北京市某高校大学生性行为及艾滋病相关知识态度的调查分析

目的了解北京市大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度和性行为现状,并对其性行为的可能影响因素进行分析,为高校更科学且有针对性地开展相关的健康教育提供参考。方法选择北京市1所综合大学,于2016年5—6月采用匿名自填式问卷收集研究对象一般社会学人口特征、艾滋病相关知识和性行为相关信息;并对其性行为的可能影响因素采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 1230名大学生中,男生719人,占58.46%,女生511人,占41.54%。艾滋病知识的知晓率为72.36%。有32.20%的研究对象报告发生过性行为,第一次性行为的平均年龄是17.85岁。第一次性行为安全套使用率为73.23%,过去1年性行为每次都使用安全套的比例为35.96%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明:男性(OR=0.367,95%CI:0.253~0.533),高年级(OR=2.240,95%CI:1.242~4.041),艺术类专业(OR=1.879,95%CI:1.238~2.852),每月可支配生活费用越高(OR=1.753,95%CI:1.287~2.387),恋爱经历越多(OR=4.475,95%CI:3.256~6.151),对在校期间性行为态度越认同(OR=15.181,95%CI:5.966~29.121)者更容易发生性行为。结论大学生群体性行为发生率高,又缺乏性病艾滋病相关知识。学校需引导学生树立正确恋爱观,在校园性行为不可避免的情况下,推广安全套使用,提倡安全性行为。     

深圳流动人口商业性行为及影响因素分析

目的了解广东省深圳市流动人口商业性行为现状及相关影响因素,为有效实施干预措施提供依据。方法采用流行病学横断面调查,于2006年10月-2007年3月在深圳市盐田、罗湖、福田3区选取1 014名流动人口进行问卷调查。结果 1 014名对象中,817人有性行为,曾有商业性行为者占4.65%(38/817),其中男性占7.94%(27/340),女性占2.31%(11/477);Logistic回归显示,女性发生商业性行为的比例低于男性(OR=0.28,95%CI=0.13～0.63),首次性行为对象是非配偶者的发生商业性行为比例稍高(OR=2.26,95%CI=0.91～5.65),但差异无统计学意义。结论男性、首次性行为对象为非配偶的流动人口商业性行为发生率较高,应加强对流动人口的安全性行为、正确婚育观念的宣教,倡导健康的婚姻生活。     

基于logistic回归分析的医学生性行为影响因素研究

目的了解医学生性行为现状以及主要影响因素,为开展大学生性健康教育提供依据。方法采用滚雪球抽样方法,对辽宁省沈阳市某医学院校大学生进行手机问卷调查,回收问卷750份,其中有效问卷698份,问卷有效率为93.1%。结果医学院学生性行为发生率为12.6%。男生性行为发生率(17.6%)显著高于女生性行为发生率(10.0%)。logistic回归分析结果表明性别(OR=1.991,95%CI:1.225～3.236)、平均月花费(OR=1.563,95%CI:1.092～2.237)、偶尔或经常饮酒(OR=1.813,95%CI:1.123～2.926)、认为男女比例会影响性取向(OR=1.687,95%CI:1.054～2.701)是性行为发生的危险因素。结论在医学生中开展性健康教育,引导学生减少由于性别比例分布不均而导致的性行为的发生。通过普及性知识、树立正确性意识和性观念、合理消费、控制饮酒等角度引导大学生树立安全性行为观念。     

西昌市暗娼无保护商业性行为及其影响因素分析

目的了解西昌市暗娼无保护商业性行为的发生情况及其影响因素。方法从社区中招募暗娼并进行一对一问卷调查,调查其社会人口学、行为学及安全套使用情况。数据采用SAS 9.2做统计学处理,采用χ2检验进行单因素分析,运用logistic回归分析确定影响无保护商业性行为的因素。结果在被调查的404名暗娼中,近1个月与嫖客发生过无保护性行为的比例为9.41%(38/404),多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年收入(OR=2.2,95%CI=1.1~4.7)、首次性行为年龄(OR=2.6,95%CI=1.2~5.9)是暗娼发生无保护商业性行为的影响因素。结论西昌市社区暗娼发生无保护商业性行为的比例较高,应针对其影响因素采取更有效的干预措施以控制性传播疾病经此桥梁人群传播。     

泸州市未婚女性婚前性行为态度及影响因素

目的探讨四川省泸州市未婚女性婚前性行为态度及影响因素,为开展性生殖健康教育提供依据。方法采取多阶段随机抽样方法,在泸州市抽取2 119名≥16岁未婚常住女性进行匿名自填式问卷调查。结果共调查1 989人,59.83%不反对婚前性行为,24.73%有过婚前性行为;多因素logistic回归分析显示,20~24、≥25岁年龄组婚前性行为反对率低于<20岁年龄组,OR分别为0.336(95%CI=0.211~0.537)和0.460(95%CI=0.288~0.737),偶尔接受性教育、经常接受性教育组低于从未接受过性教育组,OR分别为0.472(95%CI=0.289~0.770)和0.622(95%CI=0.408~0.950),知晓性生活安全期组低于不知晓组OR为0.611(95%CI=0.472~0.789),首次月经年龄13~15、≥16岁组高于10~12岁组,OR分别为2.794(95%CI=1.313~5.949)和1.636(95%CI=0.783~3.419)。结论年龄、接受性教育状况、对性生活安全期的知晓情况以及首次月经的早晚是泸州市未婚女性对婚前性行为态度的影响因素。     

手足口病重症病例危险因素分析

目的探讨手足口病重症相关危险因素,为降低手足口病重症及死亡危险提供理论依据。方法收集2013年6月~2014年6月本院收治的33例重症手足口病病例和66例普通手足口病病例,根据患者发病、就诊、既往病史和治疗等资料分析探索重症手足口病的危险因素。结果 99例手足口病病例病原学检测EV71感染占45.45%(45/99)、Cox A16感染占21.21%(21/99)、其他肠道病毒感染占33.33%(33/99),重症与普通病例组病原学差异有统计学意义(χ2=32.31,P0.01);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示发病到就诊时间≥24h(OR=8.50,95%CI:1.11~64.78)是手足口病重症的危险因素,Cox A16与其他肠道病毒感染较EV71感染为保护性因素(OR=0.05,95%CI:0.01~0.31)、使用抗病毒药物(OR=0.01,95%CI:0.00~0.14)、使用抗生素(OR=0.09,95%CI:0.02~0.52)是保护因素。结论手足口病发病后及时就诊、早期诊断,并给予积极的抗病毒和抗生素综合治疗是遏制患儿重症化,降低病死率的有效手段。     

基于网络招募MSM艾滋病感染状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解通过网络招募的淄博市男男性行为(MSM)人群的行为特征、艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况及影响因素,为制定防治对策提供科学依据。方法 通过QQ、微信等聊天软件招募MSM,以自愿的方式采用调查问卷开展面对面调查,采用二元logistic回归分析进行HIV感染的多因素分析。结果 2017—2019年,共通过网络招募MSM人群1172名,调查对象以21~30岁、未婚、本省户籍、高中以上学历人群为主;MSM HIV抗体阳性率分别为5.03%(20/398)、6.23%(24/385)、9.77%(38/389),呈逐年上升趋势(x2=7.31,P＜0.05);HIV/AIDS 相关知识知晓率分别为80.65%、89.61%、93.83%,呈逐年上升趋势(P＜0.01);logistic回归分析结果表明,外省户籍(OR=3.36,95%CI: 1.60~7.03)、与女性发生性行为(OR=0.34,95%CI: 0.15~0.78)、使用过毒品(OR=2.42,95%CI:1.25~4.77)、梅毒阳性(OR=4.22,95%CI:1.94~9.19)为HIV感染风险因素,最近6个月发生同性性行为坚持使用安全套(OR=0.25,95%CI:0.12~0.51)为减少HIV感染相关因素。结论 通过网络招募的淄博市MSM人群HIV感染情况较严重,需进一步探索“互联网+HIV防控”模式,利用移动互联网技术和社交新媒体开展艾滋病防治宣传、提升干预效果。     

未婚人工流产女性非意愿妊娠情况及影响因素研究

目的:了解上海市未婚女性非意愿妊娠状况,探讨非意愿妊娠的影响因素。方法:采用现况研究的方法,应用计算机辅助自填问卷技术,于2009年10月～2010年5月对在上海市3家医院计划生育门诊寻求人工流产的未婚女性进行匿名调查。结果:44.34%被调查者发生过≥2次非意愿妊娠(396/893),其中发生过2次者占71.97%(285/396),发生过3次者占22.47%(89人)。多因素分析显示,在调整了其它可能的影响因素后,年龄大(OR=1.61,95%CI:1.45～1.78)、首次性行为年龄小(OR=0.65,95%CI:0.59～0.71)和未婚同居(OR=1.65,95%CI:1.25～2.19)的未婚女性发生多次非意愿妊娠的危险高;发生多次非意愿妊娠与多性伴(OR=1.38,95%CI:1.00～1.90)有关。结论:未婚流产女性发生多次非意愿妊娠比例高,应加强首次性行为年龄小、多性伴和未婚同居女性的安全性行为教育和流产后服务。     

镇海区校外青少年艾滋病相关知识和行为调查

目的了解宁波市镇海区校外青少年艾滋病相关知识知晓情况和行为特征。方法于2012—2017年采用方便抽样方法抽取镇海区15～24岁校外青少年进行艾滋病相关知识和行为问卷调查,并采集静脉血检测HIV抗体、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)抗体和梅毒,采用Logistic回归模型分析校外青少年高危性行为的影响因素。结果调查2 638名校外青少年,艾滋病知识知晓率为62.21%。38.29%的校外青少年有过性行为,首次性行为和最近一次性行为的安全套使用率分别为42.97%和45.44%。有过性行为的校外青少年中40.99%存在高危性行为。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,看黄色小说/影像(OR=1.40,95%CI:1.05～1.88)、接受过免费艾滋病咨询检测服务(OR=1.70,95%CI:1.21～2.40)、认同婚前性行为(OR=1.53,95%CI:1.08～2.17)是校外青少年发生高危性行为的危险因素;女性(OR=0.58,95%CI:0.44～0.78)、19～24岁(OR=0.55,95%CI:0.37～0.81)和知晓艾滋病知识(OR=0.68,95%CI:0.52～0.88)是保护因素。HIV抗体阳性率为0.19%;梅毒阳性率为0.30%;HCV抗体阳性率为0.15%。结论镇海区校外青少年艾滋病相关知识知晓率较低,高危性行为发生率较高;看黄色小说/影像、接受过免费艾滋病咨询检测服务和认同婚前性行为者发生高危性行为的可能性高。     

基于大学生性观念特征的性行为概率评估模型构建及应用

目的分析大学生性观念、性行为现状,构建大学生性行为概率评估模型,筛选重点人群,优化学校性健康教育事前控制策略。方法采取分层随机整群抽样,对1 547名大学生进行现场无记名问卷调查,掌握大学生人口学特征、性观念及行为数据,利用SPSS22.0统计软件进行单因素卡方检验及logistic回归预测分析。结果大学生性行为调查发生率为6.5%,男生性行为发生率(11.2%)显著高于女生(2.3%)(χ2=49.141,P0.001);性观念对男女大学生的性行为均有显著影响。年级(OR=1.544,95%CI=1.264～1.910)、性别(OR=0.324,95%CI=0.185～0.568)、月生活费(OR=1.408,95%CI=1.069～1.854)、使用手机频率(OR=0.711,95%CI=0.506～1.001)、婚前性行为态度(OR=2.705,95%CI=1.797～4.071)、同学间谈性频率(OR=1.310,95%CI=0.997～1.721)、性取向(OR=1.884,95%CI=1.366～2.600)、是否有异性朋友(OR=1.618,95%CI=1.010～2.593)是大学生是否发生性行为的主要影响因素。Logistic回归预测模型预测正确率为93.7%,性观念对大学生性行为具有显著预测作用。结论性别、性观念是大学生性行为发生的主要影响因素,男性、同性/双性取向的大学生是性行为发生的高危人群;高校部门可基于调查,构建logistic回归预测模型,对大学生性行为发生概率进行预测,筛选重点人群,提高大学生性行为的事前预防控制及性教育的针对性。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.