阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆的定量脑电图研究

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)的定量脑电图(QEEG)特征及其与AD、VD患者认知功能的相关性。方法对50例AD患者、50例VD患者及50例健康老年人行脑电图(EEG)功率谱分析。功率谱按频率分为δ波(0.5~3.9Hz)、θ波(4.0~7.9Hz)、α波(8.0~13.9Hz)、β波(14.0~30.0Hz),以(δ+θ)/(α+β)值作为观察评估指标进行比较。对3组EEG异常程度、全脑及FP1、FP2、F3、F4、C3、C4、P3、P4、O1、O2、F7、F8、T3、T4、T5、T6的(δ+θ)/(α+β)值进行比较,并分析其与简明智力状态检查量表(MMSE)评分的相关性。结果AD组中、重度异常EEG发生率明显高于VD组(χ~2=4.11,P0.05)。AD组全脑及FP1、FP2、F3、F4、C3、C4、P3、P4、O1、O2、F7、F8、T3、T4、T5、T6的(δ+θ)/(α+β)值高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。VD组全脑、FP1、FP2、F4、C3、C4、P4、O1、O2、F7、F8、T3、T4、T5的(δ+θ)/(α+β)值高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。AD组与VD组各区域(δ+θ)/(α+β)值比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。VD组FP1、F3、C3、F7、T3、T5及全脑左侧的(δ+θ)/(α+β)值均高于右侧对称区域,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。AD组仅全脑左侧的(δ+θ)/(α+β)值与右侧比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对照组全脑左右侧及各区域左右对称部位的(δ+θ)/(α+β)值比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。AD组、VD组的MMSE评分与各区域(δ+θ)/(α+β)值均呈负相关(P0.05)。结论 QEEG是一种客观、量化的脑功能检测方法,对AD、VD的诊断、鉴别诊断及认知功能评估有重要价值。     

不同强度低频重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中后非流畅性失语的疗效

目的探讨不同强度低频(1 Hz)重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)刺激右侧大脑半球Broca区镜像区对脑卒中后非流畅性失语患者语言功能恢复的影响。方法 40例脑卒中后非流畅性失语患者等分为低强度组和高强度组,低强度组r TMS治疗每天1次,高强度组每天2次,均每次10 min,共10 d。治疗前后及治疗结束2个月后应用西方失语症成套测验(WAB)进行评估。结果治疗后,高强度组自发言语、听理解、复述、命名、失语商(AQ)明显优于低强度组(P0.01);治疗结束2个月后,高强度组自发言语、复述、AQ优于低强度组(P0.05)。结论高强度低频r TMS刺激右侧大脑半球促进脑卒中后非流畅性失语患者语言功能恢复效果更明显,治疗效果可长期维持。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激右侧颞上回后部对脑卒中完全性失语患者言语功能的影响

目的:初步探讨低频重复经颅磁刺激右侧颞上回后部对脑卒中后完全性失语症患者言语功能的影响。方法:将12例受试对象按照随机数字表法分为r TMS组和假刺激组。rTMS组采用低频rTMS刺激右侧颞上回后部,每周5次,每次20min,共治疗3周。假刺激组采用假刺激治疗。分别于治疗前、治疗后3d内、治疗后3个月、6个月对两组患者采用西方失语症失语评定量表(WAB)进行言语功能评估。结果:与假刺激组相比,rTMS组各时间点WAB总分(F=5.023,P=0.030)和听理解分值(F=8.158,P=0.002)的上升幅度差异具有显著性意义。两组患者rTMS治疗后3d、治疗后6个月与治疗前的WAB-AQ总分(t=2.489,P=0.042;t=2.788,P=0.020)、听理解(t=3.800,P=0.003;t=3.532,P=0.005)的差值比较,差异具有显著性意义。结论:低频rTMS刺激右侧颞上回后部能改善亚急性期脑卒中后完全性失语症患者的言语功能,特别是听理解能力改善较明显。     

重复经颅磁刺激联合言语康复训练治疗脑梗死后失语症的临床研究

目的观察重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)联合言语康复训练治疗脑梗死后失语症的临床疗效。方法选取120例脑梗死后失语症患者作为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为言语训练组、假刺激组和联合组,每组40例。言语训练组采用常规言语康复训练,假刺激组采用言语康复训练联合r TMS假刺激,联合组采用言语康复训练联合低频r TMS康复治疗,3组均持续治疗观察4周。治疗前和治疗4周后采用汉语失语成套检查(ABC)评估3组患者的康复疗效,采用西方失语症成套测验(WAB)计算失语指数(AQ)评分,同时对中枢激活脑区进行功能性磁共振(f MRI)检查,比较选定感兴趣区(ROI)的激活情况。结果联合组的康复总有效率为82.50%,高于言语训练组、假刺激组的57.50%、62.50%,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);治疗后,联合组AQ评分高于言语训练组、假刺激组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05); f MRI检查显示,治疗后,联合组大脑皮质感觉运动区(SM1)、枕叶、颞叶和基底核区的激活率均高于言语训练组、假刺激组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 r TMS联合言语康复训练能充分激活脑梗死后失语症患者大脑语言功能区,减轻失语症严重程度,促进言语功能恢复。     

规范化三级康复治疗对脑卒中后Broca失语患者言语能力的影响

目的:探索规范化三级康复治疗对脑卒中后Broca失语患者言语能力的影响。方法:把70例脑卒中后Broca失语患者随机分为连续康复组和对照组,连续康复组给予规范的三级康复治疗,对照组未给予规范的三级康复治疗,但两组的常规内科治疗和早期的言语康复治疗均相同。分别于入组时(V1)、入组后第2个月末(V2)和第5个月末(V3)采用西方失语症成套测验进行评定。结果:入组后5个月末连续康复组失语商的升高幅度显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:规范化三级康复治疗可改善脑卒中后Broca失语患者的言语能力。     

低频和高频重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中后非流畅性失语的影响

目的 观察低频和高频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)刺激右侧大脑半球Broca区镜像区对脑卒中后非流畅性失语患者语言功能恢复的效果。方法 2019年1月至2022年8月,北京博爱医院住院治疗的脑卒中后非流畅性失语症患者80例,随机分为对照组(n=20)、假刺激组(n=20)、低频组(n=20)和高频组(n=20)。所有患者均接受常规语言训练,在此基础上,后两组分别采用1 Hz和10 Hz rTMS刺激右侧大脑半球Broca区镜像区,假手术组接受假刺激,每天1次,每周5 d,共2周。治疗前、治疗结束时和治疗结束2个月后,分别采用中文版西方失语症成套检验(WAB)进行语言评估。结果 治疗前,4组WAB各项评分比较无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。治疗结束时和治疗结束2个月,4组WAB测试各项评分均改善(P <0.05)。与治疗结束时比较,治疗结束2个月低频组自发言语、听理解、复述、命名和失语商(AQ)均改善(P <0.05),高频组复述、命名和AQ改善(P <0.05)。治疗结束时,低频组自发言语、听理解、AQ评分高于高频组(P <0.05)。治疗结束2个月,低频组自...     

脑电功率谱分析在波尔山羊爆炸性颅脑冲击伤评估中的应用

目的探讨脑电功率谱分析在波尔山羊爆炸性颅脑冲击伤评估中的应用。 方法试验动物为波尔山羊,共15只。采用没有破片的TNT炸药来致伤试验波尔山羊,根据试验波尔山羊脑组织病理结果将试验动物分为3组,每组5只。对照组：未致伤的健康波尔山羊;有损伤组：致伤且病理显示有脑损伤的试验波尔山羊;无损伤组：致伤且病理显示无脑损伤的试验波尔山羊。记录试验动物伤前和伤后3h的脑电图,并对比1～30 Hz频段的脑电功率谱变化。计算δ、θ、α、β四个频率的功率值和(δ＋θ)/(α＋β)值。 结果损伤组试验波尔山羊的脑电功率谱在3 Hz、4 Hz、5 Hz、6 Hz四个频率的功率值分别为(6.55±2.82)μV、(4.71±0.93)μV、(3.47±0.76)μV和(2.82±0.54)μV,对照组四个频率的功率值分别为(3.20±0.58)μV、(3.16±0.40)μV、(2.61±0.34)μV和(2.15±0.10)μV,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P值分别为0.031,0.009,0.049和0.026)。对照组的δ频段功率值为(3.20±0.99)μV,θ频段功率值为(2.27±0.64)μV,(δ＋θ)/(α＋β)值为(1.35±0.46)μV;损伤组的δ频段功率值为(9.81±1.06)μV,θ频段功率值为(4.97±1.41)μV,(δ＋θ)/(α＋β)值为(3.19±0.74)μV,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P值分别为0.045,0.048和0.024)。无损伤组δ频段功率值为(3.01±0.93)μV,θ频段功率值为(2.31±0.80)μV,(δ＋θ)/(α＋β)值为(1.47±0.32)μV,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P值分别为0.794,0.940和0.566)。 结论脑电功率谱分析可以作为现场试验脑损伤评估的一种灵活方便准确的方法。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激对脑梗死后言语失用合并Broca失语的应用效果

目的探讨低频重复经颅磁刺激对脑梗死后言语失用合并Broca失语中的应用效果。方法选取2012年4月至2014年8月脑梗死后言语失用合并Broca失语患者30例,依据治疗方案分为磁刺激组与常规组,每组15例。常规组采用常规药物与言语康复治疗,磁刺激组在常规药物与言语康复治疗基础上给予低频重复经颅磁刺激,比较两组患者言语失用症状改善程度。结果治疗后,磁刺激组言语失用得分(9.26±0.62)分,高于常规组的(6.55±0.81)分,差异有统计学意义(χ2=23.67,P0.05)。结论低频重复经颅磁刺激可明显改善脑梗死后言语失用症状,安全性高,可临床推广应用。     

低频rTMS对急性脑梗死后运动性失语的疗效观察

目的:观察低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对急性脑梗死后运动性失语的临床治疗效果。方法:将116例急性脑梗死后运动性失语患者随机分为对照组和rTMS组各58例,对照组实施常规药物治疗及语言训练,rTMS组在此基础上采用低频rTMS和语言训练同步交叉的方法来进行康复。采用西方失语症成套测验(WAB)评价失语指数(AQ)及理解、复述、命名、自发言语等成分的得分情况。采用北京医科大学第一医院的汉语失语成套测验语言功能评分百分率提高程度和语言交流障碍好转程度进行疗效评定。结果:治疗30d后,2组AQ评分及理解、复述、命名、自发言语4项评分均高于治疗前(P0.05),且rTMS组提高幅度更高于对照组(P0.05);rTMS组的总有效率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:早期低频rTMS治疗对急性脑梗死后运动性失语患者具有较好的疗效。     

LINC联合Schuell刺激疗法治疗脑梗死后运动性失语症的疗效观察

目的:探讨低强度激光鼻腔内照射(LINC)联合Schuell刺激疗法对脑梗死运动性失语的疗效。方法:将脑梗死后运动性失语患者50例随机分为2组,单一组24例,采用Schuell刺激疗法进行言语训练;联合组26例,在Schuell刺激疗法的基础上,加用LINC治疗。2组训练前后采用西方失语成套测验(WAB)评价患者语言功能,失语商(AQ)评分评定失语程度。结果:治疗30d后,2组WAB评分中患者自发言语、复述、命名等评分及AQ指数均较治疗前明显提高(P0.05),且联合组优于单一组(P0.05);口语理解能力评分2组治疗前后及组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论:LINC联合Schuell刺激疗法对脑梗死运动性失语症患者的言语功能恢复有积极作用,对自发言语、复述、命名等言语症状有明显治疗优势。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.