肺功能、肌力、心肺运动功能、6min步行距离(6MWD)和QOL进行评估。结果:干预前,3组间各项指标比较差异均无显著性意义(P0.05)。干预12周后,3组的肌力、VO2max、最大功率、力竭时间、6MWD和SGRQ得分较治疗前均有明显提高,组内比较差异均有显著性意义(P0.05);干预12周后组间比较,3组的肌力、6MWD和SGRQ得分差异均有显著性意义(P0.05);组间两两比较显示:肌力训练组和混合训练组的各肌群肌力优于耐力训练组(P0.05),但是肌力训练组和混合训练组除胸大肌的肌力外,其余差异均无显著性意义(P0.05);混合训练组6MWD及SGRQ得分优于耐力训练组和肌力训练组(P0.05)。结论:耐力训练结合肌力训练改善COPD患者的运动耐力和肌力,进而改善患者的QOL,为COPD患者临床治疗制定合理的运动方案提供依据。     

适量抗阻运动对慢性心功能不全患者血清PTH、DA、ALD水平和心功能、运动耐力与生活质量的影响

目的研究适量抗阻运动对慢性心功能不全患者血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、多巴胺(DA)、醛固酮(ALD)水平和心功能、运动耐力与生活质量的影响。方法选取我院2014年4月—2016年4月90例慢性心功能不全患者,根据心脏康复运动方法的不同均分为抗阻运动组与对照组,对照组在常规药物治疗基础上给予步行锻炼辅助治疗,抗阻运动组在常规药物治疗基础上给予适量抗阻运动,均持续12周。比较两组治疗前后PTH、儿茶酚胺、肾素-血管紧张素系统指标水平,并评价两组治疗前后心功能、运动耐力与生活质量改善情况。结果两组治疗后PTH较治疗前显著降低,DA较治疗前显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);治疗后,抗阻运动组PTH显著低于对照组,DA显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。两组治疗后血管紧张素Ⅰ(ANG-Ⅰ)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(ANG-Ⅱ)、ALD水平均较治疗前显著降低(P0.01),且抗阻运动组治疗后ANG-Ⅰ、ANG-Ⅱ、ALD水平均显著低于对照组(P0.01)。两组治疗后左心室收缩末期内径、左心室舒张末期内径较治疗前显著降低,左心室射血分数(LVEF)、心搏出量(CO)较治疗前显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);治疗后,抗阻运动组LVEF、CO显著高于对照组(P0.05)。两组治疗后最大负荷、6 min步行距离较治疗前显著增加,明尼苏达心功能不全生命质量量表(minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire, MLHFQ)评分较治疗前显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);抗阻运动组治疗后最大负荷、6 min步行距离显著大于对照组(P0.05),MLHFQ评分显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结论常规药物治疗基础上辅以适量抗阻运动可以抑制慢性心功能不全患者PTH、ALD分泌,促进DA合成,对心功能、运动耐力与生活质量也具有不同程度改善作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.