父母教养方式对大学生性心理的影响

探讨父母教养方式对大学生性心理的影响,为进行积极有效的家庭教育提供参考依据.方法 分层整群随机抽取泸州市某高校1 144名大学生进行“简式父母教养方式问卷中文版(s-EMBU-c)”和“大学生性心理健康问卷”调查.结果 大学生性心理健康总均分为(2.28±0.37)分,其中性认知得分的总均分为(2.47±0.35)分,性态度为(1.89±0.58)分.男生性心理总均分(2.31±0.39)高于女生(2.27±0.36)(t=1.753,P<0.05).父亲及母亲教养方式中,拒绝和过度保护维度与性认知、性态度的得分均呈正相关(P值均<0.01),情感温暖维度与性认知、性态度均呈负相关(P值均<0.01).结论 大学生父母教养方式与性心理健康存在一定关系.建议通过家庭形式从小对子女进行性教育,培养正确的性价值观.     

重庆某区青春期留守儿童生活质量影响因素分析

分析重庆市某区青春期留守儿童生活质量的影响因素,为采取改善青春期留守儿童生活质量的措施提供依据.方法 分层整群抽取重庆某区3 691名青春期留守儿童,采用“青春期儿童生活质量量表”和自编“儿童基本情况调查问卷”进行调查.结果 单因素分析结果显示,男生生活质量总分(141.74± 18.09)高于女生(140.47± 17.99),非住校生生活质量总分(142.24±18.35)高于住校生(138.01±16.91),小学生生活质量总分(143.81±18.65)高于初中生(138.06±16.84);与父母联系频率、教养方式、学习成绩、好朋友数量等4个因素对留守儿童生活质量总分和4个维度得分的影响均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01),留守类型、监护人类型、家庭经济状况等3个因素对留守儿童生活质量总分和部分维度得分的影响均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).多因素逐步回归分析结果表明,影响青春期留守儿童生活质量的主要因素有教养方式、好朋友数量、学段、学习成绩、与父母联系频率、家庭经济状况、性别和留守类型(P值均<0.05).结论 大力发展经济、改善父母教养方式、加强亲子关系是提高和改善青春期留守儿童生活质量的关键.     

2020年山东省济南市某公立小学高年级小学生手机依赖状况调查分析

目的 了解2020年山东省济南市某公立小学高年级小学生对手机依赖的状况,为改善小学生身心健康、提升小学生综合素质提供参考。方法 于2020年2-4月,采用整体抽样方法,对济南市某公立小学383名高年级小学生进行手机依赖状况的问卷调查,根据问卷结果进行统计分析。结果 共得到有效问卷348份,高年级小学生手机依赖平均得分(27.26±9.34)分。其中,女生总得分为(25.07±6.81)分、男生总得分为(29.31±10.83)分,女生总得分低于男生(P<0.01),且女生在失控性、戒断性和低效性三个维度上的得分均低于男生(P均<0.01);非独生子女总得分为(26.28±8.17)分、独生子女总得分为(28.95±10.90)分,非独生子女总得分低于独生子女(P<0.05),且非独生子女在失控性、戒断性和低效性上的得分均低于独生子女(P均<0.05);班干部的总得分与非班干部差异不存在统计学意义(P> 0.05),但班干部在逃避性、低效性上的得分均低于非班干部(P均<0.05)。结论 济南市某公立小学高年级小学生中男生、独生子女、非班干部学生的手机依...     

家庭环境对小学生智力的影响

目的 探讨家庭环境对小学生智力的影响,为提高儿童智力以及制定以家庭为单位的干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用瑞文测验联合型-中国农村版手册、家庭环境量表(FES-CV),对北京市郊区7～10岁小学生407名进行智力和家庭环境特征调查.结果 小学生平均智商为(103.4±15.6)分,男生(104.9±16.1)高于女生(101.7±14.9)分(P=0.042).小学生家庭亲密度、成功性、组织性特征平均得分较高,分别为(7.2±1.2)、(7.1±1.6)和(6.2±1.5)分;家庭矛盾性平均得分较低,为(2.4±1.8)分.女生家庭的知识性(4.6±1.9)、娱乐性(4.3±2.1)和组织性(6.3±1.5)均高于男生家庭(4.2±1.7)、(3.8±2.1)和(6.0±1.5)分(P=0.011,0.023,0.025).小学生智力水平多分布在中等水平(50.8%)·其次在中上水平(21.1%),智力落后者占2.0%.男生高智商组家庭的情感表达分数(5.7±1.6)高于低智商组(5.2±1.5)(P=0.029),未观察到其余家庭特征对儿童智商的影响.结论 情感表达、成功性高的家庭环境对儿童智力有促进作用.     

小学生气质特征与家庭教养方式相关性调查分析

目的:了解小学生气质特征和家庭教养方式,促进所有小学生身心健康全面发展.方法:2018年1月—2019年6月,随机抽取六盘山连片特困区400名小学生及家长,调查了解小学生气质特征、家庭教养方式,进行相关性分析.结果:气质维度中适应性得分最高,活动水平、趋避性、情绪本质和坚持性等,男、女生存在显著性差异(P＜0.05)....     

父亲教养参与对小学生心理健康发展的影响

目的探讨小学生父亲教养参与情况及对小学生心理健康发展的影响。方法采用自编父亲教养参与问卷和郑日昌所编制的小学生心理健康量表对735名小学生进行调查。结果小学生与父亲感情(4.53±0.76)得分最高,交流互动(3.31±1.15)得分最低;除学校人际(3.93±0.81)外,小学生心理健康的其余4个分量表得分均值都高于4分;父亲教养参与和小学生心理健康之间存在广泛的显著相关(P0.05);父亲教养参与能很好地预测小学生的心理健康发展。结论父亲教养参与对小学生心理健康发展起着重要的影响作用。     

大学生性态度与父母教养方式关系

目的 了解大学生性态度特点,探讨父母教养方式与大学生性态度关系.方法 采用具有较高信度、效度的自编大学生性态度问卷和父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)对云南省某高校455名在校大学生进行测查.结果 男生性态度开放倾向、情感倾向和需求倾向维度得分分别为(3.41 ±0.87)、(3.16±0.95)、(3.84±0.84)分,明显高于女生的(2.72±0.71)、(2.83±0.94)、(3.59±0.83)分,而回避倾向维度女生得分为(2.76±0.67)分,明显高于男生的(2.37±0.83)分,性别差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);开放倾向得分大一和大二年级分别为(2.77±0.75)、(3.12±0.87)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);城乡、不同专业、父母职业、父亲文化程度对大学生性态度无明显影响(均P ＞0.05),母亲文化程度对大学生性态度有明显影响;父亲和母亲教养方式对大学生性态度具有正向预测作用.结论 父亲、母亲教养方式影响大学生性态度的形成与发展.     

父亲教养参与度对农村小学生自尊发展的影响

探讨父亲教养的参与度对农村小学生自尊发展的影响,为提高父亲教养参与度和儿童自尊提供理论指导.方法 采用分阶段随机抽样法,抽取四川省中江县526名四~六年级小学生,采用儿童自尊量表(CSES)和父亲教养参与度调查问卷对其进行测量.结果 农村小学生父亲教养参与得分在是否独生子女、性别上差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);父亲教养参与的日常陪伴、交流互动和学业鼓励维度在父亲文化程度上差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为1.419,6.532,3.213,P值均<0.05).农村小学生自尊水平在年级、性别上差异均有统计学意义,女生高于男生(t=4.414,P<0.05),四年级学生高于五年级、六年级学生(F=5.351,P<0.05).父亲教养参与水平和小学生自尊水平之间存在统计学相关性.交流互动、对父亲感情与规则约束能够正向预测农村小学生的自尊水平(日值分别为3.113,3.324,3.602,P值均<0.05).结论 父亲教养的参与度对农村小学生的自尊发展有重要影响.     

父亲教养参与对中学生心理健康发展的影响

探讨中学生父亲教养参与情况及对中学生心理健康发展的影响,为父亲教养参与及中学生心理健康教育策略的制定提供参考.方法 采用父亲在位问卷中文修订版和中学生心理健康自评量表,使用方便抽样与整群抽样相结合的方法,从成都市抽取的798名中学生进行调查.结果 中学生父亲教养参与各维度得分高于理论平均值;父亲文化为大专以上者教养参与得分高于高中及以下文化者(P<0.05);独生子女家庭父亲教养参与高于非独生子女家庭(P<0.05);女生对父亲教养参与评分高于男生(P<0.05);父亲教养参与和中学生的适应及复原力之间呈正相关,与困扰之间呈负相关(P值均<0.05);母亲对父子关系的支持、对父亲的感情、父亲文化(初中及以下)、与父亲的身体互动及父母关系能解释适应43.6%的变异量;父母关系、对父亲的感情和父亲文化(初中及以下)能解释困扰16.4%的变异量;对父亲感情、母亲对父子关系的支持、父亲文化(大专及以上)和父亲参与的感知能解释复原力26.6%的变异量.结论 中学生父亲教养参与水平受自身文化、子女性别和子女个数的影响,父亲教养参与水平和父亲文化对中学生心理健康发展有重要的作用.     

家庭氛围与父母受教育程度对青少年抑郁影响

目的探讨父母受教育程度对中小学生抑郁水平的影响。方法于2011年4—7月采用分层随机抽样法,在北京、上海、浙江等10个省、自治区、直辖市的85个区县抽取年龄在10~17岁的中小学生70 628人,采用流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)和自编问卷(教育部基础教育一司"中小学生积极心理品质调查研究"学生问卷)进行调查。结果有效调查47 863人,中小学生抑郁症状得分为(14.64±10.08)分;男生抑郁总得分高于女生(P<0.001),小学生抑郁总得分最低(P<0.001);中小学生总抑郁检出率为11.64%(5 570/47 863),小学生、初中生、高中生抑郁检出率分别为9.24%、13.52%和13.26%,男生和女生抑郁检出率分别为12.42%和10.96%;家庭氛围在父、母受教育程度与中小学生抑郁水平的关系中起着部分中介作用(t父=–11.984 2,t母=–11.126 9,均P<0.001)。结论父母受教育程度不仅直接影响中小学生抑郁水平,还通过家庭氛围间接影响中小学生抑郁水平,良好的家庭氛围有助于减少青少年抑郁的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.