注射用头孢噻肟钠的细菌内毒素定量检测

目的建立定量检测注射用头孢噻肟钠的细菌内毒素检查法，以替代热原检查法。方法按《中国药典》2000年版二部附录中的细菌内毒素动态浊度法，制定本品细菌内毒素限值，并研究注射用头孢噻肟钠对鲎试剂的干扰情况，以确定本品是否适用细菌内毒素检查法。结果注射用头孢噻肟钠用于细菌内毒素定量检测的几个浓度稀释液，对鲎试剂无干扰影响，内毒素回收率均在50％-200％范围内。结论本品可采用细菌内毒素动态浊度法进行定量检测。     

注射用硫酸头孢匹罗的细菌内毒素定量检测

目的 建立定量检测注射用硫酸头孢匹罗的细菌内毒素检查法，以替代热原检查法。方法 按《中华人民共和国药典》2005年版二部附录中的细菌内毒素动态浊度法，制定硫酸头孢匹罗细菌内毒素限值，并研究注射用硫酸头孢匹罗对鲎试剂的干扰情况，以确定细菌内毒素检查法是否适用于硫酸头孢匹罗。结果 注射用硫酸头孢匹罗用于细菌内毒素定量检测的几个浓度稀释，对鲎试剂无干扰影响，内毒素回收率在50%～200%范围内。结论 硫酸头孢匹罗可采用细菌内毒素动态浊度法进行定量检测.     

动态浊度法检测注射用促肝细胞生长素中的细菌内毒素

目的 :建立注射用促肝细胞生长素 (HGF)中细菌内毒素定量分析的方法。方法 :采用动态比浊定量法考察注射用HGF对鲎试剂的干扰作用并与热原检查法进行对比试验分析。结果 :动态浊度法干扰试验结果表明 ,注射用HGF溶解液 (1mg·ml-1)对鲎试剂无干扰作用。结论 :可用动态浊度法对注射用HGF中的细菌内毒素进行质量控制。     

注射用普鲁卡因细菌内毒素检查法可行性研究

目的：建立普鲁卡因注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法(动态浊度法，凝胶法)，以控制药品质量，减少临床热原反应的发生。方法：按《中国药典》2000版附录中细菌内毒素检测法及细菌内毒素检测法指导原则的规定^[1]，系统考察注射用普鲁卡因对鲎试剂与细菌内毒素凝集反应的干扰，确定用于细菌内毒素动态浊度法和凝胶法的不干扰浓度。结果：将注射用普鲁卡因配制成1％浓度经20倍稀释后可应用动态浊度法定量检测；凝胶法最佳检测条件为：供试品1：20稀释，鲎试剂灵敏度(γ)=0．25EU／ml。结论：应用动态浊度法定量检测普鲁卡因注射液细菌内毒素含量，结果准确；凝胶法可用于日常检测。细菌内毒素检查法可替代家兔法用于普鲁卡因注射液的热原检查。     

动态比浊法在细菌内毒素检查的应用

采用动态比浊定量法检测注射用头孢呋辛钠细菌内毒素含量,减少由于供试品本身含有细菌内毒素对检查法研究的影响.结果表明,注射用头孢呋辛钠浓度为1.25mg/ml时可排除干扰因素,以标示灵敏度为0.125Eu/ml的鲎试剂可用于本品细菌内毒素检测.     

动态比浊法在细菌内毒素检查的应用

采用动态比浊定量法检测注射用头孢呋辛钠细菌内毒素含量,减少由于供试品本身含有细菌内毒素对检查法研究的影响.结果表明,注射用头孢呋辛钠浓度为1.25mg/ml时可排除干扰因素,以标示灵敏度为0.125Eu/ml的鲎试剂可用于本品细菌内毒素检测.     

动态比浊法在细菌内毒素检查的应用

采用动态比浊定量法检测注射用头孢呋辛钠细菌内毒素含量,减少由于供试本身含有细菌内毒素对检查法研究的影响。结果表明,注射用头孢呋辛钠浓度为１．２５ｍｇ／ｍｌ时可排除干扰因素,以标示灵敏度为０．１２５Ｅｕ／ｍｌ的鲎试剂可用于本品细菌内毒素检测。     

动态浊度法测定注射用高纯度尿促性素中细菌内毒素的含量

目的建立注射用高纯度尿促性素中细菌内毒素定量的检查方法。方法采用动态浊度法考察注射用高纯度尿促性素对鲎试剂的干扰作用。结果注射用高纯度尿促性素进行10～80倍稀释即可以有效地消除其对鲎试剂的干扰。结论动态浊度法和凝胶法都可以用于检测注射用高纯度尿促性素中的细菌内毒素。     

注射用阿奇霉素细菌内毒素检查方法学验证

目的 验证采用细菌内毒素检查法替代热原检查法用于注射用阿奇霉素质量检测的方法可行性.方法 参照〈中国药典〉2010年版二部附录中细菌内毒素检查法干扰试验要求,用两个不同厂家生产的鲎试剂对3批注射用阿专霉素进行干扰试验.结果 本品对细菌内毒素检查法有抑制作用,但将注射用阿奇霉素稀释至1.67mg·mL-1浓度时可有效地排除其对鲎试剂的干扰作用.结论 注射用阿专霉素采用细菌内毒素检查法进行检测是可行的.     

注射用头孢噻肟钠中细菌内毒素的定量检测法研究

目的：建立注射用头孢噻肟钠中细菌内毒素含量的测定方法。方法：采用稀释法排除注射用头孢噻肟钠对细菌内毒素测定的干扰作用。结果：将注射用头孢噻肟钠稀释100倍，可排除其对细菌内毒素测定的干扰作用。结论：使用动态浊度法检测注射用头孢噻肟钠中的细菌内毒素含量是可行的，此方法可替代家兔热原检查法。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.