高蛋白、低碳水化合物饮食对营养性肥胖大鼠体重和胃肠激素表达的影响

目的 观察长期高蛋白、低碳水化合物饮食对营养性肥胖大鼠体重和胃肠激素表达的影响. 方法 利用高脂饲料建立营养性肥胖大鼠模型24只,用随机数字表法按体重分层随机分为高蛋白饲养组(HP组,36.7%蛋白质)、普通饲养组(NC组,22.4%蛋白质),每组12只.正常等热量饲养24周后,测定体重、内脏脂肪及空腹血浆胃促生长素、胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1),免疫组织化学检测胃底胃促生长素、回肠GLP-1蛋白表达水平. 结果 24周后,NC、HP组体重分别为(490.92±39.47)、(545.55±31.08)g(t=-3.664,P＜0.01);内脏脂肪分别为(22.42±7.04)、(32.33±9.27)g(t=-2.503,P＜0.05);空腹血浆胃促生长素分别为(2.36±0.82)、(1.95±0.64)ng/ml(t=1.337,P＞0.05),并与体重(r=-0.370,t=-1.899,P＜0.05)、内脏脂肪量(r=-0.454,t=-2.52,P＜0.01)呈负相关;空腹血浆GLP-1分别为(0.52±0.13)、(0.71±0.19)μg/L(t=-2.758,P＜0.05);胃底胃促生长素表达分别为25 473±8701、10 526±6194(t=2.501,P＜0.05);回肠GLP-1蛋白表达分别为27 431±5813、36 601±5083(t=-1.833,P=0.081). 结论 长期高蛋白、低碳水化合物饮食可引起营养性肥胖大鼠体重、体脂下降,胃促生长素表达升高,GLP-1下降.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of long-term high-protein,low-carbohydrate diet on body weight and the expression of gastrointestinal hormones in diet-induced obesity rats. Methods Twentyfour diet-induced obesity rat models were established by feeding fat-enriched diet,then were randomly divided into two groups by stratified sampling method by weight:the high-protein diet group (HP,36.7% of energy from protein),and the normal chow group (NC,22.4% of energy from protein),12 rats in each group.The total calorie intake of each rat per day was similar and was maintained for 24 weeks,then body weight,visceral fat mass,fasting plasma ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were determined,as well as protein expression of ghrelin in stomach,GLP-1 in ileum were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results After 24 weeks,body weight of HP,NC groups were (490.92±39.47)g and (545.55±31.08)g,respectively (t=-3.664,P＜0.01);visceral fat mass were (22.42±7.04)g and (32.33±9.27) g,respectively(t=-2.503,P＜0.05);plasma ghrelin level were (2.36±0.82) and (1.95±0.64) ng/ml,respectively(t=1.337,P＞0.05),and plasma ghrelin level was negatively correlated to body weight (r=-0.370,t=-1.899,P＜0.05),visceral fat mass(r=-0.454,t=-2.52,P＜0.01);plasma GLP-1 concentration were (0.52±0.13)and(0.71±0.19)ng/ml,respectively(t=-2.758,P＜0.05);ghrelin protein expression in stomach were 25 473±8701 and 10 526 ± 6194,respectively (t=2.501,P＜0.05);GLP-1 prot ein expression in ileum were 27 431±5813 and 36 601±5083,respectively (t=-1.833,P=0.081). Conclusion Long-term isocaloric high-protein,low-carbohydrate diet can reduce body weight and visceral fat,increase the expression of ghrelin,and decline GLP-1 expression in diet-induced obesity rats.     

膳食诱导肥胖抵抗大鼠下丘脑NPY mRNA及蛋白的表达

目的研究膳食诱导肥胖(DIO)及肥胖抵抗(DIO-R)大鼠下丘脑弓状核神经肽Y mRNA及蛋白表达情况,探讨神经肽Y与肥胖抵抗的关系。方法高脂饮食建立DIO与DIO-R大鼠模型,分别于2周、12周末处死,采用原位杂交和免疫组化方法检测下丘脑弓状核神经肽Y的mRNA和蛋白表达情况。结果实验2周末,DIO大鼠神经肽Y mRNA和蛋白阳性面积分别为(0.563 8±0.100 5),(0.610 9±0.143 4)mm2,高于DIO-R(0.411 5±0.085 1),(0.523 1±0.096 3)mm2和对照组大鼠(0.400 4±0.062 2),(0.445 3±0.157 8)mm2;神经肽Y mRNA和蛋白积分光密度分别为9 025.48±2 192.32,7 786.39±1 423.02,高于DIO-R(7 651.79±2 279.21,5 447.16±3 207.09)和对照组大鼠(6 499.24±2 342.94,5 530.83±841.13)。结论神经肽Y mRNA和蛋白表达降低且保持敏感性可能与肥胖抵抗有关。     

氧化应激及足细胞损伤在甲状腺功能亢进大鼠肾损害中的作用

目的观察氧化应激、转化生长因子-β1和巢蛋白表达变化在甲状腺功能亢进大鼠肾损害中的作用。方法优甲乐灌胃法制作甲亢大鼠模型，测定25，45，60d大鼠肾组织中抗氧化酶：超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性，丙二醛（MDA）含量及TGF—β1、Nestin表达变化。结果随甲亢病程延长，CAT、GSH—Px、SOD活性逐渐降低，MDA含量逐渐增加；TGF—β1表达逐渐增多，而Nestin表达逐渐减少；且TGF—β1及Nestin表达均与氧化应激有相关性。结论氧化应激、TGF-β1表达增加及足细胞损伤相互作用共同参与甲亢肾脏损伤过程。     

不同饲料构成对大鼠肥胖基因表达产物——瘦素的影响

目的　研究不同饲料构成和不同能量摄入水平对大鼠肥胖基因表达产物———瘦素、体内胰岛素、生长激素分泌的影响及它们之间存在的相互关系。方法　采用 Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ 检测血浆瘦素,采用放射免疫学方法检测血清中胰岛素、生长激素。结果　在能量摄入水平相同情况下,不同饲料构成包括高蛋白、高脂肪、高碳水化合物对瘦素、胰岛素和生长激素分泌没有明显的影响;而能量摄入水平对上述３ 个指标均有明显的影响,即在能量摄入水平增高的情况下,ｏｂ 基因表达水平增高,表现为血浆瘦素水平升高,同时胰岛素分泌增加,生长激素分泌减少。结论　瘦素、胰岛素和生长激素的分泌三者之间可能存在相互作用机制,并受共同代谢信号调节。     

高蛋白膳食对限食大鼠肠屏障功能的保护作用

目的:探讨高蛋白膳食对限食大鼠肠屏障功能的保护作用。方法:Wistar雄性大鼠,按体重随机分成五组:正常对照组,喂15%酪蛋白合成饲料,自由摄食;限食1组和2组分别按正常对照组摄食量的50%和30%对喂15%酪蛋白合成饲料;补蛋白1组和2组分别按正常对照组摄食量的50%和30%对喂30%酪蛋白合成饲料。实验2w后处死大鼠,取血和小肠组织进行检测。结果:补蛋白组与相应的限食组肠粘膜都有损伤,但前者损害较轻。限食组肠粘膜蛋白和DNA含量低于正常对照组,且有低于相应补蛋白组的趋势。限食组血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性、D-木糖水平比正常对照组显著升高,而补蛋白组则有高于正常对照组,低于相应的限食组的趋势。与正常对照组比,补蛋白组和限食组肠粘膜DAO活性都降低,但补蛋白组高于或显著高于相应的限食组。结论:高蛋白膳食能减轻限食对肠粘膜组织结构和功能的损害,对肠屏障功能有保护作用。     

前列地尔联合依那普利治疗糖尿病肾病及对血清炎性因子的影响

目的 价前列地尔联合依那普利治疗早期糖尿病肾病及对血清炎性因子的影响。方法 收集住院糖尿病肾病患者115例,按照随机数字表法分成三组：前列地尔组37例,静脉注射前列地尔10 μg,1次/d;依那普利组38例,口服依那普利5 mg,2次/d;联合治疗组40例,静脉注射前列地尔10μg,1次/d,联合口服依那普利5mg,2次/d;全部病例观察6周。比较三组空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白( HbA1c)、尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及胱抑素C(CysC)水平的变化。结果 三组治疗前各观察指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);三组治疗后空腹血糖、HbA1c较治疗前无明显变化(P＞0.05),hs-CRP、CysC及UAER均较治疗前明显下降(P＜0.05);联合治疗组治疗后hs-CRP、CysC及UAER与前列地尔组和依那普利组比较差异有统计学意义[(3.46±1.46) mg/L比(6.56±2.16)、( 6.42±2.13) mg/L; (1.07±0.18) mg/L比(1.18±0.19)、( 1.20±0.21)mg/L;( 125.76±22.10) mg/24 h比(156.46±24.68)、( 149.57±29.45) mg/24 h](P＜ 0.05)。结论 前列地尔联合依那普利治疗早期糖尿病肾病是临床有效的方法,且能降低血清hs-CRP、CysC及UAER水平。     

高蛋白膳食对限食大鼠肠免疫功能的保护作用

目的探讨高蛋白膳食对限食大鼠肠免疫功能的保护作用,为高蛋白膳食防治限食引起的肠免疫功能损伤提供理论基础。方法 Wistar雄性大鼠,按体质量随机分成5组,分别为正常对照组(喂15%酪蛋白合成饲料并自由摄食)、限食1组和2组(分别按正常对照组摄食量的50%和30%对喂15%酪蛋白合成饲料);补蛋白1组和2组(分别按正常对照组摄食量的50%和30%对喂30%酪蛋白合成饲料)。实验2周后处死大鼠,取血和小肠组织检测小肠细菌移位率、血清内毒素及肠粘膜中SIgA水平。结果正常对照组未发生细菌移位,补蛋白1组的细菌移位率为25%,显著低于相应的限食1组(50%),差异有显著性(P0.05)。补蛋白1组和2组的血清内毒素水平分别为(283.0±15.1)、(332.5±21.6)EU/L,均显著低于相应的限食组(341.2±29.1)、(434.2±24.3)EU/L,差异有显著性(P0.05),但均显著高于正常对照组(16.3±3.0)EU/L,差异有显著性(P0.01)。补蛋白1、2组肠粘膜SIgA水平均显著高于相应的限食组,差异有显著性(P0.05),但均显著低于正常对照组,差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论提高膳食中的蛋白质比例能增强肠道的免疫功能,减少细菌移位的发生,从而降低肠源性感染的机率。     

膳食纤维与限食作用对大鼠体内脂质过氧化作用的比较研究

比较3种膳食纤维与限食作用对大鼠体内脂质过氧化程度的影响,探讨膳食纤维抗氧化作用的机理.50只Wistar大鼠被随机分为5组,分别给予高脂饮食,其中3组分别添加10%的3种膳食纤维(纤维素、麦麸、果胶),另一组为10%限食组,其余一个组为对照组.大鼠喂养3个月后发现,膳食纤维各组大鼠粪便脂肪排出量增多,血清中及红细胞膜MDA水平显着低于对照组(P<0.05),红细胞膜的流动性显着高于对照组(P<0.05),而限食组与对照组相比,以上各指标均无显着性差别.由此说明膳食纤维发挥的抗氧化功能可能是通过影响脂肪的消化吸收,而不是由于其限食功能.     

高蛋白膳食对限食大鼠肠道抗氧化功能的影响

目的探讨高蛋白膳食对限食大鼠肠抗氧化功能的影响。方法Wistar雄性大鼠,按体重随机分成五组:正常对照组,喂15%酪蛋白合成饲料,自由摄食;限食1和2组分别按正常对照组摄食量的50%和30%对喂15%酪蛋白合成饲料;补蛋白1和2组分别按正常对照组摄食量的50%和30%对喂30%酪蛋白合成饲料。实验2w后处死大鼠,取血和小肠组织进行检测。结果与相应限食组相比,补蛋白组血清SOD以及肠粘膜和肝脏的SOD、GSH-Px活性均有升高的趋势,并且肠粘膜MDA和血清MDA含量显著下降。结论高蛋白膳食能改善机体及肠粘膜的氧化还原状态,减轻自由基的氧化应激损伤,对限食大鼠肠道抗氧化功能有保护作用。     

营养干预结合有氧运动对单纯性肥胖患者体质指数的影响

[目的]探讨低能量膳食营养干预结合有氧运动的减肥方式对单纯性肥胖症患者体重和体质指数等的影响。[方法]40例营养咨询门诊就诊的单纯性肥胖症患者,未用任何减肥药物,在减肥治疗中采取低能量膳食营养干预结合有氧运动的减肥方式,比较在减肥治疗前后,患者体重(BW)、体质指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、臀围(HC)、腰臀比(WHR)等的变化。[结果]所有患者经过3个月的减肥治疗,体重由(79.52±10.81)kg降至(68.95±9.50)kg(P﹤0.0001),体质指数由(29.72±2.11)kg/m2降至(25.77±1.84)kg/m2(P﹤0.0001),腰围由(94.82±8.14)cm降至(89.12±7.94)cm(P﹤0.0001),臀围由(92.82±6.24)cm降至(89.93±6.21)cm(P﹤0.0001),腰臀比由1.02±0.05降至0.99±0.06(P﹤0.0001),其差异具有统计学意义。[结论]单纯性肥胖症患者不使用减肥药物,通过低能量膳食营养干预结合有氧运动,即可获得明显的减肥效果。     

Cholinesterase activity in the serum and liver of Zucker fat rats and controls

Serum and liver cholinesterase activity was observed to be significantly higher in chow fed Zucker fat rats than in chow fed lean controls. Similarly, serum triglycerides and insulin showed significantly higher levels in the fat rats compared to the controls. In contrast, no significant difference was observed for adipose tissue cholinesterase, serum glucose and cholesterol.Correlation analyses revealed a positive correlation between serum and liver cholinesterase activity when data were combined from both obese and lean rats indicating liver as the possible source of cholinesterase. Serum cholinesterase also correlated positively with triglycerides, body weight and food intake. Food intake also showed a strong positive correlation with serum triglycerides and body weight.     

依那普利叶酸治疗H型高血压的临床疗效观察

目的观察依那普利叶酸治疗H型高血压的临床疗效。方法选择某院2009年6月～2010年6月的186例H型高血压患者随机分为3组,采用依那普利片治疗的62例患者为对照组,采用依那普利叶酸片治疗的62例患者为复合组;采用依那普利片+叶酸联合方式治疗的62例患者为联合组,观察3组患者治疗效果。结果 3组治疗后血压较治疗前差异有统计学意义,复合组SBP下降较对照组差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。3组DBP治疗后差异无统计学意义,对照组治疗前后Hcy比较差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。复合组与联合组治疗前后Hcy差异有统计学意义,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论依那普利叶酸片固定复方制剂具有更好的控制H型高血压患者Hcy的疗效。     

核因子-κB与单核细胞趋化因子-1在尿酸性肾病大鼠肾脏中的表达及意义

目的探讨尿酸性肾病大鼠肾脏核因子-κB(NF-κB)与单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)的表达及与肾功能损害的关系。方法将SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(C组)和尿酸性肾病模型组(M组),每组10只,用腺嘌呤制作尿酸性肾病模型,于18 d后用免疫组化技术检测2组大鼠肾组织NF-κB和MCP-1的表达情况,同时检测血尿酸及肾功能。结果与C组比较,M组大鼠NF-κB表达的阳性小管百分数明显增高(40.38±2.88对1.45±0.70,P<0.01),MCP-1在肾小管表达的平均积分吸光度明显增高(0.456±0.059对0.083±0.037,P<0.01),而且NF-κB的表达与MCP-1的表达、肾功能损害呈显著相关。结论NF-κB和MCP-1在尿酸性肾病大鼠肾脏病变的发展起重要作用,可能与肾组织中NF-κB活化介导MCP-1蛋白表达上调有关。     

Consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with obesity,diabetes and hypertension in Canadian adults

ObjectiveTo assess the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity, diabetes, hypertension and heart disease in a nationally representative sample of Canadian adults.MethodsThis study used cross-sectional data from 13,608 adults (aged 19+ years) from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey–Nutrition. The survey provided data on food consumption (from 24-h recall) and prevalent obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) and self-reported diabetes, hypertension and heart disease. All foods and drinks consumed were classified according to the extent and purpose of industrial processing using the NOVA classification. Ultra-processed food consumption was estimated as proportion of total daily energy intake. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the association between ultra-processed food consumption and obesity, diabetes, hypertension and heart disease, adjusting for a range of socio-demographic and lifestyle factors.ResultsIn 2015, ultra-processed food contributed, on average, to 24% of total daily energy intake in the lowest tertile of ultra-processed food consumption and 73% in the highest tertile. Compared with those in the lowest tertile, adults in the highest tertile of ultra-processed food consumption had 31% higher odds of obesity (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.06–1.60), 37% higher odds of diabetes (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.01–1.85) and 60% higher odds of hypertension (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.26–2.03), adjusting for a range of covariates.ConclusionHigher consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with higher prevalence of obesity, diabetes and hypertension among Canadian adults. A comprehensive set of strategies and policies is needed to discourage consumption of ultra-processed foods in Canada and to make unprocessed or minimally processed foods more affordable, available and appealing.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.17269/s41997-020-00429-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Effectiveness of diet versus exercise intervention on weight reduction in local Japanese residents

Objective

To evaluate the effect of diet versus exercise intervention on weight reduction.

Methods

Participants were randomly divided by gender, age, and living area into four groups: group DE (diet and exercise, n = 16), group D (diet only, n = 15), group E (exercise only, n = 15), and group C (control, n = 16). This study ultimately aimed to help participants reduce their body mass index (BMI) by 7% of baseline value. Subjects were 62 residents (men and women ranging in age from 40 to 69 years) of two residential areas in Nara Prefecture, Japan, who participated in annual health checkups in 2006. BMI of the participants was ≥24 and <28 kg/m² at baseline examination. All participants agreed to undergo a 6-month intervention between January 2007 and September 2007.

Results

In our intention-to-treat analysis, mean change in BMI from baseline to final examination was as follows: group DE mean BMI decreased 6.6%, group D mean BMI decreased 5.3%, group E mean BMI decreased 2.3%, and group C mean BMI decreased 2.2%. The reduction in BMI from baseline to final examination was significant in all groups (DE, p < 0.001; D, p < 0.001; E, p = 0.009; C, p = 0.019). Further, mean abdominal circumference was significantly reduced in all groups. Blood glucose levels were significantly reduced only in group DE (p = 0.047).

Conclusion

Combined intervention with diet and exercise proved to be effective in weight reduction, whereas exercise intervention alone was not found to be effective.     

高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂长期减肥效果研究

目的:研究高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(exendin-4)长期皮下注射的减重效果.方法:将40只Wistar幼年大鼠,随机分成四组(三个给药组和一个对照组),给药组分别皮下注射1、5、25μg/kg Exendin-4,连续26周,记录体重、摄食量,并检测血清胆固醇、三酰甘油,测定腹膜后肾周围脂肪重量和细胞大小.结果:用药后大鼠体重增长缓慢,腹膜后肾周围脂肪重量和血清三酰甘油降低,而摄食量、血清胆固醇、脂肪细胞大小不受药物的影响.结论:Exendin-4长期皮下注射,具有抑制脂肪细胞增生,延缓体重增长的效果.     

Investigating IGF-II and IGF2R serum markers as predictors of body weight loss following an 8-week acute weight loss intervention: PREVIEW sub-study

BackgroundWeight reduction is effective in preventing T2D however, weight reduction and maintenance is difficult to achieve on a population scale. Serum insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and IGF-II receptor (IGF2R) have been associated with diabetic status and body weight in prior studies and, in addition, IGF-II has been indicated as predictive of future weight change. We measured these serum markers in participants with obesity/overweight and prediabetes from the New Zealand arm of the PREVIEW lifestyle intervention randomised trial before and after an 8-week low energy diet (LED).MethodsTotal IGF-II (n = 223) and soluble IGF2R (n = 151) were measured using commercial ELISA kits on fasted serum samples taken prior to an 8-week LED and also from participants completing the LED.ResultsIGF-II levels were not correlated with baseline body weight although mean levels did significantly decrease following the LED. Change in IGF-II serum level was correlated to fasting glucose change (p = 0.04) but not to weight change. Baseline serum IGF2R was correlated with BMI (p = 0.007) and was significantly higher in Māori compared to European Caucasian participants independent of body weight (p = 0.0016). Following LED, IGF2R change was positively associated with weight change (p = 0.02) when corrected for ethnicity. Pre-LED levels of these serum markers were not predictive of the magnitude of weight loss over the 8 weeks.ConclusionNeither marker was useful in predicting magnitude of short-term weight loss. IGF2R is positively associated with BMI and is higher in Māori compared to European Caucasian individuals.     

The weight of obesity on the human immune response to vaccination

Despite the high success of protection against several infectious diseases through effective vaccines, some sub-populations have been observed to respond poorly to vaccines, putting them at increased risk for vaccine-preventable diseases. In particular, the limited data concerning the effect of obesity on vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy suggests that obesity is a factor that increases the likelihood of a poor vaccine-induced immune response. Obesity occurs through the deposition of excess lipids into adipose tissue through the production of adipocytes, and is defined as a body-mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m². The immune system is adversely affected by obesity, and these “immune consequences” raise concern for the lack of vaccine-induced immunity in the obese patient requiring discussion of how this sub-population might be better protected.     

基于手机应用程序的膳食干预对超重或肥胖人群减重及食物成瘾的影响

目的探讨基于手机应用程序(application,APP)的膳食干预对成年超重或肥胖人群减重及食物成瘾的影响。方法收集2015年8月至2018年1月宁波市第一医院肥胖多学科联合门诊的18岁以上超重或肥胖者101例作为研究对象。受试者接受健康宣教和个体化饮食指导,并通过智能手机体重管理APP上交饮食日志,营养师对饮食不达标的受试者进行指导和纠正12周。在干预前和干预后(12周)分别进行询问调查、体格检查、实验室检查及耶鲁食物成瘾量表问卷调查,比较干预前后受试者的体重、食物成瘾症状计数得分及食物成瘾者比例的变化情况。分别采用配对资料的t检验、卡方检验或Fisher精确检验对体成分测量值、血生化指标以及症状计数得分进行统计学检验。结果共纳入101例超重或肥胖受试者,男性31例,女性70例,年龄为(30.4±7.3)岁,体质指数(BMI)为(32.76±4.46)kg/m2,体重为(89.95±17.12)kg,食物成瘾者占比为26.73%。通过手机APP膳食干预12周后,患有食物成瘾的人数从27例减至14例,比例下降了12.9%,症状计数≥3的比例从41.6%下降到19.8%(χ2=5.17、11.26,均P<0.01),症状计数由2.25±1.61下降到1.50±1.31(t=3.64,P<0.001);同时,体重、BMI和腰围较干预前分别下降了(6.54±1.03)kg、(2.35±0.36)kg/m2、(6.50±0.86)cm(t=6.36、5.62、3.78,均P<0.001);代谢指标如空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著改善,分别下降了(0.38±0.10)mmol/L、1.83±0.46、(0.22±0.75)mmol/L(t=3.67、3.59、2.97,均P<0.01)。结论基于智能手机APP的膳食干预能有效改善超重和肥胖人群的血糖、血脂水平,减少内脏脂肪堆积,减轻胰岛素抵抗程度,改善食物成瘾状态。