脑卒中患者不同强度随意运动时的sEMG反应特点

目的：观察不同强度静态及动态运动负荷对脑卒中患者四肢肌肉sEMG信号变化的影响,研究脑卒中患者四肢肌肉活动的表面肌电信号特征与其神经运动控制的关系。方法：24例脑卒中患者参加本项研究,采用患、健侧自身对照实验方法设计,采用上肢屈肘和下肢伸膝静态运动,以及肘关节和膝关节动态屈伸运动负荷试验,采集主动肌和拮抗肌的表面肌电信号,分析信号振幅和拮抗比值等sEMG信号活动特征。结果：最大用力收缩时,上、下肢患侧主动肌AEMG小于健侧,而拮抗比大于健侧;小强度静态运动负荷过程中,患侧上肢主动肌的AEMG略高于患侧,拮抗比明显大于健侧。患侧下肢股外侧肌（VL）、股直肌（RF）和股内侧肌（VM）的平均AEMG、?T标准化值大于健侧,拮抗比小于健侧;小强度动态运动负荷过程中,上肢患侧主动肌AEMG明显高于健侧。下肢患侧VL、RF和VM的AEMG均值具有增大趋势,但无明显差异。而患侧拮抗比明显小于健侧。结论：脑卒中患者由于高位神经元和运动控制功能受损,导致其患侧在最大随意收缩时运动单位募集能力下降,而在轻负荷运动时运动单位募集过度。     

膝部损伤后膝关节功能障碍患者股四头肌的表面肌电信号研究

目的 探讨膝部损伤后膝关节功能障碍对股四头肌功能的影响.方法 对23例单侧膝部损伤后膝关节功能障碍患者,膝屈曲30°,记录最大伸展等长收缩(MIVC)时的力矩,股外侧肌、股内侧肌和股直肌的表面肌电信号.结果 在患侧膝屈曲30°膝最大伸展MIVC时的力矩,股外侧肌、股内侧肌和股直肌的平均肌电值(AEMG)、平均功率频率(MPF)、中位频率(MF)均低于健侧(P＜0.01);健侧股外侧肌的AEMG、MPF大于股内侧肌、股直肌(P＜0.01或P＜0.05), 股直肌大于股内侧肌(P＜0.05);患侧股直肌的AEMG、MPF大于股外侧肌、股内侧肌(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);股外侧肌大于股内侧肌(P＜0.05).结论 sEMG能够定量评价膝部损伤后膝关节功能障碍患者的肌肉功能.膝关节功能障碍患者患肢肌力及股四头肌受累肌肉活动水平显著降低,股直肌可能受影响程度较轻.     

脑卒中患者桥式运动下竖脊肌与多裂肌表面肌电图信号特征研究

目的:观察脑卒中患者桥式运动下竖脊肌与多裂肌表面肌电(s EMG)信号变化特征,为桥式运动的临床应用提供电生理理论基础。方法:选取20例健康同龄成年人(正常组)与20例脑卒中偏瘫患者(患者组),对两组受试者行桥式运动时的竖脊肌与多裂肌s EMG信号参数进行比较分析。结果:1正常组双侧竖脊肌、多裂肌配对比较,时域指标平均肌电值(AEMG)、频域指标中位频率值(MF)均无显著性差异(P0.05);患者组竖脊肌患侧AEMG值大于健侧、患侧MF值均小于健侧,差异有显著性意义(P0.05);患者组双侧多裂肌AEMG值、MF值组内配对比较,差异无显著性意义。2两组受试者同侧竖脊肌与多裂肌AEMG值的比值差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:桥式运动可作为脑卒中患者躯干肌训练的一种方法,但须注意训练时双侧竖脊肌的均衡性。     

脑卒中患者四肢肌肉的表面肌电信号特征研究

目的：观察不同强度静态运动负荷对脑卒中患者四肢肌肉sEMG信号变化的影响，探讨脑卒中患者四肢肌肉活动的表面肌电信号特征。方法：15例脑卒中患者和15例正常人对照组参加本实验研究，利用静态运动负荷诱发上肢肘关节屈肌和下肢膝关节伸肌收缩，采用表面电极引导和记录肌电信号并进行线性时、频分析。结果：脑卒中患者患侧下肢股四头肌和上肢三角肌前部的AEMG和MPF均值明显小于健侧，运动负荷对各组观察肌肉MPF时间序列曲线斜率变化均无明显实验效应。结论：静态运动负荷条件下脑卒中患者患侧肌肉sEMG信号活动的振幅降低，频率下降。     

脑卒中患者下肢肌在被动、助力和抗阻等动态运动负荷下表面肌电信号特征研究

目的 观察在被动、助力和主动抗阻等动态运动负荷下脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢肌肉表面肌电信号的特征.方法 对24例脑卒中患者(偏瘫组)和17例正常对照组在被动、助力和主动抗阻等动态运动负荷下诱发双侧下肢屈伸髋及膝关节,记录肌电信号并进行线性时、频分析.结果 偏瘫组中位频率(MF)、平均功率频率(MPF)均值明显减小,平均肌电值(AEMG)均值显著增大(P<0.001);活动侧的MF、MPF显著小于非活动侧(P<0.001),MF、MPF均值助力＞被动＞抗阻活动(P<0.05),AEMG均值抗阻＞助力＞被动活动,MF、MPF均值协同肌增大,AEMG均值拮抗肌及拮抗协同肌＞主动肌及主动协同肌(P<0.01);健侧活动侧MF、MPF均值明显增高,患侧活动侧和健侧非活动侧明显下降;活动侧MF、MPF均值股外侧肌(VL)最大而非活动侧股内侧肌(VM)最大,活动侧、非活动侧AEMG均值股二头肌(BF)最大;偏瘫组双下肢四组肌肉MF、MPF均值减小,患侧以股直肌(RF)最小,健侧以BF最小(P<0.01),双下肢的AEMG均值明显增大,尤以BF增高最明显,特别是健侧下肢;四组肌肉AEMG均值随着运动负荷的增加逐渐增大,其中BF始终是最大,而VM随着运动负荷的增加增大最明显.结论 脑卒中偏瘫患者MF、MPF均值明显减小,而AEMG均值增大;活动侧的MF、MPF小于非活动侧,其中健侧活动侧明显增高,而患侧活动侧和健侧非活动侧明显下降;MF、MPF均值助力＞被动＞抗阻活动;AEMG均值抗阻＞助力＞被动活动,MF、MPF均值协同肌增大,AEMG均值拮抗肌及拮抗协同肌＞主动肌及主动协同肌.     

脑卒中患者膝关节拮抗肌协同收缩率的变化规律

目的观察在被动、主动-助力和抗阻等动态运动负荷下对脑卒中患者膝关节拮抗肌群协同收缩率变化的特征。方法24例脑卒中患者作为偏瘫组和17名正常人作为正常组参加本实验研究,利用动态运动负荷诱发双侧下肢膝关节屈伸运动,采用表面电极引导和记录肌电信号并进行线性时、频分析,然后计算协同收缩率并进行单因素及多因素方差分析。结果偏瘫组下肢的中位频率（MF）、平均功率频率（MPF）协同收缩率患侧明显增大而健侧明显下降,平均肌电值（AEMG）协同收缩率患侧明显下降而健侧明显增大（P〈0.01）;MF和AEMG协同收缩率活动侧明显小于非活动侧（P〈0.05）;MPF协同收缩率被动活动明显减少,AE-MG协同收缩率随运动负荷增大而减少（P〈0.001）。结论偏瘫患者患侧拮抗肌群运动单位肌电募集过度,兴奋的同步化程度降低,肌力下降,而健侧拮抗肌群运动单位肌电募集和运动单位兴奋的同步化过度,肌力增加。     

脑卒中患者坐位及站立位胫骨前肌和腓肠肌表面肌电图信号特征研究

目的分析脑卒中患者坐位及站立位胫骨前肌和腓肠肌表面肌电图(sEMG)信号特征。方法选取15例脑卒中患者和15例正常人作为实验组和对照组,令受试者连续做5次由坐到站,采用表面电极引导和记录两侧胫骨前肌和腓肠肌肌电信号并进行线性时、频分析。结果脑卒中患者坐位患侧与健侧、健侧与正常人对应健侧胫骨前肌的平均功率频率(MPF)和中位频率(MF)差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);脑卒中患者健侧与正常人对应健侧腓肠肌均方根差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);脑卒中患者站立位患侧与健侧、健侧与正常人对应健侧胫骨前肌均方根和积分肌电(iEMG)差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01);脑卒中患者健侧与患侧、患侧与正常人对应患侧腓肠肌均方根和iEMG差异有显著性意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论sEMG是一种简单、实用、可行的康复评定方法。     

悬吊训练治疗脑卒中患者平衡功能障碍的临床研究

目的: 观察悬吊训练（SET）对脑卒中患者平衡功能恢复的影响。方法: 脑卒中平衡功能障碍患者40例,随机分为对照组和观察组各20例,2组均接受常规康复训练,在此基础上,观察组加以悬吊训练。治疗前和治疗4周后采用Berg平衡量表（BBS）、Barthel指数（BI）以及采集竖脊肌表面肌电平均肌电值（AEMG）和中位频率值（MF）对2组患者进行评定。结果: 治疗4周后,2组BBS、BI评分均明显高于治疗前（均P<0.01）,且观察组以上评分均明显高于对照组（均P<0.05）。治疗前,2组患者AEMG、MF值组内比较健侧均明显高于患侧（均P<0.05）;治疗４周后,2组患者健患侧竖脊肌AEMG、MF值均较治疗前明显提高（均P<0.05）,观察组健患侧AEMG、MF值均较对照组明显提高（均P<0.05）,但观察组健患侧AEMG、MF值之间无统计学差异。结论: SET能够改善脑卒中患者的竖脊肌AEMG、MF值及BBS和BI评分,提高脑卒中患者躯干肌肉运动功能,从而提高平衡功能以及日常生活活动能力,值得在临床推广应用。     

脑卒中患者的平衡功能和躯干屈伸肌群表面肌电特征

目的研究脑卒中患者在平衡仪上进行平衡测试时,竖脊肌、腹直肌肌电信号变化的特征,并观察其平衡功能。方法 2015年4月至2016年12月,脑卒中患者17例(试验组)和健康受试者13例(对照组)在平衡仪上坐位进行三种运动:睁眼/闭眼、平衡仪前后摆动10°、最大范围前后屈伸躯干。利用表面肌电记录运动时双侧竖脊肌和腹直肌肌电信号的均方根(RMS),记录受试者睁眼/闭眼坐位时质心摆动长度、质心摆动面积、X轴压力中心和Y轴压力中心。结果试验组在闭眼/睁眼坐位、最大范围前后屈伸运动时,竖脊肌RMS健侧与患侧间有显著性差异(t2.173,P0.05)。与对照组比较,试验组睁眼/闭眼坐位下健侧竖脊肌和腹直肌RMS增加(t2.175,P0.05),质心摆动长度及面积均增加(t2.760,P0.05)。结论脑卒中患者竖脊肌易出现两侧肌力不平衡,从而影响患者的平衡功能,康复训练时要加以重视。     

肩胛舌骨肌综合征的超声诊断价值

目的探讨高频超声对肩胛舌骨肌综合征的诊断价值。方法对9例主诉吞咽时颈部出现包块的患者行高频超声检查,观察有无颈部肿块,未发现肿块时,测量平静状态及吞咽时肩胛舌骨肌厚度有无变化,并观察吞咽时其前方胸锁乳突肌是否有向前被动抬起的征象。结果 9例患者声像图均表现为患侧肩胛舌骨肌较健侧增厚,吞咽时增厚明显。与健侧相比,在平静状态及吞咽时患侧肩胛舌骨肌上腹、中间腱的厚度大于健侧,其差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。9例患者超声均诊断为肩胛舌骨肌综合征。结论高频超声可成为肩胛舌骨肌综合征诊断的首选检查方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。