腹腔镜术后腹腔灌洗、持续循环式腹膜透析治疗重症急性胰腺炎的临床研究

目的观察腹腔镜术后腹腔灌洗、持续循环式腹膜透析(CCPD)治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的临床效果及安全性。方法将68例SAP患者随机分为治疗组32例与对照组36例,治疗组于腹腔镜下手术,术后灌洗引流与CCPD交替进行,病情稳定后(约需3 d)单一行腹腔灌洗;对照组给予常规治疗。结果治疗组急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)及Balthazar CT积分从第1天即下降明显(P0.05),而对照组在第3天才显著下降,且治疗组各时点积分均较对照组明显降低(P0.05)。治疗组各时相点血浆中促炎细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)及C反应蛋白(CRP)含量与治疗前比较呈明显降低趋势(P0.01),白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量呈明显升高趋势(P0.01),与对照组比较各时点各细胞因子含量差异有统计学意义意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜术后灌洗引流与CCPD治疗SAP具有方法简单、安全、快捷、创伤小、并发症少及无需抗凝等优点,无血液动力学影响,患者有较好的耐受性等特点,是一种治疗SAP的有效方法。     

重症急性胰腺炎合并腹腔间隔室综合征的腹腔内压力监测方法及临床诊治总结

目的:回顾分析25例重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)合并腹腔间隔室综合征(ACS)的临床诊治及腹腔内压力(IAP)监测方法.方法:在SAP常规治疗基础上加以减压治疗(腹腔灌洗25例、常规穿刺引流11例、CT引导下32F Trocar Catheter后腹膜置管闭式引流6例、手术减压引流2例、因并发症行手术治疗8例),分析现有各种IAP监测方法的优缺点.结果:经积极治疗后24例ACS缓解,3例因常规穿刺引流减压不充分ACS持续进展,并发多器官功能衰竭综合征(MODS),占12%(3/25),导致死亡1例,另外2例行开腹减压手术后缓解:6例在CT引导下行32F Trocar Catheter后腹膜置管闭式引流后ACS均缓解.结论:SAP合并ACS诊治的关键是早期诊断,合理有效治疗.诊断关键是监测IAP,测膀胱内压是目前测IAP的金标准.对SAP合并ACS患者进行CT引导下32F Trocar Catheter后腹膜置管闭式引流,可以有效减轻SIRS,降低IAP,避免发展成难于控制的ACS和MODS.在ICU病房应对重症患者,尤其是SAP患者,常规做腹内压的监测,对于确诊ACS的患者更应该长期重症监护.     

早期通便引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎腹腔高压的临床研究

目的:探讨早期通便、引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)腹腔高压(IAH)的临床疗效。方法:选择入住我院诊断为SAP的患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组。对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上采用早期通便引流方法,比较两组患者治疗效果。结果:治疗后,观察组多器官功能不全综合征、腹腔间隔室综合征(ACS)、胰腺感染率和死亡率均明显低于对照组,观察组腹内压降至15 cm H_2O以下的时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、排气排便恢复时间均早于对照组,观察组TNF-α、IL-6、CRP水平及APACHEⅡ评分低于对照组,观察组平均住院天数及平均住院费用少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:早期通便引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎腹腔高压效果显著,可明显降低并发症及死亡率,促进胃肠功能恢复,有效减轻全身炎性反应,改善患者预后。     

重症急性胰腺炎早期并发腹腔室隔综合征

目的重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并发腹腔室隔综合征（ACS）的临床意义仍在探索中,本研究探讨SAP早期并发ACS对预后的影响。方法 对2002年5月至2006年5月首都医科大学附属宣武医院普外ICU收治的74例SAP患者进行回顾性研究。研究对象均符合中华医学会胰腺外科学组SAP的临床诊断标准。通过测量膀胱内压（UBP）间接反映腹腔内压（1AP）。按入ICU时IAP测定值将患者分为两组,IAP≥12mmHg、IAH组（n=44）;IAP〈12mmHg、腹压正常组（n=30）。记录SAP患者全身感染率、胰腺感染率、MODS发生率和死亡率,比较SAP早期（入院1周内）ACS患者预后差异。组内比较采用配对t检验;组间比较采用独立样本t检验。各组相关资料构成比之间比较则采用X^2检验。以P〈0．05为差异具有统计学意义。结果入院存在IAH（1AP≥12mmHg）比率为59．46％,入院时IAH患者与IAP正常患者（1AP〈12mmHg）在急性生理和既往健康状况评分（APACHEⅡ评分）、胰腺炎严重程度评分（Ranson评分）以及全身感染率、胰腺感染率、MODS发生率和死亡率等方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。SAP早期ACS（IAP〉20mmHg）发生率为27．03％,13例早期ACS（1AP〉25mmHg）患者进行了腹腔减压术,腹腔减压术后24h多项与血流动力学、呼吸功能和组织灌注相关的生理学指标显著改善（P〈0．05）,但早期ACS患者在全身感染率、胰腺感染率、MODS发生率和死亡率等方面仍较总体患者预后的相关指标有显著增加（P〈0．05）。结论SAP早期常并发ACS,需密切监测IAP和及时腹腔减压治疗。当IAP接近20mmHg或出现器官功能不全早期表现时应积极进行腹腔减压治疗。     

重症急性胰腺炎合并腹腔间隔室综合征的治疗

腹腔间隔室综合征(ACS)是重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病情严重的标志。它是由腹膜后炎症、内脏水肿、腹水、急性胰周积液、麻痹性肠梗阻和积极液体复苏共同作用的结果。SAP并发ACS的治疗包括保守治疗、微创,还有一些不确定的适当的手术干预。但仍有一些尚未解决的问题包括药物治疗、适应证、时机和介入技术。本文将对SAP并发ACS的治疗进行综述,以期通过及时有效的内科治疗和必要时的介入治疗来预防ACS的发生和发展,从而降低SAP的病死率。     

1例重症急性胰腺炎患者不同部位监测腹腔压结果差异原因分析与护理启示

<正>重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者常伴有腹腔高压(IAH),IAH会产生机体一系列病理生理改变,对呼吸系统、循环系统、肾脏等都会产生损害,甚至会导致腹腔间室综合征(ACS)发生。而对SAP患者及时进行腹腔压(IAP)的监测[1],早发现、早处理IAH,可有效避免因IAH进一步发展对器官功能的损害,有效提高SAP患者的救治成功率,降低死亡率。临床监测腹腔压的方法[2]有直     

腹腔镜下腹腔灌洗术对重症急性胰腺炎的疗效分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜下腹腔灌洗术对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)治疗的疗效.方法 将60例SAP患者按人院先后顺序随机分为腹腔灌洗组和传统治疗组,每组30例.观察两组治疗前后血清TNF-α和IL-8水平的变化,比较两组腹内高压持续时间、住院时间、腹腔感染和血性感染的发生率及死亡率.结果 两组患者治疗后血清TNF-α和IL-8水平均显著下降,且腹腔灌洗组较传统治疗组下降更为明显.腹腔灌洗组腹内高压持续时间和住院时间明显缩短,腹腔感染显著减少,血性感染和死亡率也有所下降.结论 腹腔镜下腹腔灌洗术能够降低SAP患者炎症介质,缓解腹内高压,减少腹腔感染,缩短住院时间,对预后有益.     

重度急性胰腺炎并发腹腔间隙综合征

腹腔间室综合征(ACS)是指各种疾病,特别是腹部病变引起的持续急性腹腔高压(IAH)所产生的一系列临床综合征,极易导致多器官功能衰竭(MODS),病死率高。重度急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发腹腔高压和ACS的发生率分别为61%和56%,病情凶险、复杂,病死率可达40%~60%[1]。因此,ACS不仅是SAP的一种严     

髓过氧化物酶在腹腔灌洗治疗重症急性胰腺炎急性肺损伤中的作用

目的探讨髓过氧化物酶(MPO)在腹腔灌洗治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)急性肺损伤中的作用。方法成年Wistar大鼠60只,随机分为4组:①阴性对照组(C组):开腹后仅翻动胰腺;②SAP组(S组):采用3.5﹪牛磺胆酸钠胰胆管逆行注射制成SAP模型;③腹腔灌洗组(W组):复制SAP模型成功后于胰腺被膜外放置灌洗管,于下腹部留置引流管,0.9%生理盐水行腹腔持续灌洗;④腹腔注射组(E组):取S组大鼠胰腺匀浆及腹水,于正常大鼠腹腔内注射。于造模后3、6和12h分批处死大鼠,采下腔静脉血2ml行淀粉酶测定;取左肺下叶组织行MPO检测;对胰腺及肺组织进行病理评分。结果 S组及E组肺泡间质水肿、出血,并有中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞浸润。在不同时间点,S组、W组和E组血清胰淀粉酶、肺MPO均高于C组(P0.01),W组升高的程度小于S组。结论 SAP相关性腹水可以导致急性肺损伤,肺组织中MPO表达升高,提示其参与了急性肺损伤的发生过程,其原因可能与相关性腹水激活了粒细胞有关。早期腹腔灌洗将SAP相关性腹水进行稀释并引出体外,减少了腹膜巨噬细胞的活化,下调了MPO水平,减轻了肺损伤的程度,具有较好的治疗作用。     

重症胰腺炎并发腹腔高压的影像学研究进展

腹腔高压(intra-abdominal hypertension,IAH)是重症胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)的常见并发症之一,按照腹内压等级和伴/不伴器官功能不全可分为腹腔高压或腹腔间隔室综合征(abdominal compartment syndrome,ACS)。IAH/ACS时引起的病理生理改变可导致多器官功能障碍(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS),是影响SAP病情演进及患者预后的要素。影像学检查是诊断SAP不可或缺的方法,但对其合并IAH/ACS的研究有限。本研究就目前IAH/ACS的发病机制、影像学研究进展及展望进行综述,旨在更准确地评估患者病情及为临床医生制订个体化治疗方案提供更多信息。     

Intestinal fatty acid binding protein as a predictor for intra-abdominal pressure-related complications in patients admitted to the intensive care unit; a prospective cohort study (I-Fabulous study)

PurposeCritically ill patients are at risk for intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and related complications such as organ failure, abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), and death. This study aimed to determine the value of urinary and serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) levels as early marker for IAH-associated complications.MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted in two academic institutional mixed medical-surgical ICUs in the Netherlands. Adult patients admitted to the ICU with two or more risk factors for IAH (198) were included. Urinary and serum I-FABP and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) were measured every six hours during 72 h.ResultsFifteen (8%) patients developed ACS and 74 (37%) developed new organ failure. I-FABP and IAP were positively correlated. Patients who developed ACS had higher median baseline levels of urinary I-FABP (235(P₂₅-P₇₅ 85–1747)μg/g creat) than patients with IAH who did not develop ACS (87(P₂₅-P₇₅ 33–246)μg/g, p = 0.037). With an odds ratio of 1.00, neither urinary nor serum I-FABP indicated increased risk for developing new organ failure or ACS.ConclusionsA relevant diagnostic value of I-FABP levels for identifying individual patients at risk for intra-abdominal pressure related complications could not be demonstrated.     

腹腔内压监测在机械通气患者中的临床意义探讨

目的：探讨腹腔内压（IAP）监测在机械通气患者中的应用和临床意义。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,以膀胱测压法检测重症医学科接受呼吸机治疗的危重住院患者的IAP,对于存在腹腔内高压（IAH）和腹腔间隔室综合症（ACS）患者按照标准流程进行系统管理。并根据其IAP值以及预后分为腹腔高压组（IAH组）、非IAH组、生存组和死亡组,分别比较各组患者平均动脉压（MAP）、IAP、腹腔灌注压（APP）以及血肌酐（Cr）等指标。结果共监测102例患者,其中30例（29.41%）发生IAH,4例（3.92%）发生ACS,死亡14例（13.73%）;IAH组IAP、Cr显著高于非IAH组（IAP：15.12±2.78 mmHg比8.09±2.63 mmHg;Cr：133.48±88.69μmol/L比74.37±35.60μmol/L;P＜0.05）,MAP与APP差异无统计学意义;死亡组APP显著低于生存组（60.76±14.89 mmHg比72.51±15.76 mmHg;P＜0.05）,Cr则显著高于生存组（142.56±78.43μmol/L比85.66±43.72μmol/L;P＜0.05）,MAP、IAP差异无统计学意义。结论对接受机械通气治疗的危重患者常规监测IAP可以早期发现和干预IAH,改善脏器功能以及患者预后,具有重要临床意义。     

早期微创腹腔置管灌洗治疗重症急性胰腺炎的观察及护理

目的观察早期微创腹腔置管灌洗治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）效果及总结护理要点。方法采用微创的方法，在床边对16例SAP患者采用腹腔置管灌洗，同时给予生长抑素、抑酸、抗感染、营养支持等综合治疗，在腹腔灌洗前及灌洗后24h、48h、72h分别测量患者腹水淀粉酶及APACHEⅡ（急性生理和慢性健康评估系统）评分。结果16例患者经过腹腔灌洗后病情均有不同程度的好转，腹水淀粉酶从灌注前的（1957．6±87．8）U／L降至灌注48h后（201．5±19．8）U／L，72h后（161．6±17．9）U/L；APACHEⅡ分值从灌洗前的（12．6±2．68）分降至灌注48h后（5．0±1．2）分，72h后（4．3±1．1）分。结论早期微创腹腔置管灌洗治疗能有效提高SAP的治愈率。治疗过程，护理人员应加强病情观察和腹腔灌洗的护理．其是保证患者早期微创腹腔置管灌洗治疗SAP顺利进行的有效措施。     

急性重症胰腺炎合并腹腔间室综合征临床分析

目的探讨急性重症胰腺炎（SAP）合并腹腔间室综合征（ACS）的诊断及治疗.方法回顾性分析160例SAP合并腹腔高压（IAH）患者的临床资料,从发病原因、腹压增高程度、治疗、预后等方面量化指标结合病理生理特点进行探讨、总结.结果160例SAP合并IAH患者中诊断为ACS17例（17/160,14.16%）.高脂血症性急性胰腺炎13例（13/17,76.5%）.原发型ACS 12例（12/17,70.6%）、迟发型ACS 5例（5/17,29.4%）.迟发型ACS全部行开腹减压手术,无死亡病例;原发型ACS开腹减压手术治疗6例（6/12,50.0%）,死亡5例（5/6,83.3%）,保守治疗6例（6/12,50.0%）,死亡2例（2/6,33.3%）.结论重症胰腺炎合并腹腔间室综合征病情严重,微创腹腔穿刺减压疗效显著,原发性ACS选择开腹减压手术应谨慎,迟发型ACS开腹减压手术效果良好.     

Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. I. Definitions

Objective Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) have been increasingly recognized in the critically ill over the past decade. The variety of definitions proposed has led to confusion and difficulty in comparing one study to another.Design An international consensus group of critical care specialists convened at the second World Congress on Abdominal Compartment Syndrome to standardize definitions for IAH and ACS based upon the current understanding of the pathophysiology surrounding these two syndromes.Methods Prior to the conference the authors developed a blueprint for the various definitions, which was further refined both during and after the conference. The present article serves as the final report of the 2004 International ACS Consensus Definitions Conference and is endorsed by the World Society of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (WSACS).Results IAH is redefined as an intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) at or above 12 mmHg. ACS is redefined as an IAP above 20 mmHg with evidence of organ dysfunction/failure. ACS is further classified as either primary, secondary, or recurrent based upon the duration and cause of the IAH-induced organ failure. Standards for IAP monitoring are set forth to facilitate accuracy of IAP measurements from patient to patient.Conclusions State-of-the-art definitions for IAH and ACS are proposed based upon current medical evidence as well as expert opinion. The WSACS recommends that these definitions be used for future clinical and basic science research. Specific guidelines and recommendations for clinical management of patients with IAH/ACS are published in a separate review.     

What is normal intra-abdominal pressure and how is it affected by positioning, body mass and positive end-expiratory pressure?

Purpose  To describe what is defined as normal intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and how body positioning, body mass index (BMI) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) affect IAP monitoring. Methods  A review of different databases was made (Pubmed, MEDLINE (January 1966–June 2007) and EMBASE.com (January 1966–June 2007)) using the search terms of “IAP”, “intra-abdominal hypertension” (IAH), “abdominal compartment syndrome” (ACS), “body positioning”, “prone positioning”, “PEEP” and “acute respiratory distress syndrome” (ARDS). Prior to 1966, we selected older articles by looking at the reference lists displayed in the more recent papers. Results  This review focuses on the concept that the abdomen truly behaves as a hydraulic system. The definitions of a normal IAP in the general patient population and morbidly obese patients are reviewed. Subsequently, factors that affect the accuracy of IAP monitoring, i.e., body position (head of bed elevation, lateral decubitus and prone position) and PEEP, are explored. Conclusion  The abdomen behaves as a hydraulic system with a normal IAP of about 5–7 mmHg, and with higher baseline levels in morbidly obese patients of about 9–14 mmHg. Measuring IAP via the bladder in the supine position is still the accepted standard method, but in patients in the semi-recumbent position (head of the bed elevated to 30° and 45°), the IAP on average is 4 and 9 mmHg, respectively, higher. Future research should be focused on developing and validating predictive equations to correct for supine IAP towards the semi-recumbent position. Small increases in IAP in stable patients without IAH, turned prone, have no detrimental effects. The role of prone positioning in the unstable patient with or without IAH still needs to be established.     

内镜下手术治疗腕管综合征的应用分析

目的探讨内镜下手术治疗伴有滑膜增生腕管综合征(CTS)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析在该院手术治疗的37例(41腕)伴有腱周滑膜组织增生的CTS患者,术中均在内镜下切断腕横韧带,同时经内镜入口切除指浅屈肌腱周围增生的滑膜。比较患者手术前后临床症状、体征改变,统计术后优良率。结果按Kelly分级,术后整体优良率为95.12%。夜间麻醒症状均消失,Tinel征、Phalen征阳性率降低至2.44%(P0.05),两点辨别觉平均值低至(3.5±0.9)mm(P0.05),无严重并发症。结论对于伴有腕管内滑膜轻度增生的特发性CTS患者,内镜下腕横韧带切开联合滑膜组织切除,是一种新的、可行的、近期疗效显著的治疗方式,值得临床推广。     

内镜下治疗十二指肠占位性病变的安全性、有效性及临床价值研究*

目的评价内镜下治疗十二指肠占位性病变的安全性、有效性及临床价值。方法回顾性分析2012年12月-2016年12月南京医科大学第二附属医院消化内镜中心59例行内镜下治疗的十二指肠占位性病变患者的临床资料。结果 59例患者接受内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)和内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗,男31例,女28例,年龄17~81(58.2±13.3)岁。病变位于十二指肠球部24例(40.68%),降部35例(59.32%)。病灶直径0.2~5.0(1.4±0.9)cm。病变来源于黏膜层39例(66.10%),包括炎性或增生性息肉18例,绒毛状-管状腺瘤6例,高级别上皮内瘤变5例及其他。来源于黏膜下层的病变者20例(33.90%),包括布氏腺瘤4例,异位胰腺5例,脂肪瘤4例,间质瘤4例,神经内分泌瘤2例,平滑肌瘤1例。术中穿孔5例,术后迟发性出血4例,经术中修补及术后止血治疗,无再发穿孔及出血。2例患者追加外科手术治疗。59例患者均接受了3~30个月的术后随访,随访期间无1例复发。结论内镜下治疗十二指肠占位性病变具有可靠的临床疗效,术后并发症发生率低,患者术后恢复好。该技术安全、有效,值得推广应用。     

Prophylactic open abdomen in patients with postoperative intra-abdominal hypertension

Postoperative intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is a frequent occurrence in critically ill patients operated on for severe abdominal trauma, secondary peritonitis or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. IAH may progress to abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) with new-onset organ dysfunction. Early recognition of IAH and interventions that prevent the development of ACS may preserve vital organ functions and increase the probability of survival. The best method to prevent postoperative ACS is to leave the abdomen open during the operation. The decision to leave the abdomen open is usually based on the surgeon's judgment without intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) measurements during the operation. Because significant morbidity and mortality are associated with the open abdomen, the measurement of IAP immediately after the fascial closure, when feasible, could offer an objective method for determining the optimal IAP threshold for leaving the abdomen open. The management of the open abdomen requires a temporary abdominal closure (TAC) system that would ideally prevent the development of ACS and facilitate later primary fascia closure. Among several TAC systems, the most promising are those that provide negative pressure to the wound or continuous fascial traction or both.