腹股沟多形性平滑肌肉瘤1例

<正>1病例介绍患者男,49岁,因"发现左侧腹股沟条索样肿物伴疼痛1周"于2012年1月30日入院。无外伤史,无发热寒战。当地医院超声检查示:左腹股沟囊实性包块,约3.3 cm×2.8 cm,内可见液性暗区,距体表0.9 cm,考虑脓肿。予以穿刺抽出血性液10 m L后肿     

儿童颈部支气管源性囊肿超声表现1例

正患儿女,5个月,因"发现胸骨上窝肿物渐增大5个月"入院。体格检查:胸骨上窝皮肤颜色及温度正常,可触及约2.0 cm×2.0 cm×1.5 cm肿物,质软,无压痛,界限清。超声检查:颈前皮下软组织内探及23.3 mm×15.5 mm×21.5 mm类圆形囊性包块,边界清,有包膜,其内透声差,可见细腻点状回声浮动,后方见增强效应,前方见细条状低回声与皮肤相通(图1A);CDFI未见血流信号(图1B);超声诊断:颈部囊性肿物。行胸骨上窝肿物切     

臀部毛鞘癌病例1例

正1病例患者男,74岁,工人。因"臀部肿块两年余"于2014年2月25日来我院治疗。入院时查体:臀部右侧可见一大小6cm×3cm肿物,已破溃,触诊有明显波动感,边界清楚,肿物底部可触及一大小3cm×2cm质软肿块,无发热及疼痛。全身淋巴结无肿大。右侧大腿可见皮脂腺囊肿。彩超检查报道诊断"右侧臀部皮下囊实性肿物,实性部分血管丰富"。于2014年2月28日在腰麻下行"臀部肿物切除     

附睾淋巴管瘤并广泛浸润1例报告

患者,42岁.因左阴囊内渐进性包块增大伴左下腹坠胀感于1995年8月30日入院.体检:左阴囊内可扪及8.0cm×6.0cm×5.5cm大小包块,质地韧,与睾丸分界不清,包块透光试验阴性.左精索增粗至左腹股沟处.B超在左阴囊外上方探及7.0cm×7.4cm×5.4cm大小囊实混合团块回声,其内可见个规则较强回声斑条,该团块与左腹股沟呈一不规则中低混合回声团块.考虑为左睾丸肿瘤并转移.于同年9月3日在硬膜外麻醉下行左睾丸肿瘤根治性手木.术中探查左睾丸正常,但左附睾明显增大,其直径约7.0cm大小,呈囊实样改变,并与增粗的精索相连.同时,左髂窝内亦触及10.0cm×6.5cm×5.5cm大小包块,其活动度差,并向腹腔内、腹膜后广泛浸润.腹膜大部及整个大网膜内可见许多大小不等、表面光滑的葡萄状肿物.行左睾丸、附睾、左精索、左髂窝肿块、部分腹膜及大部大网膜切除.住     

囊性血管平滑肌脂肪瘤一例

<正>病例患者,女,51岁,腹胀伴消瘦两个月入院。体检无明显异常,无结节性硬化病史。肝功能正常。HBs Ag(+),HBe Ab(+),HBc Ab(+),Anti-HCV(-)。腹部B超提示:肝右叶可见一囊实性包块,大小约8 cm×10 cm;增强CT扫描提示:肝右叶可见一囊实性肿块,囊性部分大小约8.4 cm×6.0 cm×4.9 cm,增强扫描未见强化,实性部分边界欠清晰,大     

双肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤一侧恶变并多发转移一例报告

患者,女,29岁,因无意中发现左下腹部包块3 d于2004年6月13日入院.查体:左腹部可触及大小约20 cm×20 cm的实性肿物,固定,伴深触痛.B超示双肾实性占位,其中左肾2个肿块,大小分别为26 cm×21 cm,4 cm×3 cm,右肾肿块约3 cm ×3 cm.     

小儿左胸壁巨大囊性淋巴管瘤一例

患者 男,2岁2个月.发现左腋下一包块26个月,并进行性增大2个月入院.查体:见左外侧胸壁左腋下可见隆起,表面无破溃,周围皮肤无红肿,局部浅表静脉充盈明显,可触及约10 cm×8 cm×8 cm大小的包块,质软,活动度尚可,与左肩关节及周围组织分界不甚清楚,表面欠光滑,无触压痛,左上肢功能正常.实验室检查:各项指标正常.超声波检查提示:左腋窝皮下见一无回声区,范围约7.8 cm×9.2 cm,边界不规则,侧方边界模糊不清,内呈多个不规则囊状回声,最大约2.6 cm×2.5 cm,囊状回声透声尚可,囊壁无血流信号,左腋下囊实混合性占位.     

女性苗勒管源性囊肿1例

患者女,27岁。因发现左上腹部肿物20天入院。体检:左上腹稍膨起,可触及10cm×8cm之囊性肿块。肿物边缘清楚,表面光滑,无压痛,移动度小。静脉肾盂造影:左侧肾盂及大小肾盏显影不佳。B型超声波检查:左肾外可见-13cm×10.5cm之光滑完整囊性包块,边界清晰,透声良好。提示为左肾周囊肿。行手术治疗。术中     

腹腔镜下腹膜后巨大节细胞神经纤维瘤切除1例报告

正患者男,83岁,因发现腹腔肿物1年于2015年6月8日以"腹膜后肿物"入院,腹部查体:左上腹可触及约10 cm大的包块,质韧,边界欠清,活动度差,轻度触痛,无反跳痛,肾区无扣痛。实验室检查未见明显异常。腹部超声:左上腹腔可见范围约10.9 cm×8.6 cm×12.1 cm不均质低回声包块,边界清晰规则,包膜完整,内可见明显不规则液化灶,实质内可见少量血流信号。术前CT检查:左上腹部肿块影呈静脉期强化,其内可见条状高密度强化影,边缘清楚,约10.7 cm×9.1 cm×10.3 cm大,     

臀部复发性巨大脂肪瘤1例

患者,女,64岁,14年前曾因右臀部皮下巨大肿物在当地医院行肿物摘除术,诊断为脂肪瘤.术后3个月,再次发现右臀部皮下出现包块,进行性增大,但因局部无明显疼痛,活动不受限,未到大医院进一步诊治.近半年开始感觉右臀部胀痛,站立时有下坠感,影响坐姿.于2004年5月到本院骨科住院治疗.入院查体:右臀部可见约42cm×34cm的隆起.表面皮肤无红肿及浅静脉怒张,皮温正常,活动度差.质软,无压痛,于包块正中偏外侧可见长约20cm的纵行手术瘢痕.右下肢运动感觉正常(图1).实验室检查:AKP、ESR、血钙、血沉正常.骨盆X线平片无骨性异常.CT及B超示右臀部实质性包块.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.